scholarly journals Cost comparisons of seven leading brands of the Hypolipidemic drug, Rosuvastatin available in an India city

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1514
Author(s):  
Vikram A. Rajadnya ◽  
Archana G. Dhavalshankh
Keyword(s):  
Medical Practitioner ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Price Variation ◽  
Hypolipidemic Drug ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Hypolipidemic Drugs

Background: Hypolipidemic drugs need to be prescribed lifelong for most of the selected patients, once started. Price variation can lead to huge financial strain on the patients, especially when cost associated issues are not considered by the prescribing medical practitioner. This study was conducted to compare the cost, to the patient, of seven most commonly prescribed preparations of different brands of Rosuvastatin ten milligram, in Kolhapur city.Methods: Authors purchased a strip of 10 capsules each of the seven leading brands of Rosuvastatin ten milligrams. The prices of the strip of 10 capsules of each of the seven chosen brands were compared. Finally, the cost of each of these seven brands for one year, was compared directly as well as using percentages. The data was collected, analysed and presented in tabular forms and figures.Results: The data of the cost of seven different brands of a single hypolipidemic drug, Rosuvastatin ten milligram shows that the cost of the costliest among the seven brands of this drug for one year is almost two times that of the cheapest brand, or in other words almost 200 percent that of the cheapest brand.Conclusions: The cost differences between the cheapest and the costliest brands were substantial. The cost of remaining five brands was dispersed in between these two extremes. India, with a major part of the population being highly concerned about the cost of medications, the prescribing medical practitioner must select the preparation wisely . The most costly preparation of Rosuvastatin ten milligram can substantially add to the financial strain on the patient’s yearly expenses. Thus, Pharmaco economic considerations must be a prime concern while making a decision to prescribe medicines, especially in a country like India.

Cost comparisons of five leading brands of the Antiplatelet drug, Clopidogrel, available in an Indian town

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (8) ◽  
pp. 1734
Author(s):  
Vikram A. Rajadnya
Keyword(s):  
Annual Cost ◽  
Major Part ◽  
Financial Stress ◽  
Antiplatelet Drugs ◽  
Antiplatelet Drug ◽  
Front Seat ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Considerations ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Yearly Cost

Background: Antiplatelet drugs need to be prescribed lifelong, for most of the selected patients, once started. Price disparity can lead to large financial stress on the patients, especially when cost related aspects are not paid heed to by the prescribing physician. This study was conducted to compare the cost, to the patient, of five most commonly prescribed preparations of different brands of Clopidogrel seventy five milligram, in Kolhapur city.Methods: The present study was undertaken during February 2019 to June 2019. Authors purchased a strip of 10 tablets each of the five leading brands of Clopidogrel seventy five milligram. The prices of the strip of 10 tablets of each of the five chosen brands were compared. Finally, the yearly cost of each of these five different preparations, was compared directly as well as using percentages. The data was collected, analyzed and presented in tabular forms and figures.Results: The data of the cost of five different brands of a single antiplatelet drug, Clopidogrel seventy five milligram shows that the annual cost of the costliest among the five brands of this drug is almost three times that of the cheapest brand, or in other words almost 300 percent that of the cheapest brand.Conclusions: The cost differences between the five brands were not negligible. India, with a major part of the population being very sensitive to the cost of medications, the prescribing physician must select the preparation wisely. The most costly preparation of Clopidogrel can significantly add to the the financial stress on the patient’s yearly expenditure. Thus, Pharmaco economic considerations must take a front seat while making a decision to prescribe medicines, especially in a country like India.

Sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein

Phlebologie ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (06) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schulz ◽  
M. Jünger ◽  
M. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Great Saphenous Vein ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Duplex Sonography ◽  
Foam Sclerotherapy ◽  
Average Loss ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

Summary Objective: The goal of the study was to assess the effectiveness and patient tolerability of single-session, sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy and to evaluate its economic impact. Patients, methods: We treated 20 patients with a total of 22 varicoses of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in Hach stage III-IV, clinical stage C2-C5 and a mean GSV diameter of 9 mm (range: 7 to 13 mm). We used 10 ml 3% Aethoxysklerol®. Additional varicoses of the auxiliary veins of the GSV were sclerosed immediately afterwards. Results: The occlusion rate in the treated GSVs was 100% one week after therapy as demonstrated with duplex sonography. The cost of the procedure was 207.91 E including follow-up visit, with an average loss of working time of 0.6 days. After one year one patient showed clinical signs of recurrent varicosis in the GSV; duplex sonography showed reflux in the region of the saphenofemoral junction in a total of seven patients (32% of the treated GSVs). Conclusion: Transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the GSV is a cost-effective, safe method of treating varicoses of GSV and broadens the spectrum of therapeutic options. Relapses can be re-treated inexpensively with sclerotherapy.

Pareto Set as a Model for Dispatching Resources in Emergency Centres (Preprint)

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ricardo Guedes ◽  
Vasco Furtado ◽  
Tarcísio Pequeno ◽  
Joel Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Operational Research ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Pareto Set ◽  
Multi Objective Optimization ◽  
Pareto Dominance ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
The Best Approximation ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

UNSTRUCTURED The article investigates policies for helping emergency-centre authorities for dispatching resources aimed at reducing goals such as response time, the number of unattended calls, the attending of priority calls, and the cost of displacement of vehicles. Pareto Set is shown to be the appropriated way to support the representation of policies of dispatch since it naturally fits the challenges of multi-objective optimization. By means of the concept of Pareto dominance a set with objectives may be ordered in a way that guides the dispatch of resources. Instead of manually trying to identify the best dispatching strategy, a multi-objective evolutionary algorithm coupled with an Emergency Call Simulator uncovers automatically the best approximation of the optimal Pareto Set that would be the responsible for indicating the importance of each objective and consequently the order of attendance of the calls. The scenario of validation is a big metropolis in Brazil using one-year of real data from 911 calls. Comparisons with traditional policies proposed in the literature are done as well as other innovative policies inspired from different domains as computer science and operational research. The results show that strategy of ranking the calls from a Pareto Set discovered by the evolutionary method is a good option because it has the second best (lowest) waiting time, serves almost 100% of priority calls, is the second most economical, and is the second in attendance of calls. That is to say, it is a strategy in which the four dimensions are considered without major impairment to any of them.

scholarly journals Why Do Some Firms Spend So Much on Medical Care? Accounting for Variation

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Eichner ◽  
Mark McClellan ◽  
David A. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Consistent Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Average Expenditure

We are engaged in a long-term project to analyze the determinants of health care cost differences across firms. An important first step is to summarize the nature of expenditure differences across plans. The goal of this article is to develop methods for identifying and quantifying those factors that account for the wide differences in health care expenditures observed across plans.We consider eight plans that vary in average expenditure for individuals filing claims, from a low of $1,645 to a high of $2,484. We present a statistically consistent method for decomposing the cost differences across plans into component parts based on demographic characteristics of plan participants, the mix of diagnoses for which participants are treated, and the cost of treatment for particular diagnoses. The goal is to quantify the contribution of each of these components to the difference between average cost and the cost in a given firm. The demographic mix of plan enrollees accounts for wide differnces in cost ($649). Perhaps the most noticeable feature of the results is that, after adjusting for demographic mix, the difference in expenditures accounted for by the treatment costs given diagnosis ($807) is almost as wide as the unadjusted range in expenditures ($838). Differences in cost due to the different illnesses that are treated, after adjusting for demographic mix, also accounts for large differences in cost ($626). These components of cost do not move together; for example, demographic mix may decrease expenditure under a particular plan while the diagnosis mix may increase costs.Our hope is that understanding the reasons for cost differences across plans will direct more focused attention to controlling costs. Indeed, this work is intended as an important first step toward that goal.

Economic considerations and decision support tool for wastewater reuse scheme planning

2007 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 175-182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Hochstrat ◽  
D. Joksimovic ◽  
T. Wintgens ◽  
T. Melin ◽  
D. Savic
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Net Present Value ◽  
Wastewater Reuse ◽  
Reclaimed Water ◽  
Decision Support Tool ◽  
Critical Issue ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Support Tool ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Economic Considerations

The reuse of upgraded wastewater for beneficial uses is increasingly adopted and accepted as a tool in water management. However, funding of schemes is still a critical issue. The focus of this paper is on economic considerations of water reuse planning. A survey of pricing mechanisms for reclaimed water revealed that most schemes are subsidised to a great extent. In order to minimise these state contributions to the implementation and operation of reuse projects, their planning should identify a least cost design option. This also has to take into account the established pricing structure for conventional water resources and the possibility of gaining revenues from reclaimed water pricing. The paper presents a case study which takes into account these aspects. It evaluates different scheme designs with regard to their Net Present Value (NPV). It could be demonstrated that for the same charging level, quite different amounts of reclaimed water can be delivered while still producing an overall positive NPV. Moreover, the economic feasibility and competitiveness of a reuse scheme is highly determined by the cost structure of the conventional water market.

EXPLORING TWO COST-ADJUSTMENT METHODS FOR SELECTION BIAS IN A SMALL SAMPLE: USING A FETAL CARDIOLOGY DATASET

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hema Mistry
Keyword(s):  
Selection Bias ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Economic Evaluations ◽  
Scoring Methods ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Cost Estimates ◽  
Propensity Scoring ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Direct Referral

Objectives: In economic evaluations of healthcare technologies, situations arise where data are not randomized and numbers are small. For this reason, obtaining reliable cost estimates of such interventions may be difficult. This study explores two approaches in obtaining cost estimates for pregnant women screened for a fetal cardiac anomaly.Methods: Two methods to reduce selection bias in health care: regression analyses and propensity scoring methods were applied to the total mean costs of pregnancy for women who received specialist cardiac advice by means of two referral modes: telemedicine and direct referral.Results: The observed total mean costs of pregnancy were higher for the telemedicine group than the direct referral group (4,918 versus 4,311 GBP). The regression model found that referral mode was not a significant predictor of costs and the cost difference between the two groups was reduced from 607 to 94 GBP. After applying the various propensity score methods, the groups were balanced in terms of sizes and compositions; and again the cost differences between the two groups were smaller ranging from -62 (matching “by hand”) to 333 GBP (kernel matching).Conclusions: Regression analyses and propensity scoring methods applied to the dataset may have increased the homogeneity and reduced the variance in the adjusted costs; that is, these methods have allowed the observed selection bias to be reduced. I believe that propensity scoring methods worked better for this dataset, because after matching the two groups were similar in terms of background characteristics and the adjusted cost differences were smaller.

scholarly journals Technologies used at advanced dairy farms for optimizing the performance of dairy animals: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. e05R01-e05R01
Author(s):  
Amit K. Singh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
World Demand ◽  
Labour Requirement ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Size Of Animals ◽  
The Cost

Superior germplasm, better nutrition strategies, health care facilities and improved dairy husbandry practices have boosted milk yield and its quality with a rapid rate. Per cow productivity has risen up sharply with considerable increase in the population of dairy animals. Recent era has witnessed the extension of large dairy farms around the world. Demand for high quality and increased quantity of milk is of the prime concern for all the dairy farms. With an increase in the size of animals in a farm, the labour requirement also rises up. Availability of skilled labour at low wage rate is becoming difficult. In last couple of decades, the cost of microprocessors has been reduced to an affordable level. The economic availability of engineered processors, artificial intelligence, improved data statistics combined with expert suggestions has created a revolution in livestock farming. Advanced engineered devices have become alternative to reduce high labour cost. This review focuses on latest knowledge and emerging developments in animal’s welfare focused biomarker activities and activity-based welfare assessment like oestrus, lameness and others. Use of enhanced sensors and data technologies with expert based solutions is anticipated to bring out a substantial improvement in existing dairy farming practices.

scholarly journals Reproductive and cost assessment of a seasonal breeding program with Bos indicus in tropical Mexico

2021 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. e2130
Author(s):  
José Francisco Martínez-Albarrán ◽  
Carlos Salvador Galina-Hidalgo ◽  
Ivette Rubio-Gutiérrez ◽  
Wendy Leticia Balam-Villarreal ◽  
Manuel D. Corro-Morales
Keyword(s):  
Pregnancy Rate ◽  
Breeding Season ◽  
Phase 1 ◽  
Bos Indicus ◽  
Fixed Time ◽  
Breeding Program ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

Objective. To compare the reproductive performance of postpartum and open Bos indicus cows and to study the cost effectiveness of retaining non-pregnant animals after a short breeding season in tropical region of Mexico. Material and Methods. A total of 128 Bos indicus were included, 87 postpartum cows (PP) with ≤90 days after calving and 41 open cows (OC) with >90 days open. The study was divided into three phases: 1) Estrus synchronization followed by FTAI (day 0-10), 2) Estrus detection and AI (day 11-45) and 3) Natural mating (day 46-90). For the first phase, all animals were synchronized and AI at fixed time (day 10). Cows displaying overt signs of estrus (day 11-45) were AI. Open cows during the previous two phases were exposed to the bull. Results. Pregnancy in phase 1 was different (p<0.01) for PP and OC groups, 58.6% and 34.1%, respectively. Overall pregnancy percentage over the second service was 42.5% (p>0.05). No differences (p>0.05) were observed at phase 3, average 44.2%. By the end of the breeding season, the cost of OC, was 3 times more than PP cows. Conclusions. Pregnancy rate at first phase was higher in PP cows than OC cows. At the end of breeding season, a pregnancy rate of 80% was found. Incorporation of open cows from previous breeding season was more expensive than PP cows in all phases of the breeding program. Retaining an open cow for rebreeding one year or more could not be economically feasible.

scholarly journals Sepsis in a university hospital: a prospective study for the cost analysis of patients' hospitalization

2016 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 302-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maynara Fernanda Carvalho Barreto ◽  
Mara Solange Gomes Dellaroza ◽  
Gilselena Kerbauy ◽  
Cintia Magalhães Carvalho Grion
Keyword(s):  
Severe Sepsis ◽  
Public Hospital ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Preventive Actions ◽  
Focus Of Infection ◽  
One Year ◽  
A Prospective Study ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Pulmonary Focus

Abstract OBJECTIVE To estimate the cost of hospitalization of patients with severe sepsis or septic shock admitted or diagnosed in the Urgent and Emergency sector at a university hospital and followed until the clinical outcome. METHOD An epidemiological, prospective, observational study conducted in a public hospital in southern Brazil for the period of one year (August 2013 to August 2014). Sepsis notification forms, medical records and data of the cost sector were used for the collection of clinical and epidemiological data. RESULTS The sample comprised 95 patients, resulting in a total high cost of hospitalization (R$ 3,692,421.00), and an average of R$ 38,867.60 per patient. Over half of the total value of the treatment of sepsis (R$ 2,215,773.50) was assigned to patients who progressed to death (59.0%). The higher costs were related to discharge, diagnosis of severe sepsis, the pulmonary focus of infection and the age group of up to 59 years. CONCLUSION The high cost of the treatment of sepsis justifies investments in training actions and institution of protocols that can direct preventive actions, and optimize diagnosis and treatment in infected and septic patients.

Enterprise Inventory Management and Simulation

2014 ◽  
Vol 933 ◽  
pp. 874-878
Author(s):  
Yun Rui Wang
Keyword(s):  
Computer Simulation ◽  
Supply Chain ◽  
Inventory Management ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
The Third ◽  
Inventory Strategy ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Operation Cost

Inventory is an important link in supply chain, according to characteristics and objectives of inventory control, the reasonable safety inventory, order point, the highest inventory and inventory strategy were determined based on historical sales data. Using Witness simulation software, the optimal strategy was selected from nine inventory strategies by running simulation model for one year. If goods shortage was allowing, the seventh schemes (72000,158100) was better ,the minimum total cost was 888158 yuan ; considering allowing a small amount of shortage, the cost of eighth schemes ( 82000,158100) was least of 1095167; the third scenarios (92000,138100) was selected if without shortage, and the minimum total cost was 1254909 yuan. This shows, the application of computer simulation to assist in the management of inventory is scientific and feasible, it can help enterprises to save the order and operation cost.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document