(Q.4) Fragile least developed countries receive more aid than middle-income fragile countries

2015 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Income

scholarly journals Developments in Transduction, Connectivity and AI/Machine Learning for Point-of-Care Testing

Sensors ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (8) ◽  
pp. 1917 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shane O’Sullivan ◽  
Zulfiqur Ali ◽  
Xiaoyi Jiang ◽  
Reza Abdolvand ◽  
M Selim Ünlü ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Clinical Diagnostics ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of Care Testing ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Lab On Chip ◽  
On Chip

We review some emerging trends in transduction, connectivity and data analytics for Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) of infectious and non-communicable diseases. The patient need for POCT is described along with developments in portable diagnostics, specifically in respect of Lab-on-chip and microfluidic systems. We describe some novel electrochemical and photonic systems and the use of mobile phones in terms of hardware components and device connectivity for POCT. Developments in data analytics that are applicable for POCT are described with an overview of data structures and recent AI/Machine learning trends. The most important methodologies of machine learning, including deep learning methods, are summarised. The potential value of trends within POCT systems for clinical diagnostics within Lower Middle Income Countries (LMICs) and the Least Developed Countries (LDCs) are highlighted.

scholarly journals Constraints Encountered by Wheat Producers in Adoption of Wheat Production Technology in Faizabad District of Uttar Pradesh, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 194-199
Author(s):  
Alimul Islam ◽  
Naushad Alam ◽  
Avdhesh Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Production Technology ◽  
Plant Protection ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
Seed Technology ◽  
Lack Of Knowledge

Wheat is a major staple food crop; it is one of the major sources of protein in the least developed countries and middle-income countries and in terms of caloric and dietary intake. The present study was conducted to identify the constraints in the adoption of wheat production technology in the Masaudha and Sohawal community developments blocks of Faizabad district. Data were collected with the help of personal interview methods and a pre-trial interview schedule. One hundred and twenty respondents were selected from twelve villages that were selected at random. Findings showed that 52.5% of the wheat-growers were of middle age (36–50 years) and 53.33% were literate, while 22.5% of the respondents had received education up to the primary level. Agriculture was the main occupation of most of the respondents and the income level of the respondents was also low, while farmers met the respondents occasionally to increase their income and to learn new skills. So the results showed that the constraints were responsible for the low adoption of wheat production techniques, however, some of them were the most significant such as lack of seed technology, lack of knowledge about seed treatment, lack of knowledge about soil analysis technology, plant protection and Lack of knowledge about irrigation technology Lack of knowledge about advanced types of equipment, etc. This trend means that more educational effort needs to be made by the extension agency by way of improving knowledge, adopting new wheat farming techniques, and accelerating the pace of production.

CLASSIFICATION OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES INTO THE WORLD ECONOMY

2017 ◽  
pp. 107-117
Author(s):  
Iu. Khvatov
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Small Island ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Poor Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
Heavily Indebted Poor Countries ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Right

The basic principles that guide the United Nations to allocate specific groups of countries requiring special attention from the international community to the problems of their sustainable development are described. The difference in the scale and structure of aid to the least developed countries; landlocked developing countries; small island developing countries and heavily indebted poor countries is analyzed. The specificity of the approach of the World Trade Organization to the definition of countries with preferential access to the markets and the countries with differential treatment regime is revealed. The criteria that guided the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank to identify those developing countries which have the right of access to preferential lending conditions are analyzed. It is proposed to divide all the developing countries on: high-income emerging economies; middle-income frontier economies and least developed countries.

Operating Across Levels in the Global Economic Hierarchy

2018 ◽  
pp. 796-820
Author(s):  
Helena Barnard ◽  
Theresa Onaji-Benson
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
High Income ◽  
Low Income Countries ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Pecking Order ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Emerging Multinationals

The categories “emerging” and “advanced” multinationals gloss over the “middleness” of multinationals from and even in middle-income countries. Middle-income countries face weaker institutions and smaller markets than high-income countries, but conditions are better than in low-income, typically least developed countries. Similarly, skills levels and wages are higher than in low-income countries, but lower than in high-income countries. We argue that this “middleness” matters. Emerging multinationals leverage their position in the global economic hierarchy as brokers working with lead firms, local optimizers operating only downstream, specialist niche providers working only upstream, and sometimes global consolidators operating across the hierarchy. Advanced multinationals use the global economic hierarchy to expand as lead firms in global value chains or pecking order exploiters that enter low-income countries through middle-income countries. Our research, using evidence from South African multinationals, expands our understanding of multinationals’ operations, especially in Africa.

scholarly journals Research Priorities and Resource Allocation in the Investigation of New Drugs for Cancer in Least Developed Countries

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Eccard da Silva ◽  
Angélica Amorim Amato ◽  
Débora Dornelas Belchior Costa Andrade ◽  
Alessandra Vanessa Leite e Silva ◽  
Marta Rodrigues de Carvalho ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Research Priorities ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Fund Research ◽  
Low And Middle Income

Cancer incidence has increased significantly in low- and middle-income countries. The priorities of international health research are not always aligned with the global burden of cancer. This study aims to analyze global tendencies in clinical trials in oncology and discuss research priorities and resource allocation in the investigation of new drugs for cancers that significantly affect the least developed countries. This was a retrospective and analytical study that included data collected from the World Health Organization’s International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP) in 2014. According to our results, there was a tendency for clinical trials involving breast and lung cancer to be conducted in countries with a lower level of economic development. On the other hand, cervical, stomach, and liver cancer, despite the significant burden that these place on middle- and low-income countries, were studied little among the countries selected. In conclusion, the organizations that most fund research to develop new drugs for cancer treatment continue to show little interest in prioritizing resources to fund research for certain types of cancer such as those of the cervix, stomach, and liver, which have a significant impact in low- and middle-income countries.

Development, discrimination, and domestic terrorism: Looking beyond a linear relationship

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (6) ◽  
pp. 618-639 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sambuddha Ghatak ◽  
Aaron Gold
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Linear Relationship ◽  
Relative Deprivation ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Domestic Terrorism ◽  
Curvilinear Relationship ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Relationship

This study relates economic development to one of the well-observed predictors of domestic terrorism—minority discrimination—and revisits the relationship between terrorism and economic development. We argue that terrorism may be a rational choice when minorities’ exclusion from political power and relative deprivation from public goods increases and the unsettling forces in the initial phases of economic development provide aggrieved people with opportunities for mobilization. We find that economic development has a curvilinear relationship with terrorism. Highly developed countries are less likely to experience domestic terrorism than less-developed ones and the least developed countries have few targets. However, both rich and middle-income countries are vulnerable to domestic terrorism in the presence of minority discrimination.

scholarly journals VIETNAM AND THE THREAT OF FALLING INTO THE MIDDLE INCOME TRAP

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-78
Author(s):  
Khai Van Ngo ◽  
Hai Van Ngo
Keyword(s):  
Return On Investment ◽  
Economic Transition ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Gdp Growth ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Development Status ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Middle Income Trap

The concept of middle income trap has been introduced in a plenty of research on a nation’s economic development status which refers to the fact that many nations after attaining a certain income will get stuck at that level. Vietnam got rid of the list of least developed countries to join the lower middleincome countries with an annual GDP per capita of 1,052 USD in 2008. Vietnam enjoyed a steady GDP growth of 5.5 – 6% per year in the period between 2008 and 2014. However, the Vietnam’s economy shows signs of slowdown, low productivity, low return on investment, and low economic transition. Vietnam is also warned to be under the threat of falling into the middle income trap. This paper aims to provide a clear picture of the middle income trap and the threat that Vietnam may fall into the middle income trap, thereby proposing some solutions for Vietnam to circumvent it and sustainably develop the economy.

Quantification of Vitamin A in Fortified Rapeseed, Groundnut and Soya Oils Using a Simple Portable Device: Comparison to High Performance Liquid Chromatography

2013 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
pp. 122-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cécile Renaud ◽  
Jacques Berger ◽  
Arnaud Laillou ◽  
Sylvie Avallone
Keyword(s):  
High Performance Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Liquid Chromatography ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Vitamin A Deficiency ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Portable Device ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Control Food ◽  
Assay Precision

Vitamin A deficiency is still one of the major public health problems in least developed countries. Fortification of vegetable oils is a strategy implemented worldwide to prevent this deficiency. For a fortification program to be effective, regular monitoring is necessary to control food quality in the producing units. The reference methods for vitamin A quantification are expensive and time-consuming. A rapid method should be useful for regular assessment of vitamin A in the oil industry. A portable device was compared to high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) for three plant oils (rapeseed, groundnut, and soya). The device presented a good linearity from 3 to 30 mg retinol equivalents per kg (mg RE.kg- 1). Its limits of detection and quantification were 3 mg RE.kg- 1 for groundnut and rapeseed oils and 4 mg RE.kg- 1 for soya oil. The intra-assay precision ranged from 1.48 % to 3.98 %, considered satisfactory. Accuracy estimated by the root mean squares error ranged from 3.99 to 5.49 and revealed a lower precision than HPLC (0.4 to 2.25). Although it offers less precision than HPLC, the device estimates quickly the vitamin A content of the tested oils from 3 or 4 to 15 mg RE.kg- 1.

EMPOWERING WOMEN THROUGH ENTREPRENEURSHIP: ASPECTS AND APPROACHES

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
Author(s):  
JAVED ALAM SHEIKH
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Substantial Contribution ◽  
Economic Empowerment ◽  
World Population ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
The Road ◽  
Road Map ◽  
The World ◽  
The Status

Almost 50 per cent of the world population is constituted by the women and they have been making substantial contribution to socio-economic development. But, unfortunately their tremendous contribution remains unrecognized and unnoticed in most of the developing and least developed countries causing the problem of poverty among them. Empowering women has become the key element in the development of an economy. With women moving forward, the family moves, the village moves and the nation moves. Hence, improving the status of women by way of their economic empowerment is highly called for. Entrepreneurship is a key tool for the economic empowerment of women around the world for alleviating poverty. Entrepreneurship is now widely recognized as a tool of economic development in India also. In this paper I have tried to discuss the reasons and role of Women Entrepreneurship with the help of Push and Pull factors. In the last I have also discussed the problems and the road map of Women Entrepreneurs development in India.

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