scholarly journals Cough in the post COVID period: clinical examples

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-382
Author(s):  
O. V. Fesenko
Keyword(s):  
Post Infection ◽  
Spontaneous Pneumothorax ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Hyperventilation Syndrome ◽  
Chronic Lung Diseases ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development ◽  
Traction Bronchiectasis

Among the extensive list of manifestations of post COVID syndrome, cough is often found. Most researchers interpret its character as post infection. In some patients, post infection cough becomes productive, and combined mucoactive therapy is required for effective treatment. Since the onset of the pandemic, clinical descriptions of spontaneous pneumothorax have accumulated in the literature. The risk of this complication is present even in patients who are not burdened with chronic lung diseases, as well as those who are breathing spontaneously. The study of the mechanisms of development of spontaneous pneumothorax in COVID-19 is necessary for the development of further therapeutic and preventive measures. Traction bronchiectasis occurs in 27 – 52.5% of cases of new coronavirus infection. Changes in the structure of the bronchi predispose to chronic cough and recurrent infections. Respiratory viral infection has been considered in the past as a trigger for bronchial asthma. There is controversy over the new coronavirus. Asthma has been suggested as a protective factor in COVID-19, due to the specific inflammation profile that protects patients. In some patients who have had COVID-19, the cough is due to hyperventilation syndrome. To explain it, a hypothesis of impaired respiratory control was proposed. The paper presents clinical examples illustrating a wide range of pathological conditions accompanied by cough. Possible relationships between cough and previous coronavirus infection are discussed.

Protector and Casualty

2019 ◽  
pp. 495-522
Author(s):  
Meg Dennison ◽  
Katie McLaughlin
Keyword(s):  
Early Life ◽  
Positive Emotion ◽  
Positive Emotions ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Mental Health Problems ◽  
Positive Emotionality ◽  
Early Life Adversity ◽  
Adverse Experiences ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Positive Valence

Early-life adversity is associated with elevated risk for a wide range of mental disorders across the lifespan, including those that involve disruptions in positive emotionality. Although extensive research has evaluated heightened negative emotionality and threat processing as developmental mechanisms linking early-life adversity with mental health problems, emerging evidence suggests that positive emotions play an integral, but complex, role in the association of early-life adversity with psychopathology. This chapter identifies two pathways through which positive emotion influences risk for psychopathology following early-life adversity. First, experiences of early-life adversity may alter the development of the “positive valence system”, which in turn increases risk for psychopathology. Second, the association between adversity and psychopathology may vary as a function of individual differences in positive emotionality. We consider how the development of positive emotionality—measured at psychological, behavioral and neurobiological levels—may be altered by early-life adversity, creating a diathesis for psychopathology. We additionally review evidence for the role of positive emotion, measured at multiple levels, as a protective factor that buffers against the adverse impacts of adversity. In integrating these two roles, it is proposed that characteristics of environmental adversity, including developmental timing, duration, and type of adversity, may differentially impact the development of positive emotionality, leading to a better understanding of risks associated with specific adverse experiences. Methodological issues regarding the measurement of adverse environments as well as implications for early intervention and treatment are discussed.

scholarly journals Inhibiting myosin-ATPase reveals a dynamic range of mitochondrial respiratory control in skeletal muscle

2011 ◽  
Vol 437 (2) ◽  
pp. 215-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher G. R. Perry ◽  
Daniel A. Kane ◽  
Chien-Te Lin ◽  
Rachel Kozy ◽  
Brook L. Cathey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Dynamic Range ◽  
Energy Charge ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Atpase Inhibitor ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Impact

Assessment of mitochondrial ADP-stimulated respiratory kinetics in PmFBs (permeabilized fibre bundles) is increasingly used in clinical diagnostic and basic research settings. However, estimates of the Km for ADP vary considerably (~20–300 μM) and tend to overestimate respiration at rest. Noting that PmFBs spontaneously contract during respiration experiments, we systematically determined the impact of contraction, temperature and oxygenation on ADP-stimulated respiratory kinetics. BLEB (blebbistatin), a myosin II ATPase inhibitor, blocked contraction under all conditions and yielded high Km values for ADP of >~250 and ~80 μM in red and white rat PmFBs respectively. In the absence of BLEB, PmFBs contracted and the Km for ADP decreased ~2–10-fold in a temperature-dependent manner. PmFBs were sensitive to hyperoxia (increased Km) in the absence of BLEB (contracted) at 30 °C but not 37 °C. In PmFBs from humans, contraction elicited high sensitivity to ADP (Km<100 μM), whereas blocking contraction (+BLEB) and including a phosphocreatine/creatine ratio of 2:1 to mimic the resting energetic state yielded a Km for ADP of ~1560 μM, consistent with estimates of in vivo resting respiratory rates of <1% maximum. These results demonstrate that the sensitivity of muscle to ADP varies over a wide range in relation to contractile state and cellular energy charge, providing evidence that enzymatic coupling of energy transfer within skeletal muscle becomes more efficient in the working state.

scholarly journals Control of Respiratory Motion by Hypnosis Intervention during Radiotherapy of Lung Cancer I

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rongmao Li ◽  
Jie Deng ◽  
Yaoqin Xie
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Normal State ◽  
Respiratory Motion ◽  
Lung Tumor ◽  
Respiratory Control ◽  
Image Guided Radiotherapy ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Respiration Motion

The uncertain position of lung tumor during radiotherapy compromises the treatment effect. To effectively control respiratory motion during radiotherapy of lung cancer without any side effects, a novel control scheme, hypnosis, has been introduced in lung cancer treatment. In order to verify the suggested method, six volunteers were selected with a wide range of distribution of age, weight, and chest circumference. A set of experiments have been conducted for each volunteer, under the guidance of the professional hypnotist. All the experiments were repeated in the same environmental condition. The amplitude of respiration has been recorded under the normal state and hypnosis, respectively. Experimental results show that the respiration motion of volunteers in hypnosis has smaller and more stable amplitudes than in normal state. That implies that the hypnosis intervention can be an alternative way for respiratory control, which can effectively reduce the respiratory amplitude and increase the stability of respiratory cycle. The proposed method will find useful application in image-guided radiotherapy.

scholarly journals Neurological and ENT manifestations in COVID-19

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 72-78
Author(s):  
S. M. Megrelishvili ◽  
◽  
Ya. L. Shcherbakova ◽  
S. B. Sugarova ◽  
A. D. Kanina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hearing Loss ◽  
Sudden Hearing Loss ◽  
Neurological Complications ◽  
Viral Agent ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Mechanisms Of Development ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Portal Of Entry

Along with the respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, rheumatological, and neurological manifestations of the new coronavirus infection (COVID-19), the effects of this virus on the ENT organs is undeniable, as the main portal of entry of any respiratory infection. It has been proven that symptoms such as hypo- and anosmia are associated with one of the ways of the virus penetration – transnasal, through the olfactory nerves into the central nervous system. Otorhinolaryngological complaints of patients are not limited only to deterioration or loss of smell, many note the appearance of dizziness, tinnitus, worsening of the course of chronic sensorineural hearing loss, and in some cases – sudden hearing loss, which may indicate damage to the auditory and vestibular analyzer by a viral agent. The mechanisms of development of the corresponding complications at the moment are still unclear. The presented article is a review of the literature data of foreign and domestic sources, which examines the central and peripheral neurological complications, the pathways and molecular features of the penetration of the virus, as well as clinical cases of hearing impairment and the appearance of tinnitus against the background of new coronavirus infection. At the moment, information on the direct effect of the SARS-CoV-2 virus on the auditory and vestibular analyzer is insufficient and scattered, which requires further observation with subsequent detailed analysis of the results.

scholarly journals Infection of the Western Flower Thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, by the Insect Pathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1910
Author(s):  
Zhijian Zhang ◽  
Changying Zheng ◽  
Nemat O. Keyhani ◽  
Yulin Gao ◽  
Junping Wang
Keyword(s):  
Beauveria Bassiana ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Frankliniella Occidentalis ◽  
Pathogenic Fungus ◽  
Fungal Spores ◽  
Western Flower Thrips ◽  
Broad Host Range ◽  
Flower Thrips ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Hyphal Bodies

The western flower thrips, Frankliniella occidentalis, is an aggressive agricultural insect pest causing significant damage to a wide range of fruit, vegetable, and ornamental crops. Beauveria bassiana is a broad-host-range entomopathogenic fungus capable of infecting and killing F. occidentalis. Infection of thrips by B. bassiana strain BbYT12 using a concentration of 1 × 108 conidia/mL resulted in 81.48% mortality in adults in 6 d (LT50 = 90 ± 15.1 h). Scanning electron microscopy of the infection process revealed preferential adhesion and germination of fungal spores to inter-segmental folds or grooves on the insect body surface with penetrating germlings and extended hyphae visualized during the initial stages of infection (6–24 h). Histological analyses showed the appearance of in vivo hyphal bodies in sagittal sections and the fat body as early as 24 h post-infection. Within 72 h, hyphal bodies and hyphae could be found throughout the infected organism including in the midgut, Malphigian tubules, alimentary canal, ovarioles (in females), and an extended hyphal network could be seen on insect cadavers (>72 h post-infection). Real-time RT-PCR analyses of the expression of select genes implicated in virulence including the Pr1 protease, beauvericin synthase, involved in the production of the secondary metabolite beauvericin, two cytochrome P450 monooxygenases implicated in cuticular hydrocarbon degradation, two multidrug efflux proteins, a perilipin involved in lipid storage, and the Hog1 MAP kinase and protein kinase A signaling factors revealed discrete patterns of infection-time dependent expression. These data provide basic insights into the process of B. bassiana infection of F. occidentalis.

scholarly journals The Potential Roles of Protein Functional Motifs in Coronavirus Infection

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haitham Sobhy
Keyword(s):  
Ebola Virus ◽  
Antiviral Drug ◽  
In Silico Analysis ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Virus Budding ◽  
Functional Protein ◽  
Viral Budding ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Coronavirus Infection ◽  
Silico Analysis

Although phylogenetic analysis shows coronaviruses (CoV) share similar genome sequences, CoVs encode different number of proteins (5 to 14). The newly isolated viruses harbour more proteins than the old ones. Therefore, identifying the functional protein unites will benefits to understand the molecular interactions of the virus, and then identify molecular targets for antiviral drug. Here, the comparative in-silico analysis of 33 coronavirus proteomes show that coronaviruses harbour diverse number of protein functional motifs. Coronaviruses harbour wide-range of motifs including those involved in integrin-binding and ESCRT pathway before virus budding. For example, SARS-CoV-2, but not SARS-CoV-1, encodes PPxY motif, which is required for virus entry and budding of HIV, influenza and adenoviruses. The quinolone inulding the antiviral FGI-104 is able to block ESCRT pathway and viral budding and has been used against HIV, HCV and Ebola virus.

scholarly journals Cannabis Protective Behavioral Strategies: Moderating the Effects of Antecedents on Consequences?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander Win ◽  
Dylan Richards ◽  
Matthew Pearson ◽  
Protective Strategies Study Team
Keyword(s):  
Protective Factors ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Biological Sex ◽  
The Past ◽  
Protective Behavioral Strategies ◽  
Wide Range

The purpose of the present study was to replicate and extend tests of interaction effects between cannabis protective behavioral strategies use and a wide range of risk/protective factors for cannabis-related consequences. We recruited 2,226 college students (Mage = 20.28, SD = 3.37; 68.8% female; 75.4% white) from 10 universities throughout the U.S. who reported using cannabis in the past month to complete an online survey. Measures included in the survey assessed cannabis use, cannabis-related consequences, cannabis protective behavioral strategies use, and 35 risk/protective factors (including socio-demographic characteristics [e.g., biological sex]). Cannabis protective behavioral strategies use was negatively correlated with cannabis-related consequences while controlling for the risk/protective factors. Most importantly, 33% and 54% of the interaction effects tested were statistically significant, depending on the covariates entered into the model. The interaction effects had a consistent pattern such that the positive association between greater risk and cannabis-related consequences was weaker as cannabis protective behavioral strategies use increased. These findings suggest that none of these interaction effects are particularly specific for any given risk/protective factor. We draw parallels to research on alcohol protective behavioral strategies and offer suggestions for moving the cannabis protective behavioral strategies field forward.

scholarly journals Acute myocardial damage in new coronavirus infection (COVID-19)

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (5) ◽  
pp. 98-104
Author(s):  
N. V. Izmozherova ◽  
A. A. Popov ◽  
A. I. Tsvetkov ◽  
M. A. Shambatov ◽  
I. P. Antropova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Acute Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Medical Care ◽  
Myocardial Injury ◽  
Troponin I ◽  
Myocardial Damage ◽  
True Incidence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Acute Myocardial Injury ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Introduction. Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and cardiovascular events, acute myocardial injury being the most frequent of the latter, are among the leading causes of death in COVID-19 patients. The lack of consensus on acute myocardial injury pathogenesis mechanisms, the patients management, treatment an rehabilitation logistics, the anticoagulant treatment in identified SARS-CoV-2 or suspected COVID-19 patients setting indicates the need to assess, analyze and summarize the available data on the issue.Materials and methods. Scientific publications search was carried out in PubMed, Google Scholar databases for the period from December 2019 to September 2021.Results and Discussion. Cardiospecific troponin I increase beyond reference limits is reported to occur in at least every tenth patient with identified SARS-CoV-2, the elevated troponin detection rate increasing among persons with moderate to severe course of the infection. The mechanisms of acute myocardial injury in patients with COVID-19 are poorly understood. By September 2021, there are several pathogenesis theories. A high frequency viral myocarditis direct cardiomyocytes damage is explained by the high SARS-CoV-2 affinity to ACE2 expressed in the myocardium. The cytokine storm related myocardial damage is reported a multiple organ failure consequence. Coagulopathy may also trigger myocardial microvessels damage. Up to every third death of SARS-CoV-2 infected persons is related to the acute myocardial injury. At the same time, due to the high incidence of the acute myocardial injury, it is rather difficult to assess the true incidence of acute myocardial infarction in patients with COVID-19. In the pandemic setting, the waiting time for medical care increases, the population, trying to reduce social contacts, is less likely to seek medical help. In this regard, in order to provide effective medical care to patients with acute myocardial infarction, it is necessary to develop algorithms for providing care adapted to the current epidemiological situation.Conclusion. The treatment of patients with probable development of acute myocardial damage against the background of new coronavirus infection should be performed in accordance with the current clinical guidelines. Anticoagulant therapy should be administered in a prophylactic dose under control of hemostasis parameters and a wide range of biochemical parameters.

scholarly journals Vitamin D for the protection of immune system

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-41
Author(s):  
Irina Shirokova ◽  
◽  
Julia Prozherina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin D ◽  
Immune System ◽  
Respiratory Diseases ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Important Regulator ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

Vitamin D is the most important regulator of innate and acquired immunity. Due to a wide range of beneficial properties, it affects viral infections, reducing the risk of influenza and other respiratory diseases. Moreover, some research works showed that vitamin D can be used to help fight coronavirus infection.

scholarly journals COVID-19 DIAGNOSTICS: CURRENT STATE OF THE PROBLEM AND PROSPECTS IN THE BRANCH

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 69-77
Author(s):  
A. A. Gorbunov ◽  
L. E. Sorokina ◽  
D. V. Chegodar ◽  
A. V. Kubyshkin ◽  
I. I. Fomochkina
Keyword(s):  
Distress Syndrome ◽  
Viral Pathogenesis ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Severe Respiratory Failure ◽  
Cytokine Storm ◽  
Rt Pcr ◽  
Current State ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The World ◽  
Coronavirus Infection

SARS-CoV-2 is a new representative of the world of virology related to coronaviruses and can cause a wide range of diseases of the respiratory system: from colds to acute respiratory distress-syndrome with severe respiratory failure. The pathogenesis of a new coronavirus infection (COVID-19) is associated with the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to bind to ACE receptors and subsequently activate IL-6, the main stimulator of the “cytokine storm”. Due to such features of the viral pathogenesis, early and accurate detection of active forms, as well as virus carriage are needed. In review, the whole spectrum of the main diagnostic methods is represented, with a comparison of the effectiveness and con- ditional indication of COVID-19: from the currently used methods (RT-PCR, ELISA) to potentially possible (OT-LAMP, CRISPR), as well as those still under development (chemiluminescence).

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