Difference in employment rates between the highly educated and the low-educated

2017 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Highly Educated ◽  
Employment Rates ◽  
Low Educated

scholarly journals Skilled Migrants in the Swedish Labour Market: An Analysis of Employment, Income and Occupational Status

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 3428
Author(s):  
Nahikari Irastorza ◽  
Pieter Bevelander
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Descriptive Analysis ◽  
Occupational Status ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Skilled Immigrants ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Highly Skilled Migrants ◽  
Highly Skilled ◽  
Integration Of Immigrants ◽  
Employment Rates

In a globalised world with an increasing division of labour, the competition for highly skilled individuals—regardless of their origin—is growing, as is the value of such individuals for national economies. Yet the majority of studies analysing the economic integration of immigrants shows that those who are highly skilled also have substantial hurdles to overcome: their employment rates and salaries are lower and they face a higher education-to-occupation mismatch compared to highly skilled natives. This paper contributes to the paucity of studies on the employment patterns of highly skilled immigrants to Sweden by providing an overview of the socio-demographic characteristics, labour-market participation and occupational mobility of highly educated migrants in Sweden. Based on a statistical analysis of register data, we compare their employment rates, salaries and occupational skill level and mobility to those of immigrants with lower education and with natives. The descriptive analysis of the data shows that, while highly skilled immigrants perform better than those with a lower educational level, they never catch up with their native counterparts. Our regression analyses confirm these patterns for highly skilled migrants. Furthermore, we find that reasons for migration matter for highly skilled migrants’ employment outcomes, with labour migrants having better employment rates, income and qualification-matched employment than family reunion migrants and refugees.

Freiwilliges Engagement in der „Lebensphase Alter“. Eine kontrastierende Betrachtung von niedrig- und ­hochgebildeten Personen in der Altersgruppe 50+ mit dem Freiwilligensurvey 2014

2020 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 349-374
Author(s):  
Frank Micheel
Keyword(s):  
Old Age ◽  
Healthcare Provision ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Freiwilliges Engagement ◽  
Political Implications ◽  
Educational Groups ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low Educated

Zusammenfassung Aus der Literatur ist bekannt, dass der Zugang zum Freiwilligenbereich in der „Lebensphase Alter“ durch Bildungsnachteile systematisch erschwert wird. Dieser Beitrag diskutiert, welche Faktoren ein freiwilliges Engagement von älteren Niedriggebildeten begünstigen und wie stark sie im Vergleich zu Hochgebildeten wirken. Auf Basis des Freiwilligensurveys aus dem Jahr 2014 wird nach differenzierenden Merkmalen (demografische Merkmale, Ressourcen, persönliche Werte sowie kontextuelle Aspekte) zur Erklärung freiwilliger Aktivitäten innerhalb der beiden Bildungsgruppen untersucht. Aus den multivariaten Analysen lassen sich folgende politische Implikationen ableiten: Strukturelle Verbesserungen in der gesundheitlichen Versorgung, in den ostdeutschen Regionen sowie in der Stadt- und Sozialplanung erhöhen die Chancen für Niedriggebildete zur sozialen Teilhabe im Freiwilligenbereich. Auf der individuellen Ebene ist die Stärkung der wahrgenommenen Erwartungskompetenz ein vielversprechender Ansatz. Abstract: Volunteering in Old Age: A Comparison Between Low and Highly Educated Individuals Aged 50+ It is known from literature that access to volunteering in old age is systematically restricted by educational disadvantages. This article discusses which factors enable older people with low education to volunteering compared to highly educated people. Based on the German Survey on Volunteering from 2014, empirical investigations explore differentiated characteristics (demographics, resources, individual values and social aspects) explaining volunteering within both educational groups. The following political implications are derived from multivariate analyses: Structural improvements in the areas of healthcare provision, in Eastern Germany, as well as urban and social planning raise the odds for volunteering among the low educated. On the individual level, improving perceived self-efficacy is a promising approach.

scholarly journals Compensation Scheme for Self-Employed Bus Service Requisitions in Urban–Rural Passenger Transport

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (18) ◽  
pp. 4855
Author(s):  
Chunqin Zhang ◽  
Yuting Hu ◽  
Anning Ni ◽  
Hongwei Li
Keyword(s):  
Transport Systems ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Compensation Scheme ◽  
Passenger Transport ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Monetary Compensation ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Bus Service ◽  
Low Educated

This paper addresses a compensation scheme for self-employed bus service requisition of rural passenger transport, and provides a theoretical basis and policy recommendations for the smooth implementation of self-employed bus service requisition process and the integration of urban–rural passenger transport resources. Using Chinese urban–rural passenger transport systems in ten cities or counties (including Shenyang, Liaoyang, Wuxi, Suzhou, Laiwu, Zouping, Wuhu, Guangde, Shuangliu, and Fuyang) as research objects, the compensation scheme for self-employed bus service requisition is explored from three aspects: the construction of compensation model, the estimation of compensation amount, and the determination of compensation mode. The conclusions drawn from this study are summarized as follows: (1) The compensation amount consists of the bus service residual value, the compensation for expected profit in the residual operation period, and the awarded amount for signing compensation agreements. (2) Whether or not bus owners accept the compensation amount is closely related to their psychological expectation threshold. Changes in the average profit of the bus service, the driver’s average wage, and the ticket-seller’s wage, have the greatest impact, the second greatest impact, and the smallest impact on their psychological expectation threshold, respectively. (3) Younger and more highly educated owners tend to accept “monetary compensation and reemployment placement”, while older and low educated owners prefer “monetary compensation and social security”. (4) High compensation fees, providing reemployment placement for drivers and ticket-sellers, and implementing monetary compensation in the form of an “expected income dividend installment” can enhance willingness to sign compensation agreements for self-employed bus service.

Alcoholic disease in the female population

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1692-1692
Author(s):  
S. Vukadinovic ◽  
N. Zivlak - Radulović ◽  
A. Mitrovic ◽  
Z. Stojanovic
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Women ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Single Women ◽  
Alcoholic Beverages ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Women Alcoholics ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Drinking Response ◽  
Low Educated

Specificity of alcoholism between men and women caused by the numerous cultural, historical and socio-economic factors. Female alcoholism has recently growing problem. It is believed that the number of women alcoholics is growing faster than the overall increase in the number of alcoholics.PurposeTo show the presence of alcohol consumption in women and factors (age, sex, marital status, school ready, mid-life) that have an impact on the very spread of disease.MethodData were used from the medical records of patients treated at the Clinic for Psychiatry. As a source of data used are dedicated questionnaires designed for adults.ResultsFrom total of 185 patients hospitalized women occasionally drink 45% (81 patients), not drinking response was 31%(57), tried alcohol was 18.4% (34) and 5.6% of them (10) gave a response to daily consume alcoholic beverages.The ratio of men and women who consume alcohol is 1:5.DiscussionMany epidemiological studies of alcohol-induced problems, saying in principle that women drink less than men. Knowledge of alcoholism fifty years ago saying that the ratio of men to women alcoholics was 1:10, and twenty years ago 1:7, to the last ten years, epidemiological studies have shown that women are increasingly drinking and that the ratio is 1:3,5.ConclusionThe biggest group treated alcoholic women which was occasionally consumed alcohol at the age of 30 to 45 years, about 31.57%, 39.32% of single women and highly educated women 48.92%.The largest percentage had elderly women 1.84%, low educated 1.2% and widow 1.12%.

scholarly journals Wykształcenie par a (bez)dzietność w Polsce

2017 ◽  
pp. 71-96
Author(s):  
Beata Osiewalska
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Behavior ◽  
Educational Level ◽  
Work And Family ◽  
Educational Levels ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Number Of Children ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
Different Levels

Education is one of the most important determinants of fertility. The vast majority of previous research on the effect of educational level on reproductive behavior concerns women, while a couple perspective on fertility, although seems natural, is often omitted. Couples’ fertility might be influenced by individual (absolute) characteristics of both partners as well as by their joint (relative) characteristics. The aim of this study is to analyse childlessness and fertility by couples’ educational profile which is a combination of both partners’ educational levels. Different levels of educational exogamy are considered. Based on the two waves of Polish Generations and Gender Survey (GGS-PL) couples who completed their reproduction as well as those who are still in their reproductive ages are analysed. Among homogamous profiles the level of education negatively influences couples fertility, which means that highly educated have the lowest number of children. However, the level of (definite) childlessness is one of the highest among those who are low educated. Family size of heterogamous unions are similar among older generations, but for younger couples hypogamy limits the number of children as compared to hypergamy. This finding suggest that young couples in which women are more educated than their partners encounter more difficulties in combing work and family than unions in which a man is more educated than a woman.

scholarly journals The Effect Of Parenting Training Strategies And Education Levels On Mother's Communication Ability

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (5C) ◽  
pp. 1025-1028
Keyword(s):  
Early Childhood ◽  
Education Level ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Good Communication ◽  
Training Strategy ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Parenting Training ◽  
Communication Ability ◽  
Training Strategies ◽  
Low Educated

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of parenting training strategies and level of education on mother’s communication ability to children aged 4-5 years. The study used an experimental method with a 2x2 factorial design. The study sample was 34 mothers who had early childhood in DKI Jakarta Non-Formal Early Childhood Education. Parenting strategies for Problem Based Learning (PBL) and Experiential Learning (EL) training were carried out eight times in 90 minutes each meeting for two months. Higher education level that is high school. Low levels of education are the junior and elementary school. The results showed that the communication ability of parenting trainees in PBL strategies were higher than those of EL parenting strategy participants. There was an interaction effect between parenting training strategies and education level on mother’s communication ability. Communication ability of highly educated mothers were better through parenting PBL strategies and communication ability of low-educated mothers are better if they take part in EL parenting training. This study suggests that choice of a parenting training strategy needs to be adjusted to the level of education to produce good communication ability

scholarly journals Productive Specialisation and Growth in the EU15

2018 ◽  
Vol 51 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 10-23
Author(s):  
Andrea Araujo ◽  
Marta Simões
Keyword(s):  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Potential Contribution ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Employment Share ◽  
Low Educated ◽  
Empirical Growth ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
European Union Member States ◽  
High Educational

This paper analyses the relationship between productive specialisation and economic growth in the 15 older European Union member states between 1970 and 2005. The sectoral taxonomy proposed by (Peneder, 2007) is used to classify the different sectors of activity according to the educational levels of the respective workforce and establish a comparison between the manufacturing and the services sector, based on their potential contribution to productivity improvements. The empirical model corresponds to a growth regression where the employment share of the different sectors is the main explanatory variable taken alongside other control variables identified in the empirical growth literature as robust growth determinants and is estimated with the fixed effects method. The results indicate that a higher weight of manufacturing activities that use mostly very low and low educated workers presents a negative association with growth. Services activities that require low educated workers make a negative growth contribution. Manufacturing activities with high and medium-high educational requirements have a positive growth influence, while in the case of services only activities that require highly-educated workers show a positive correlation with growth. The policy advice that can be extrapolated from this study contemplates the design of industrial policies that promote manufacturing activities such as chemicals, telecommunications and transports equipment, and services such as financial intermediation, audit, tax consulting, engineering and legal activities, to promote growth.

scholarly journals The Great British Sorting Machine: Adolescents’ future in the balance of family, school and the neighborhood

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Jan Benjamin Mijs ◽  
Jaap Nieuwenhuis
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
School Performance ◽  
Reference Group ◽  
Group Processes ◽  
Social Contexts ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cultural Resources ◽  
Highly Educated ◽  
Parents And Children ◽  
Low Educated

Research calls attention to the divergent school and labor market trajectories of Europe’s youth while, across the Atlantic, researchers describe the long-lasting consequences of poverty on adolescent development. In this paper we incorporate both processes to shed a new light on a classic concern in the sociology of stratification: how are adolescents’ aspirations, expectations, and school performance shaped by the combined socioeconomic contexts of family, school and neighborhood life? Theoretically, social contexts provide children with cultural resources that may foster their ambitions and bolster their academic performance. Reference group theory instead highlights how seemingly positive settings can depress educational performance as well as aspirations and expectations. We empirically test these competing claims, drawing on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC) which describes the school and neighborhood trajectories of 7,934 British children followed from birth to adolescence. We find that, generally, childhood school and neighborhood deprivation is negatively associated with adolescents’ school performance, aspirations and expectations for their future, in line with the cultural resource perspective. However, there are important exceptions to this pattern which point to reference group processes for (1) children of highly-educated parents, whose academic performance especially suffers from growing up in a poor neighborhood, and (2) for children from low-educated parents, whose academic aspirations and expectations are unexpectedly high when they either went to an affluent school or lived in an affluent neighborhood—but not both. We conclude by discussing implications for theory, policy and future research.

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