scholarly journals Identification of Barriers to Entrepreneurship of Female Household Heads Covered by Tehran Welfare Organization

2014 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 60-72
Author(s):  
Reza Shahmahmoudi ◽  
Parvaneh Danesh
Keyword(s):  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Vulnerable Groups ◽  
Financial Independence ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
National Media ◽  
The Face ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Household Heads

One of the important tasks of social helpers is empowerment of vulnerable groups. One of these vulnerable groups is female household heads. One of the practices that can help empowering of them is to encourage female household heads to financial independence. Entrepreneurship is something that can lead to financial independence of female household heads. Moreover, entrepreneurship can lead to better mental and social health of this vulnerable group. The first step in empowering female household heads through entrepreneurship is to identify their obstacles and entrepreneurship problems. Because by identification of these barriers it can be done more appropriate measures in order to empower them. So, the aim of the present study is to identify entrepreneurship barriers of female household heads covered by Welfare Organization in Tehran. The method of the current study is survey. The statistical population of this research is all female household heads covered by Welfare Organization in Tehran that 350 of them were selected randomly.In order to collect data in this research, researcher-built questionnaire was used. In this research, the face validity and content aspect of the questionnaire were confirmed and reliability coefficient was obtained 0.81 using Cronbach’s alpha indicating desirable reliability of research questionnaire. The questionnaires were completed through self-creativity and then data were analyzed using SPSS software. Among problems that women encountered with them, the first ten ones are respectively the loss of fund to begin a job, existence of strictly official rules, gender discrimination and ignoring the ability of women by the society and responsible organizations, ignoring women in management affairs, over-concern about paying back the loans, emphasis on having personal fund instead of borrowing it from others, loss of pawn in order to get a loan, lack of proper support by government and governmental organizations, few facilities to begin a job by sponsor organizations, and unsuitable behavior of some organizations due to promotion of male-dominating in the society that statistically meaningful difference in prioritizing of these barriers was seen (p < 0.05). Considering the findings of the current research, the programs in order to support female household heads economically and special facilities for them can provide their entrepreneurship basis. Also, gender discriminations against women especially female household heads can be decreased through acculturating using media and national media. The findings of the current research can be useful for social helpers, sponsor organizations and policymakers in direction of empowering the female household heads.

The relationship between age and athletes' view of the phenomenon of doping

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-48
Author(s):  
Mohammad Saeed Kiani ◽  
◽  
Keivan Shabani Moghaddam ◽  
Keyword(s):  
T Test ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
The Face ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Science Classes ◽  
New Generation ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling ◽  
Smirnov Test

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between age and athletes' attitude to doping. A 40- question researcher-made questionnaire was used to collect the data. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a survey of professors related to the research subject and its reliability was reported to be 0.79 using Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of the study consisted of all athletes in Kermanshah province that to the large number of samples, cluster random sampling method was used. Finally, 700 questionnaires were returned, out of which 431 were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage, tables, graphs, etc.) for analysis of data as well as inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, independent t-test and analysis of variance) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data distribution. The results showed that there is a difference between the new generation of athletes and the older generation in terms of doping. Therefore, the athlete should consult with experienced people (those who use these substances) and a physician, and be aware of the side effects of these supplements by attending training and science classes. Avoid using them whenever possible.

scholarly journals A novel three-in-one silicone model for basic microsurgery training

2020 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 621-626
Author(s):  
Osaid Alser ◽  
Gehad Youssef ◽  
Simon Myers ◽  
Ali M. Ghanem
Keyword(s):  
Animal Models ◽  
Surgical Training ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Level Of Evidence ◽  
The Face ◽  
Advanced Stages ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Silicone Model ◽  
Synthetic Models ◽  
Suturing Skills

Abstract Background Microsurgery simulation is an important aspect of surgical training. Animal models have been widely used in simulation training, but they have some limitations including ethical restrictions, cost and availability. This has led to the use of synthetic models that can reduce reliance on animals in line with the 3R (refinement, reduction and replacement) principles. The aim of this paper was to evaluate the face validity of Surgitate™ three-in-one (artery, vein and nerve) silicone model. Methods Fourteen candidates performed one end-to-end anastomosis on artery, vein and nerve. The face validity of the vessel was assessed via questionnaires detailing their previous microsurgical experience and their feedback of using this model using the Likert scale. Data management and analysis were performed using IBM SPSS software (25.0). Results Participants tended to value this model in the earlier stages of microsurgical training particularly in the acquisition of basic microsurgical skills. It could be particularly useful in enhancing suturing skills as a replacement or reduction in the use of chicken models. The model has some drawbacks preluding its utilization into more advanced stages of surgical training. Further studies are needed to validate the model using more objective measures. Conclusion We present a novel synthetic model that can be potentially introduced to early stages of microsurgery training. The model would be ideal to meet the 3R principles of the use of animal models and as an alternative to the commonly used synthetic models. Level of evidence: Not ratable.

scholarly journals Studying the Effective Factors on Quality of Human Sources Training Plans (Case study: Employees of Iran's Saderat Bank- Tehran's West Superintendence)

2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 66
Author(s):  
Mina Jamshidi Avanaki ◽  
Kolsoom Najafifar
Keyword(s):  
Work Environment ◽  
Personality Characteristics ◽  
Training Environment ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Effective Factors ◽  
The Face ◽  
Service Training ◽  
Spss Software

The purpose of this paper is to study the effective factors on quality of human sources training plans. Current research in terms of purpose is applicable and in terms of nature, it is descriptive and correlation kind and in terms of method, it is a survey research. The statistical population includes all employees who work in Saderat Bank of Tehran's west superintendence that the total number was 200 persons. The sample size was selected 131 persons according to Cochran's formula and the sampling method was simple random. In order to collect the data, the researcher-made questionnaire with 37 items in the form of 5-degree Likert spectrum from too high to too low was used. The face and content validity of questionnaire was confirmed by some of the experts and knowledgeable persons. Since Cronbach's Alpha coefficient for the variables of curriculums (0.875), training environment (0.942), work environment (0.759), personality characteristics of trainees (0.901), quality of in-service training plans (0.867) was obtained higher than 0.7, therefore the reliability of the questionnaire is confirmed. In order to analyze the data, one-sample t-test and two-variable linear Regression with spss software were used. The results indicated the variables of curriculums with β coefficient of 0.068 percent, training environment with β coefficient of 0.379 percent, work environment with β coefficient of 0.762 percent and personality characteristics of trainees with β coefficient of 0.241 percent have the power of predicting the dependent variable changes of in-service training plans quality. The adjusted explanation coefficient was 0.980 that indicated 4 independent variables of the research have been able to predict 98 percent of dependent variable changes.

Studying the components status of the competitive advantage variable in the importer companies of the network products (HP Company) and its relation with demographic variables

2015 ◽  
Vol 16 (SE) ◽  
pp. 79-87
Author(s):  
Helena Yousef
Keyword(s):  
Competitive Advantage ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
T Test ◽  
Survey Method ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
The Face ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Descriptive Survey ◽  
Acceptable Reliability

The purpose of this article is to study the components status of the competitive advantage variable in the importer companies of the network products (HP Company) and its relation with demographic variables. Current research in terms of purpose is applicable and it was done with descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of this research includes all customers of HP network products in AfzarPardazBatis Company in Tehran and they are 120 persons. Due to the limited number of the statistical population, census method was used in order to determine the sample size. In order to collect the data, standard questionnaire of Hill & Jones (2010) was used. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by using of some professors,opinions. Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of the questionnaire was obtained higher than 0.7 which indicates the internal coordination of the items and acceptable reliability of the questionnaire. In order to study the research hypotheses, single sample t-test, independent t-test and ANOVA with application of spss software were used. According to the results, the amount of t-statistic was more than critical amount of 1.96; and it was in the critical area of the test and in other words, the average difference from figure 3 was meaningful. Therefore the assessment averageof  the components status of competitive advantage variable was higher than the assumed average (3) and this indicates that accountability to the customers, services quality, innovation in presenting the services and superior efficiency as the competitive advantage components from the perspective of the intended customers had proper status. The other results of the research indicated that women, men and customers with different education and ages assess the competitive advantage of the company equally, but according to the results obtained, whatever the customers purchase record from this company is more, their perspective will be improved about the importer company of HP products and their assessment of competitive advantage will be higher.

scholarly journals Gender differences in athletes’ attitudes and familiarity with drugs and unauthorized training methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-64
Author(s):  
Mohammad Saeed Kiani ◽  
◽  
Keivan Shabani Moghaddam ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Method ◽  
T Test ◽  
Training Methods ◽  
Statistical Population ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Face ◽  
Kolmogorov Smirnov ◽  
Spss Software ◽  
Cluster Random Sampling ◽  
Smirnov Test

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the differences between men and women regarding the level of familiarity with unauthorized drugs. A 40-question researcher-made questionnaire was used for data collection. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a survey of professors related to the research subject and its reliability was reported to be 0.79 using Cronbach's alpha. The statistical population of the study consisted of all athletes in Kermanshah province. Due to the large number of samples, cluster random sampling method was used. Finally, 700 questionnaires were returned, out of which 431 were used. Data were analyzed using SPSS software. Descriptive statistics (mean, standard deviation, percentage, tables, graphs, etc.) for analysis of data as well as inferential statistics (one-sample t-test, independent sample t-test and variance analysis) and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was used to determine the normality of the data distribution. The results showed that there was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of familiarity with unauthorized drugs. As a result, men are less familiar with unauthorized drugs than women

Evaluation of the Modified Naranjo Criteria for Assessing Causal Attribution of Clinical Outcome to Homeopathic Intervention as Presented in Case Reports

Homeopathy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 109 (04) ◽  
pp. 191-197
Author(s):  
Chetna Deep Lamba ◽  
Vishwa Kumar Gupta ◽  
Robbert van Haselen ◽  
Lex Rutten ◽  
Nidhi Mahajan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Outcome ◽  
Causal Relationship ◽  
Clinical Case ◽  
Assessment Tool ◽  
Causal Attribution ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
The Face ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract Objectives The objective of this study was to establish the reliability and content validity of the “Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy—Causal Attribution Inventory” as a tool for attributing a causal relationship between the homeopathic intervention and outcome in clinical case reports. Methods Purposive sampling was adopted for the selection of information-rich case reports using pre-defined criteria. Eligible case reports had to fulfil a minimum of nine items of the CARE Clinical Case Reporting Guideline checklist and a minimum of three of the homeopathic HOM-CASE CARE extension items. The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy Inventory consists of 10 domains. Inter-rater agreement in the scoring of these domains was determined by calculating the percentage agreement and kappa (κ) values. A κ greater than 0.4, indicating fair agreement between raters, in conjunction with the absence of concerns regarding the face validity, was taken to indicate the validity of a given domain. Each domain was assessed by four raters for the selected case reports. Results Sixty case reports met the inclusion criteria. Inter-rater agreement/concordance per domain was “perfect” for domains 1 (100%, κ = 1.00) and 2 (100%, κ = 1.00); “almost perfect” for domain 8 (97.5%, κ = 0.86); “substantial” for domains 3 (96.7%, κ = 0.80) and 5 (91.1%, κ = 0.70); “moderate” for domains 4 (83.3%, κ = 0.60), 7 (67.8%, κ = 0.46) and 9 (99.2%, κ = 0.50); and “fair” for domain 10 (56.1%, κ = 0.38). For domains 6A (46.7%, κ = 0.03) and 6B (50.3%, κ = 0.18), there was “slight agreement” only. Thus, the validity of the Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy tool was established for each of its domains, except for the two that pertain to direction of cure (domains 6A and 6B). Conclusion The Modified Naranjo Criteria for Homeopathy—Causal Attribution Inventory was identified as a valid tool for assessing the likelihood of a causal relationship between a homeopathic intervention and clinical outcome. Improved wordings for several criteria have been proposed for the assessment tool, under the new acronym “MONARCH”. Further assessment of two MONARCH domains is required.

An investigation of the face validity of a food intake questionnaire: lessons for dietary advice

1999 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-316 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Johnson ◽  
A. F. Hackett ◽  
A. Bibby ◽  
J. Cross
Keyword(s):  
Food Intake ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Dietary Advice ◽  
The Face

scholarly journals SECURING HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE FACE OF INTERNATIONAL INTEGRATION

2011 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-165 ◽  
Author(s):  
Israel de Jesús Butler
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
International Law ◽  
Regional Level ◽  
International Human Rights Law ◽  
Human Rights Law ◽  
International Human Rights ◽  
Governmental Organizations ◽  
The Face ◽  
International Obligations ◽  
Increasing Risk

AbstractThe continuous transfer of authority from the national sphere to inter-governmental organizations gives rise to an increasing risk that States may be mandated by their obligations under these organizations to take measures that are inconsistent with their obligations under International Human Rights Law. Drawing on the approaches of various international, regional and national jurisdictions, this article explores two possible models for restructuring International Law that could ensure that human rights obligations remain effective. The ‘international constitutional’ approach would ensure that human rights are enshrined within the ‘constitutional’ instruments of IGOs, preventing incompatible rules from emerging. The ‘parochial’ approach would ensure that human rights as protected at the national or regional level would take precedence over conflicting international obligations.

Pictorial Scale of Physical Self-Concept for Younger Children (P-PSC-C): A Feasibility Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (s2) ◽  
pp. S391-S402 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maike Tietjens ◽  
Dennis Dreiskaemper ◽  
Till Utesch ◽  
Nadja Schott ◽  
Lisa M. Barnett ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Fitness ◽  
Motor Development ◽  
Kindergarten Children ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Self Perception ◽  
Gross Motor Development ◽  
The Face ◽  
Age Appropriate ◽  
The One

Children’s self-perception of motor skills and physical fitness is said to be an important mediator between skills and physical fitness on the one hand and physical activity on the other hand. An age-appropriate self-perception scale is needed to understand the development and the differentiation of the physical self-concept of children and its components. Therefore, the objectives of this study were (1) to develop a pictorial scale of physical fitness for pre-school children (3–6 years old), and (2) to describe the face validity and feasibility of the scale. The study sample included 27 kindergarten children. In order to determine the psychometric properties, validity was assessed by administrating the Pictorial Scale for Physical Self-Concept in Kindergarten Children (P-PSC-C) compared with children’s fundamental movement skill competency (Test of Gross Motor Development [TGMD]-3; six locomotor and seven object-control skills), height, weight, and demographics. The face validity was favorable. Expectable negatively skewed response distributions were found in all items. Medium correlations with related constructs and with sport enjoyment were found. The results indicate that the new scale is usable for kindergarten children. Future validation studies are needed so that the new scale can contribute to the research about physical self-concept development in kindergarten children.

scholarly journals Spanish Version of the System Usability Scale for the Assessment of Electronic Tools: Development and Validation

10.2196/21161 ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. e21161
Author(s):  
Magdalena Del Rocio Sevilla-Gonzalez ◽  
Lizbeth Moreno Loaeza ◽  
Laura Sofia Lazaro-Carrera ◽  
Brigette Bourguet Ramirez ◽  
Anabel Vázquez Rodríguez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mobile App ◽  
Spanish Version ◽  
Face Validity ◽  
Electronic Systems ◽  
Validity Index ◽  
Clinical Counseling ◽  
System Usability Scale ◽  
System Usability ◽  
The Face ◽  
Development And Validation

Background The System Usability Scale (SUS) is a common metric used to assess the usability of a system, and it was initially developed in English. The implementation of electronic systems for clinical counseling (eHealth and mobile health) is increasing worldwide. Therefore, tools are needed to evaluate these applications in the languages and regional contexts in which the electronic tools are developed. Objective This study aims to translate, culturally adapt, and validate the original English version of the SUS into a Spanish version. Methods The translation process included forward and backward translation. Forward translations were made by 2 native Spanish speakers who spoke English as their second language, and a backward translation was made by a native English speaker. The Spanish SUS questionnaire was validated by 10 experts in mobile app development. The face validity of the questionnaire was tested with 10 mobile phone users, and the reliability testing was conducted among 88 electronic application users. Results The content validity index of the new Spanish SUS was good, as indicated by a rating of 0.92 for the relevance of the items. The questionnaire was easy to understand, based on a face validity index of 0.94. The Cronbach α was .812 (95% CI 0.748-0.866; P<.001). Conclusions The new Spanish SUS questionnaire is a valid and reliable tool to assess the usability of electronic tools among Spanish-speaking users.

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