scholarly journals Phytochemical and Antifungal Efficacy of Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts of Parkia biglobosa on Fungi Associated with Seed Rot of Green Bean (Phaseolus vulgaries L.) in Akpabuyo, Cross River State, Nigeria

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 27-38
Author(s):  
Patrick Ishoro Akwaji ◽  
Ekeng Ita Okon ◽  
Etim Johnson Umana ◽  
Aniedi Abasi Akpan Markson
Keyword(s):  
Radial Growth ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Cardiac Glycosides ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Antifungal Efficacy

The phytochemical and antifungal efficacy of the ethanolic and methanolic stem bark and leaf extracts of Parkiabiglobosa on the fungal pathogens isolated from infected green bean seeds obtained from the field in Akpabuyo, Cross River State, Nigeria were investigated in vitro. The pathogens were Botryodiplodiatheobromae and Aspergillusniger. Various concentrations of the extracts ranging from 10g/100ml, 20g/100ml, 30g/100ml, 40g/100ml and 50g/100ml were separately added to PDA media. Results of the in vitro antifungal assay shows that at 40g/100ml and 50g/100ml concentrations, ethanolic stem bark and leaf extracts of P. biglobosa completely inhibited the radial growth of B. theobromae and A. niger after seven days observation period while those of methanolic extracts completely inhibited the redial growth of the fungal pathogens at 50g/100ml concentration. Results, however, shows that the extracts had a significant effect (P<0.05) on the radial growth of the fungal pathogens at all the different concentrations tested as compared with the control. Pathogen growth inhibition was most effective at 30g/100ml, 40g/100ml and 50g/100ml concentrations. The inhibitory action of the extracts increased/decreased with a corresponding increase/decrease in the concentration of the plant extracts. Ethanolic stem bark and leaf extracts of P. biglobosa was found to be more effective in inhibiting the redial growth of the fungal pathogens than those of methanolic extracts, also ethanolic and methanolic stem bark extracts were observed to be more effective in the inhibition of the radial growth of the fungal pathogens than leaf extracts. Phytochemical screening of the extracts revealed the presence of cardiac glycosides, reducing sugars, flavonoids, saponnins and tannins with traces of alkaloids in stem bark extracts while flavonoids, alkaloids, cardiac glycosides, saponnins, tannins and terpenoids were present in leaf extracts.

scholarly journals Anti-fungal activities of constituents from Uvaria scheffleri and Artabotrys brachypetalus

2006 ◽  
Vol 51 (1) ◽  
pp. 79-86 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.C. Odebode ◽  
S.A. Jonker ◽  
C.C. Joseph ◽  
S.W. Wachira
Keyword(s):  
Fusarium Solani ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
In Vitro Bioassay ◽  
Botryodiplodia Theobromae ◽  
Anti Fungal

The anti-fungal activity of schefflone, a mixture of dimmer, 3,5 dimethoxy carvacrol and annonaceous acetogenin, extracted from stem-bark and root of Uvaria scheffleri and Artabotrys bruchypetalus against Fusarium solani, Botryodiplodia theobromae, Asperillus niger and Aspergillus flavus was determined. An in-vitro bioassay showed that the minimum inhibitory effect of the compounds to the fungal pathogens occurred at 200 ppm in both radial growth and mycelia dry weight measurements. Acetogenin from A brachypetalus had a very strong anti-fungal effect on all the test fungi. The effects of the compounds were more pronounced on F solani than on the other. The bioassay methods also play a significant role in the sensitivity of the samples on the pathogens. .

scholarly journals In Vitro Control of Tomato (Solanum lycopersicon L.) Fruit Rot Caused by Fungi Using Two Plant Extracts

2016 ◽  
Vol 52 ◽  
pp. 19-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edward Ntui Okey ◽  
Patrick Ishoro Akwaji ◽  
Juliet Bassey Akpan ◽  
Etim Johnson Umana ◽  
Glory Akpan Bassey
Keyword(s):  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Tomato Fruit ◽  
Fruit Rot ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Mycelia Growth ◽  
Infected Tomato ◽  
The Media ◽  
Fresh Tomato

The inhibitory properties of the ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Vernoniaamygdalina and Colaacuminata on the fungal pathogens isolated from infected tomato fruits were investigated. The pathogens were Fusariummoniliformes and Rhizopusstolonifer. Various concentrations of the extracts ranging from 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90 and 100% were separately added to PDA media. The fungal pathogens were separately inoculated into the media and incubated for seven days. Antifungal effects of these extracts on the mycelia growth of the pathogens were significant at P<0.05 for all treatments at higher concentrations. At 10-50% concentration, ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Vernoniaamygdalina and Cola acuminata had no significant effect on the mycelia growth of Fusariummoniliformes and Rhizopusstolonifer after seven days observation period. At 60-100% concentrations, the two pathogens were completely inhibited by ethanolic extracts of Vernoniaamygdalina and Cola acuminata. Methanolic extracts of Vernoniaamygdalina and Cola acuminata inhibited completely Fusariummoniliformes and Rhizopusstolonifer at 80-100% concentrations. The in vitro inhibitory effects of these extracts at higher concentrations indicated that they can be used for the control of tomato fruit rot. It may be necessary to use them in prolonging the shelf-life of fresh tomato fruit and some other fruits.

scholarly journals Antiplasmodial and Cytotoxic Activities of Extracts of Selected Medicinal Plants Used to Treat Malaria in Embu County, Kenya

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Bibianne Waiganjo ◽  
Gervason Moriasi ◽  
Jared Onyancha ◽  
Nelson Elias ◽  
Francis Muregi
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Antiplasmodial Activity ◽  
Chloroquine Resistance ◽  
Cytotoxic Activities ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Methanolic Extracts

Malaria is a deadly disease caused by a protozoan parasite whose mode of transmission is through a female Anopheles mosquito. It affects persons of all ages; however, pregnant mothers, young children, and the elderly suffer the most due to their dwindled immune state. The currently prescribed antimalarial drugs have been associated with adverse side effects ranging from intolerance to toxicity. Furthermore, the costs associated with conventional approach of managing malaria are arguably high especially for persons living in low-income countries, hence the need for alternative and complementary approaches. Medicinal plants offer a viable alternative because of their few associated side effects, are arguably cheaper, and are easily accessible. Based on the fact that studies involving antimalarial medicinal plants as potential sources of efficacious and cost-effective pharmacotherapies are far between, this research was designed to investigate antiplasmodial and cytotoxic activities of organic and aqueous extracts of selected plants used by Embu traditional medicine practitioners to treat malaria. The studied plants included Erythrina abyssinica (stem bark), Schkuhria pinnata (whole plant), Sterculia africana (stem bark), Terminalia brownii (leaves), Zanthoxylum chalybeum (leaves), Leonotis mollissima (leaves), Carissa edulis (leaves), Tithonia diversifolia (leaves and flowers), and Senna didymobotrya (leaves and pods). In vitro antiplasmodial activity studies of organic and water extracts were carried out against chloroquine-sensitive (D6) and chloroquine-resistance (W2) strains of Plasmodium falciparum. In vivo antiplasmodial studies were done by Peter’s four-day suppression test to test for their in vivo antimalarial activity against P. berghei. Finally, cytotoxic effects and safety of the studied plant extracts were evaluated using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) rapid calorimetric assay technique. The water and methanolic extracts of T. brownii and S. africana and dichloromethane extracts of E. abyssinica, S. pinnata, and T. diversifolia leaves revealed high in vitro antiplasmodial activities (IC50≤10 μg/ml). Further, moderate in vivo antimalarial activities were observed for water and methanolic extracts of L. mollissima and S. africana and for dichloromethane extracts of E. abyssinica and T. diversifolia leaves. In this study, aqueous extracts of T. brownii and S. africana demonstrated high antiplasmodial activity and high selectivity indices values (SI≥10) and were found to be safe. It was concluded that T. brownii and S. africana aqueous extracts were potent antiplasmodial agents. Further focused studies geared towards isolation of active constituents and determination of in vivo toxicities to ascertain their safety are warranted.

scholarly journals Antifungal activity in vitro of Sapranthus microcarpus (Annonaceae) against phytopathogens

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Iván De-la-Cruz-Chacón ◽  
Nora Yazmin López-Fernández ◽  
Christian Anabí Riley-Saldaña ◽  
Marisol Castro Moreno ◽  
Alma Rosa González-Esquinca
Keyword(s):  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Plant Pathogens ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Curvularia Lunata ◽  
Root Bark ◽  
Inhibitory Activities ◽  
Alkaloid Extracts

Background and Aims: The phytochemistry study of Annonaceae has intensified in the last decades due to the discovery of secondary metabolites with antimicrobial activities. The inhibitory activities of extracts and compounds from these species for phytopathogens are less known. The antifungal activity of Sapranthus microcarpus was determined in vitro against six fungal pathogens of important crops.Methods: Hexane, methanol, and alkaloid extracts of the leaves and root and stem bark of S. microcarpus were evaluated to determine whether they could inhibit the mycelial growth of the phytopathogens. The combined activity of the most active extracts for each phytopathogen was also determined. The alkaloid liriodenine was isolated and identified as an antifungal principle.Key results: All extracts inhibited the growth of the six phytopathogens to some extent. The root bark alkaloid extract showed the highest activity. Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and Curvularia lunata were the most sensitive phytopathogens. Liriodenine was active against all the plant pathogens (minimum inhibitory concentrations of 125-500 nmol ml-1).Conclusions: Sapranthus microcarpus is a native natural resource with great phytochemical potential.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity of Extracts from the Humiria balsamifera (Aubl)

Plants ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1479
Author(s):  
Edelson de J. S. Dias ◽  
Antônio J. Cantanhede Filho ◽  
Fernando J. C. Carneiro ◽  
Cláudia Q. da Rocha ◽  
Luís Cláudio N. da Silva ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Polarity Index ◽  
New Treatments

Humiria balsamifera (Aubl), commonly known as “mirim”, is a plant of the Humiriaceae family, which consists of 39 species divided between eight genera: Duckesia, Endopleura, Humiria, Humiriastrum, Hylocara, Sacoglottis, Schistostemon, and Vantenea. This study aimed to characterize H. balsamifera extracts by LC-MS/MS and evaluate their antimicrobial potential through in vitro and in vivo assays. The leaves and stem bark of H. balsamifera were collected and dried at room temperature and then ground in a knife mill. The extracts were prepared with organic solvents in order to increase the polarity index (hexane, ethyl acetate, and methanol). The antimicrobial effects of these extracts were evaluated against the following bacterial strains: Escherichia coli ATCC 25922, Listeria monocytogenes ATCC 15313, Salmonella enterica Typhimurium ATCC 14028, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 6538. The best activity was observed in the ethyl acetate (EALE = 780 µg/mL), methanol (MLE = 780 µg/mL), and hexane (HLE = 1560 µg/mL) leaf extracts against S. aureus. Considering the results for both antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities, the EALE extract was chosen to proceed to the infection assays, which used Tenebrio molitor larvae. The EALE treatment was able to extend the average lifespan of the larvae (6.5 days) in comparison to S. aureus-infected larvae (1 day). Next, the samples were characterized by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography coupled to a mass spectrometer, allowing the identification of 11 substances, including seven flavonoids, substances whose antimicrobial activity is already well-reported in the literature. The number of bioactive compounds found in the chemical composition of H. balsamifera emphasizes its significance in both traditional medicine and scientific research that studies new treatments based on substances from the Brazilian flora.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL EXTRACTIONS, QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS, AND EVALUATION OF ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY IN THE LEAF AND STEM BARK OF SOLANUM PUBESCENS WILLD.

2019 ◽  
pp. 280-284
Author(s):  
SUDHAMA VN ◽  
RAMAKRISHNAN M
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Fungal Pathogens ◽  
Stem Bark ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Soxhlet Apparatus ◽  
Solanum Pubescens

Objective: The objective of this study was to extract the phytochemicals from leaf and stem bark of Solanum pubescens, perform qualitative analysis, and evaluate antimicrobial activity of the phytochemicals against certain microbial pathogens. Methods: Leaf and stem bark of S. pubescens was subjected to phytochemical extractions using Soxhlet apparatus with five different solvents, identified the major constituents in different solvent extracts using standard protocols and investigated the potential antimicrobial activities of the extracts against certain selected bacterial and fungal pathogens by agar well diffusion method. Results: The maximum yield was in methanolic extracts of leaf and stem bark of the study plant such as 18.51 and 12.5%, respectively, followed by the hydroalcohol extracts (14.23 and 10.00%). Qualitative phytochemical analysis revealed maximum number of extracted bioactive compounds when compared to other similar studies. Among the five different solvent extracts of S. pubescens, n-hexane extract of stem bark was found to be active against all the bacterial pathogens and stem bark extracts made with methanol and hydroalcohol showed antifungal activity against all the four fungal pathogens tested. Leaf extracts made with solvents such as n-hexane and ethyl acetate showed inhibition against Klebsiella pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus, respectively, hydroalcohol extract was active against Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Salmonella typhimurium while none of the leaf extracts of the study plant showed inhibition zones against fungal pathogens tested. Conclusion: Multiple solvent extraction approach yielded the phytochemicals which are not yet reported and the antimicrobial activities of phytochemicals acknowledged their medicinal value.

scholarly journals Inhibition of dehydrogenase activity in S. typhimurium by ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Carica papaya and Ocimum gratissimum

Bio-Research ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 1078-1084
Author(s):  
SI Umeh ◽  
IP Umunna ◽  
JU Udensi
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Dehydrogenase Activity ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Test Organism ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Tetrazolium Chloride ◽  
Ocimum Gratissimum ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Ethanolic Extracts

Dehydrogenase and inhibitions of dehydrogenase activities in Salmonella typhimurium by ethanolic and methanolic leaf extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Carica papaya were investigated. Dehydrogenase activity assay was carried out using 2, 3, 5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC) as the electron acceptor. Pure culture of S. typhimurium was exposed to varied concentrations of ethanolic and methanolic extracts of Ocimum gratissimum and Carica papaya [0-4000 μg/ml]. The ethanolic and methanolic extracts exhibited a concentration dependent response  against the tested organism. Results obtained revealed that  the ethanolic extracts showed a higher bactericidal effect on the test organism than the methanolic extracts at the threshold and total inhibitory concentrations. The IC50 were 45.349 and 15.697; IC100 were 43.732 and 35.526 for ethanolic extracts of Carica papaya and Ocimum gratissimum respectively while the IC50 were 7.108 and 13.696; IC100 were 40.815 and 31.104 for methanolic extracts of Carica papaya and Ocimum gratissimum respectively. This in-vitro study further revealed that the leaf of Carica papaya was more potent on Salmonella typhimurium than the leaf of Ocimum gratissimum. The findings from this study seem to provide the in-vitro evidence that justifies Carica papaya and Ocimum gratissimum as good candidate medicinal plants for the potential treatment of Salmonella typhimurium infections.

scholarly journals Effects of different extracts of three Annona species on egg-hatching processes of Haemonchus contortus

2019 ◽  
Vol 94 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.S. Castañeda-Ramírez ◽  
J.F.J. Torres-Acosta ◽  
P. Mendoza-de-Gives ◽  
J. Tun-Garrido ◽  
J.A. Rosado-Aguilar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Haemonchus Contortus ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Ovicidal Activity ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Egg Hatching ◽  
Egg Hatch ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Morula Stage

Abstract This study assessed the in vitro anthelmintic (AH) activity of methanol and acetone:water leaf extracts from Annona squamosa, A. muricata and A. reticulata against Haemonchus contortus eggs. The egg hatch test was used to determine the effective concentrations required to inhibit 50% of eggs hatching (EC50). The role of polyphenols on AH activity was measured through bioassays with and without polyvinylpolypyrrolidone (PVPP). Methanolic extracts mainly caused the death of eggs at the morula stage (ovicidal activity). Meanwhile, acetone:water extracts caused egg-hatching failure of developed larvae (larvae failing eclosion (LFE) activity). The lowest EC50 values against H. contortus eggs were observed for the methanolic extracts from A. reticulata and A. muricata (274.2 and 382.9 µg/ml, respectively). From the six extracts evaluated, the methanolic extracts of A. muricata, A. reticulata and A. squamosa showed the highest ovicidal activity, resulting in 98.9%, 92.8% and 95.1% egg mortality, respectively. When the methanolic extract of A. squamosa was incubated with PVPP, its AH activity increased. Similarly, when acetone:water extracts of A. muriata and A. reticulata were incubated with PVPP, their LFE activity increased. Alkaloids were only evident in methanolic extracts, irrespective of PVPP incubation. The presence of acetogenins was not observed. In conclusion, methanolic extracts obtained from leaves of A. muricata, A. reticulata and A. squamosa showed ovicidal activity affecting the morula of H. contortus eggs, with minor LFE activity. Meanwhile, acetone:water extracts showed mostly LFE activity, with a lower proportion of ovicidal activity.

scholarly journals Comparative in vitro antioxidant properties of water juice from selected African fruits consumed in Calabar, Cross River State (CRS), Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 81
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Effiong Edet ◽  
Ogama Byron Owai ◽  
Item Justin Atangwho ◽  
Ofem Effiong Ofem ◽  
Desmond Nwabuobi Anaka
Keyword(s):  
Antioxidant Properties ◽  
Cross River ◽  
Cross River State
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