Analysis of the Urban Expansion for the Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria

- African cities are experiencing uncontrolled expansion. The focus of this paper is to evaluate the impact of urban expansion on landuse types of Akure for the period of 1972 to 2009 . In analyzing the u rban expansion of the cit y, 1972 MSS, 1986 Landsat Thematic TM and Landsat Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM + ) images for 2002 and 2009 satellite image captured from googleearth website were used in a post classification comparison analysis to map the spatial dynamics of landuse / land cover changes and identify the urban expansion of Akure. Questionnaire was also used to determine the factors responsible for the expansion of Akure. The findings showed a rapid expansion in the built-up are a of Akure from 1.00% in 1972 to 2.46% in 1986, 2.46% in1986 to 3.90% in 2002 with an annual growth rate of 10.63% and 3.66% due to increasing population of Akure within these periods respectively. Prediction made showed that the built-up of A kure would expand to 2.66 % in 2022 . Th e study recommends review of the outdated 1980 master plan and development control mechanism that will guide the rapid expansion that had been accompanied by loss of vegetation in Akure.

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Mapping 20 Years of Urban Expansion in 45 Urban Areas of Sub-Saharan Africa

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13030525 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (3) ◽

pp. 525

Author(s):

Yann Forget ◽

Michal Shimoni ◽

Marius Gilbert ◽

Catherine Linard

Keyword(s):

Case Studies ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Local Population ◽

Sub Saharan Africa ◽

Annual Growth Rate ◽

Urban Dynamics ◽

Mapping Approach ◽

Sub Saharan ◽

The Impact

By 2050, half of the net increase in the world’s population is expected to reside in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), driving high urbanization rates and drastic land cover changes. However, the data-scarce environment of SSA limits our understanding of the urban dynamics in the region. In this context, Earth Observation (EO) is an opportunity to gather accurate and up-to-date spatial information on urban extents. During the last decade, the adoption of open-access policies by major EO programs (CBERS, Landsat, Sentinel) has allowed the production of several global high resolution (10–30 m) maps of human settlements. However, mapping accuracies in SSA are usually lower, limited by the lack of reference datasets to support the training and the validation of the classification models. Here we propose a mapping approach based on multi-sensor satellite imagery (Landsat, Sentinel-1, Envisat, ERS) and volunteered geographic information (OpenStreetMap) to solve the challenges of urban remote sensing in SSA. The proposed mapping approach is assessed in 17 case studies for an average F1-score of 0.93, and applied in 45 urban areas of SSA to produce a dataset of urban expansion from 1995 to 2015. Across the case studies, built-up areas averaged a compound annual growth rate of 5.5% between 1995 and 2015. The comparison with local population dynamics reveals the heterogeneity of urban dynamics in SSA. Overall, population densities in built-up areas are decreasing. However, the impact of population growth on urban expansion differs depending on the size of the urban area and its income class.

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Perkembangan Wilayah dan Perubahan Tutupan Lahan di Kabupaten Purwakarta sebagai Dampak dari Proses Konurbasi Jakarta-Bandung

Journal of Regional and Rural Development Planning ◽

10.29244/jp2wd.2018.2.2.195-208 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (2) ◽

pp. 195

Author(s):

Alfin Murtadho ◽

Siti Wulandari ◽

Muhammad Wahid ◽

Ernan Rustiadi

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Land Cover ◽

Regional Development ◽

Land Cover Change ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Satellite Image ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Urban Region ◽

Land Use Land Cover ◽

The Impact

<p class="ISI-Paragraf">Jabodetabek and Bandung Raya metropolitan region experienced an urban expansion phenomenon that caused the two metropolitan regions to become increasingly connected by a corridor and form a mega-urban region caused by the conurbation process. Purwakarta regency is one of the regions in Jakarta-Bandung corridor that experienced the impact of Jakarta-Bandung conurbation process. This study aims to analyze the level of regional development, to analyze land cover change that occurred, and to predict Purwakarta Regency land use/land cover in 2030. Regional development analysis is done by using the Scalogram method based on Potential Village data of year 2003 and 2014. Land cover change analysis is done through spatial analysis by overlaying land cover Landsat Satellite Image of year 2000 and 2015. Land use/land cover prediction in 2030 is conducted through spatial modelling of Cellular Automata Markov method. Purwakarta Regency experienced an increase in regional development within the period of 11 years (2003 to 2014), which is marked by a decrease in the percentage of the number of villages that are in hierarchy III and increase in the percentage of the number of villages that are in hierarchy II and I. In general, within 15 years (2000 to 2015) Purwakarta Regency has increasing number of built-up area and mixed gardens, meanwhile dry land, forest, paddy field, and water bodies tend to decrease. The results of CA Markov analysis show that the built-up area is predicted to continue to increase from 2000 to 2030, meanwhile paddy fields and water bodies will continue to decrease.</p>

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Evolution of Green Space under Rapid Urban Expansion in Southeast Asian Cities

Sustainability ◽

10.3390/su132112024 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (21) ◽

pp. 12024

Author(s):

Amal Najihah Muhamad Nor ◽

Hasifah Abdul Aziz ◽

Siti Aisyah Nawawi ◽

Rohazaini Muhammad Jamil ◽

Muhamad Azahar Abas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Spatial Structure ◽

Southeast Asia ◽

Urban Areas ◽

Green Space ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Space Structure ◽

Rapid Expansion ◽

Kuala Lumpur ◽

Metro Manila ◽

The Impact

Globally, rapid urban expansion has caused green spaces in urban areas to decline considerably. In this study, the rapid expansion of three Southeast Asia cities were considered, namely, Kuala Lumpur City, Malaysia; Jakarta, Indonesia; and Metro Manila, Philippines. This study evaluates the changes in spatial and temporal patterns of urban areas and green space structure in the three cities over the last two decades. Land use land cover (LULC) maps of the cities (1988/1989, 1999 and 2014) were developed based on 30-m resolution satellite images. The changes in the landscape and spatial structure were analysed using change detection, landscape metrics and statistical analysis. The percentage of green space in the three cities reduced in size from 45% to 20% with the rapid expansion of urban areas over the 25-year period. In Metro Manila and Jakarta, the proportion of green space converted to urban areas was higher in the initial 1989 to 1999 period than over the latter 1999 to 2014 period. Significant changes in green space structure were observed in Jakarta and Metro Manila. Green space gradually fragmented and became less connected and more unevenly distributed. These changes were not seen in Kuala Lumpur City. Overall, the impact of spatial structure of urban areas and population density on green space is higher in Jakarta and Metro Manila when this is compared to Kuala Lumpur. Thus, the results have the potential to clarify the relative contribution of green space structure especially for cities in Southeast Asia where only a few studies in urban areas have taken place.

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Simulating Urban Expansion Based on Ecological Security Pattern—A Case Study of Hangzhou, China

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph19010301 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 301

Author(s):

Xiaochang Yang ◽

Sinan Li ◽

Congmou Zhu ◽

Baiyu Dong ◽

Hongwei Xu

Keyword(s):

Urban Expansion ◽

Source Area ◽

Mountainous Area ◽

Annual Growth Rate ◽

Ecological Security ◽

Construction Land ◽

The North ◽

Natural Development ◽

Security Pattern ◽

The Impact

Disordered urban expansion has encroached on a large amount of ecological land, resulting in the steady degradation of urban ecology, which has an adverse effect on the sustainable development of the region. An ecological security pattern can effectively control urban expansion, and it is of great significance to balance urban development and ecological protection. In order to analyze the impact of ecological security patterns on urban expansion, Hangzhou was taken as an example, the CA-Markov model and FLUS model were used to simulate the urban expansion pattern in 2030 under the natural development scenario and the ecological security scenario. The results showed that (1) the ecological source area in the study area is 630.90 km2 and was mainly distributed in the western mountainous area. There are 14 ecological corridors, primarily composed of valleys and rivers. Ecological nodes are mainly distributed on the north and south sides of the main urban area. (2) From 2000 to 2018, the annual increase index (AI) of construction land decreased in the northeast and southeast directions but increased in the northwest and southwest directions, and in the northeast direction the value was always the highest. Except for the southwest direction, the average annual growth rate (AGR) of construction land in the other directions decreased. At a distance from the city center of 30 km, AI was relatively higher and was increasing, while AGR was declining. At a distance of 30–45 km, both AI and AGR were increasing, indicating that the focus of construction land was moving outwards. (3) From 2018 to 2030, under both natural development scenario and ecological security scenario, construction land would keep expanding, but the construction land area, proportion, AI, and AGR of the latter would both be smaller than the former, indicating that the ecological security pattern can effectively curb urban expansion. Because of a large amount area of ecological sources, the expansion of construction land in the southwest direction would be constrained, especially under the ecological security scenario. The methods and results of this study can provide theoretical and application references for urban planning and green development in metropolises.

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Impact of merger on efficiency and productivity : a case study of commercial banks in Malaysia

Social and Management Research Journal ◽

10.24191/smrj.v5i1.5150 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 77

Author(s):

Mahadzir Ismail ◽

Saliza Sulaiman ◽

Hasni Abdul Rahim ◽

Nordiana Nordin

Keyword(s):

Efficiency Score ◽

Malmquist Productivity Index ◽

Productivity Index ◽

Data Envelopment ◽

Master Plan ◽

Before And After ◽

Domestic Banks ◽

The Impact ◽

Efficiency And Productivity

The Financial Master Plan (2001- 2010) aims to enhance the capacity of banking industry so that higher effic iency and productivity can be reaped in the future. This study seeks to determine the impact of merger on the efficiency and productivity ofcommercial banks in Malaysia for the period 1995 until 2005. The study uses a non-parametric approach, nam ely DEA (data envelopment analysis?) to estimate the efficiency scores and to construct the Malmquist productivity index. To enable this estimation, three bank inputs and outputs are used. Amongst the findings are those banks exhibit higher efficiency score after the merger and thefo reign banks are more efficient than the local banks. Productivity of the banks is calculated in both periods, before and after the merger: The results show that, it is the local banks that have improved the most after the merger. The main source of productivity is technical change or innovation. The findings support the existing policy of having larger domestic banks in term of size.

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Impact of LULC Changes on LST in Rajshahi District of Bangladesh: A Remote Sensing Approach

Journal of Geographical Studies ◽

10.21523/gcj5.19030102 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 11-23 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Abdulla Al Kafy ◽

Abdullah Al-Faisal ◽

Mohammad Mahmudul Hasan ◽

Md. Soumik Sikdar ◽

Mohammad Hasib Hasan Khan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Remote Sensing ◽

Surface Temperature ◽

Land Surface ◽

Agricultural Land ◽

Global Climate ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Water Bodies ◽

Landsat 8 ◽

Lulc Changes ◽

The Impact

Urbanization has been contributing more in global climate warming, with more than 50% of the population living in cities. Rapid population growth and change in land use / land cover (LULC) are closely linked. The transformation of LULC due to rapid urban expansion significantly affects the functions of biodiversity and ecosystems, as well as local and regional climates. Improper planning and uncontrolled management of LULC changes profoundly contribute to the rise of urban land surface temperature (LST). This study evaluates the impact of LULC changes on LST for 1997, 2007 and 2017 in the Rajshahi district (Bangladesh) using multi-temporal and multi-spectral Landsat 8 OLI and Landsat 5 TM satellite data sets. The analysis of LULC changes exposed a remarkable increase in the built-up areas and a significant decrease in the vegetation and agricultural land. The built-up area was increased almost double in last 20 years in the study area. The distribution of changes in LST shows that built-up areas recorded the highest temperature followed by bare land, vegetation and agricultural land and water bodies. The LULC-LST profiles also revealed the highest temperature in built-up areas and the lowest temperature in water bodies. In the last 20 years, LST was increased about 13ºC. The study demonstrates decrease in vegetation cover and increase in non-evaporating surfaces with significantly increases the surface temperature in the study area. Remote-sensing techniques were found one of the suitable techniques for rapid analysis of urban expansions and to identify the impact of urbanization on LST.

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Sources of and Control Measures for PTE Pollution in Soil at the Urban Fringe in Weinan, China

Land ◽

10.3390/land10070762 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (7) ◽

pp. 762

Author(s):

Lei Han ◽

Rui Chen ◽

Zhao Liu ◽

Shanshan Chang ◽

Yonghua Zhao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Land Use ◽

Urban Expansion ◽

Pollution Sources ◽

Urban Fringe ◽

Control Measures ◽

Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry ◽

Human Beings ◽

Rapid Urbanization ◽

Kriging Interpolation Method ◽

The Impact

The environment of the urban fringe is complex and frangible. With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the urban fringe has become the primary space for urban expansion, and the intense human activities create a high risk of potentially toxic element (PTE) pollution in the soil. In this study, 138 surface soil samples were collected from a region undergoing rapid urbanization and construction—Weinan, China. Concentrations of As, Pb, Cr, Cu, and Ni (Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry, ICP-MS) and Hg (Atomic Fluorescence Spectrometry, AFS) were measured. The Kriging interpolation method was used to create a visualization of the spatial distribution characteristics and to analyze the pollution sources of PTEs in the soil. The pollution status of PTEs in the soil was evaluated using the national environmental quality standards for soils in different types of land use. The results show that the content range of As fluctuated a small amount and the coefficient of variation is small and mainly comes from natural soil formation. The content of Cr, Cu, and Ni around the automobile repair factory, the prefabrication factory, and the building material factory increased due to the deposition of wear particles in the soil. A total of 13.99% of the land in the study area had Hg pollution, which was mainly distributed on category 1 development land and farmland. Chemical plants were the main pollution sources. The study area should strictly control the industrial pollution emissions, regulate the agricultural production, adjust the land use planning, and reduce the impact of pollution on human beings. Furthermore, we make targeted remediation suggestions for each specific land use type. These results are of theoretical significance, will be of practical value for the control of PTEs in soil, and will provide ecological environmental protection in the urban fringe throughout the urbanization process.

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Urban Fire Severity and Vegetation Dynamics in Southern California

Remote Sensing ◽

10.3390/rs13010019 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 19

Author(s):

Lauren E. H. Mathews ◽

Alicia M. Kinoshita

Keyword(s):

Vegetation Cover ◽

Vegetation Index ◽

Normalized Difference Vegetation Index ◽

Current Knowledge ◽

Fire Severity ◽

Satellite Image ◽

Burn Severity ◽

Native Vegetation ◽

Riparian Areas ◽

The Impact

A combination of satellite image indices and in-field observations was used to investigate the impact of fuel conditions, fire behavior, and vegetation regrowth patterns, altered by invasive riparian vegetation. Satellite image metrics, differenced normalized burn severity (dNBR) and differenced normalized difference vegetation index (dNDVI), were approximated for non-native, riparian, or upland vegetation for traditional timeframes (0-, 1-, and 3-years) after eleven urban fires across a spectrum of invasive vegetation cover. Larger burn severity and loss of green canopy (NDVI) was detected for riparian areas compared to the uplands. The presence of invasive vegetation affected the distribution of burn severity and canopy loss detected within each fire. Fires with native vegetation cover had a higher severity and resulted in larger immediate loss of canopy than fires with substantial amounts of non-native vegetation. The lower burn severity observed 1–3 years after the fires with non-native vegetation suggests a rapid regrowth of non-native grasses, resulting in a smaller measured canopy loss relative to native vegetation immediately after fire. This observed fire pattern favors the life cycle and perpetuation of many opportunistic grasses within urban riparian areas. This research builds upon our current knowledge of wildfire recovery processes and highlights the unique challenges of remotely assessing vegetation biophysical status within urban Mediterranean riverine systems.

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Does agricultural intensification cause tipping points in ecosystem services?

Landscape Ecology ◽

10.1007/s10980-021-01321-8 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Stephen C. L. Watson ◽

Adrian C. Newton ◽

Lucy E. Ridding ◽

Paul M. Evans ◽

Steven Brand ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Ecosystem Services ◽

Agricultural Intensification ◽

Spatial Dynamics ◽

Policy Option ◽

List Type ◽

Tipping Points ◽

Software Models ◽

Non Linear ◽

Study Interval ◽

The Impact

Abstract Context Agricultural intensification is being widely pursued as a policy option to improve food security and human development. Yet, there is a need to understand the impact of agricultural intensification on the provision of multiple ecosystem services, and to evaluate the possible occurrence of tipping points. Objectives To quantify and assess the long-term spatial dynamics of ecosystem service (ES) provision in a landscape undergoing agricultural intensification at four time points 1930, 1950, 1980 and 2015. Determine if thresholds or tipping points in ES provision may have occurred and if there are any detectable impacts on economic development and employment. Methods We used the InVEST suite of software models together with a time series of historical land cover maps and an Input–Output model to evaluate these dynamics over an 85-year period in the county of Dorset, southern England. Results Results indicated that trends in ES were often non-linear, highlighting the potential for abrupt changes in ES provision to occur in response to slight changes in underlying drivers. Despite the fluctuations in provision of different ES, overall economic activity increased almost linearly during the study interval, in line with the increase in agricultural productivity. Conclusions Such non-linear thresholds in ES will need to be avoided in the future by approaches aiming to deliver sustainable agricultural intensification. A number of positive feedback mechanisms are identified that suggest these thresholds could be considered as tipping points. However, further research into these feedbacks is required to fully determine the occurrence of tipping points in agricultural systems.

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Assessment of Rainfall-Induced Landslide Distribution Based on Land Disturbance in Southern Taiwan

ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information ◽

10.3390/ijgi10040209 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 209

Author(s):

Chih-Ming Tseng ◽

Yie-Ruey Chen ◽

Chwen-Ming Chang ◽

Yung-Sheng Chue ◽

Shun-Chieh Hsieh

Keyword(s):

Satellite Image ◽

Extreme Rainfall ◽

Land Area ◽

Rainfall Events ◽

Land Disturbance ◽

Bare Land ◽

Southern Taiwan ◽

The Impact ◽

Landslide Distribution ◽

The Relationship

This study explores the impact of rainfall on the followed-up landslides after a severe typhoon and the relationship between various rainfall events and the occurrence, scale, and regional characteristics of the landslides, including second landslides. Moreover, the influence of land disturbance was evaluated. The genetic adaptive neural network was used in combination with the texture analysis of the geographic information system for satellite image classification and interpretation to analyze land-use change and retrieve disaster records and surface information after five rainfall events from Typhoon Morakot (2009) to Typhoon Nanmadol (2011). The results revealed that except for extreme Morakot rains, the greater the degree of slope disturbance after rain, the larger the exposed slope. Extreme rainfall similar to Morakot strikes may have a greater impact on the bare land area than on slope disturbance. Moreover, the relationship between the bare land area and the index of land disturbance condition (ILDC) is positive, and the ratio of the bare land area to the quantity of bare land after each rainfall increases with the ILDC. With higher effective accumulative rainfall on the slope in the study area or greater slope disturbance, the landslide area at the second landslide point tended to increase.

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