scholarly journals Technologies used at advanced dairy farms for optimizing the performance of dairy animals: A review

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. e05R01-e05R01
Author(s):  
Amit K. Singh ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Health Care Facilities ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Prime Concern ◽  
World Demand ◽  
Labour Requirement ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Size Of Animals ◽  
The Cost

Superior germplasm, better nutrition strategies, health care facilities and improved dairy husbandry practices have boosted milk yield and its quality with a rapid rate. Per cow productivity has risen up sharply with considerable increase in the population of dairy animals. Recent era has witnessed the extension of large dairy farms around the world. Demand for high quality and increased quantity of milk is of the prime concern for all the dairy farms. With an increase in the size of animals in a farm, the labour requirement also rises up. Availability of skilled labour at low wage rate is becoming difficult. In last couple of decades, the cost of microprocessors has been reduced to an affordable level. The economic availability of engineered processors, artificial intelligence, improved data statistics combined with expert suggestions has created a revolution in livestock farming. Advanced engineered devices have become alternative to reduce high labour cost. This review focuses on latest knowledge and emerging developments in animal’s welfare focused biomarker activities and activity-based welfare assessment like oestrus, lameness and others. Use of enhanced sensors and data technologies with expert based solutions is anticipated to bring out a substantial improvement in existing dairy farming practices.

scholarly journals First Case Report on Quantification of Antimicrobial Use in Corporate Dairy Farms in Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Umair ◽  
Rana Muhammad Abdullah ◽  
Bilal Aslam ◽  
Muhammad Hassan Nawaz ◽  
Qasim Ali ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Antimicrobial Treatment ◽  
World Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
First Case ◽  
The World ◽  
Dairy Animals

Intensive livestock farming has become indispensable to meet the rapidly increasing demand for animal-based nutrition in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where antimicrobials are frequently used for treatment and prophylactic or metaphylactic purposes. However, very little is known about the trends of antimicrobial use (AMU) in dairy animals in LMICs. The objective of this study was to quantify AMU in two large commercial dairy farms in Pakistan. A retrospective study was conducted at two large corporate commercial dairy farms located in Punjab province for the year 2018. AMU was calculated using three metrics: active ingredient (AI; kg) and milligrams per population unit (mg/PU; mg/kg), which quantifies the amount of AI used, and antimicrobial treatment incidence (ATI; DDDA/1,000 cow-days), which estimates the per-day number of treatments to 1,000 cows. Total on-farm AMU was found to be 138.34 kg, 65.88 mg/kg, and 47.71 DDDA/1,000 cow-days. Measured in ATI, aminoglycosides (11.05 DDDA/1,000 cow-days), penicillins (8.29 DDDA/1,000 cow-days), and tetracyclines (8.1 DDDA/1,000 cow-days) were the most frequently used antimicrobial classes. A total of 42.46% of all the antimicrobials used belonged to the critically important antimicrobials for human medicine as defined by the World Health Organization. Considerably high AMU was found compared to other farm-level studies across the world. This was the first study to quantify AMU in the dairy industry in Pakistan. Our results showed that corporate commercial dairy management practices are associated with increased antimicrobial consumption and highlight the need for antimicrobial stewardship programs to encourage prudent use of antimicrobials in commercial dairy.

scholarly journals Recent Advances on Early Detection of Heat Strain in Dairy Cows Using Animal-Based Indicators: A Review

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 980
Author(s):  
Hang Shu ◽  
Wensheng Wang ◽  
Leifeng Guo ◽  
Jérôme Bindelle
Keyword(s):  
Heat Stress ◽  
Early Detection ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Time Measurement ◽  
Heat Strain ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Real Time Measurement

In pursuit of precision livestock farming, the real-time measurement for heat strain-related data has been more and more valued. Efforts have been made recently to use more sensitive physiological indicators with the hope to better inform decision-making in heat abatement in dairy farms. To get an insight into the early detection of heat strain in dairy cows, the present review focuses on the recent efforts developing early detection methods of heat strain in dairy cows based on body temperatures and respiratory dynamics. For every candidate animal-based indicator, state-of-the-art measurement methods and existing thresholds were summarized. Body surface temperature and respiration rate were concluded to be the best early indicators of heat strain due to their high feasibility of measurement and sensitivity to heat stress. Future studies should customize heat strain thresholds according to different internal and external factors that have an impact on the sensitivity to heat stress. Wearable devices are most promising to achieve real-time measurement in practical dairy farms. Combined with internet of things technologies, a comprehensive strategy based on both animal- and environment-based indicators is expected to increase the precision of early detection of heat strain in dairy cows.

scholarly journals Chemical composition and mineral profile of concentrate feeds from dairy farms of Varanasi, India

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Satya Prakash Yadav ◽  
Vinod Kumar Paswan ◽  
Prity Singh ◽  
Basant Kumar Bhinchhar ◽  
Pankaj Kumar Gupta
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Nutritional Intervention ◽  
Major Protein ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
Three Samples ◽  
Mineral Profile ◽  
Linseed Cake ◽  
Dairy Animals ◽  
Maize Grain ◽  
Cattle Feeds

One hundred twenty-three samples of 13 different concentrate feeds were collected from 45 dairy farms distributed all over the Varanasi municipal Corporation and these concentrate feeds were analyzed for proximate composition, fibre fractions, macro and micro mineral profilesto explore the suitable nutritional intervention for optimum production of dairy animals. It was observed that, mustard cake and linseed cakes were the major protein source for dairy farms. Linseed cake had comparatively high protein content than mustard cake (30.95 vs. 27.58%). Samples of compounded cattle feeds collected from study area had maximum CF (13.95%) and AIA (2.58%) content. Rice Bran had the maximum NDF and hemicelluloses while mustard cake contained highest ADF, cellulose and lignin levels. Wheat bran contained least NDF and hemicelluloses while maize grain contained least ADF, cellulose and lignin among all the concentrates. Maize grain was found to contain minimum concentration of several macro and micro minerals like Mg, Na, K, Cu, Zn, Mn and Co. Among all the concentrate feeds, compounded cattle feeds had maximum concentration of major minerals viz., Ca, P, Mg and Na while K and S and micro minerals like Cu, Zn, Mn, Fe, Co, Mo and Se were in optimum concentration in it. This is attributed to additional supplementation of these minerals while formulating the compounded feeds. Different, concentrate feed contained varying amount of one or the other macro and micro mineral and therefore, individual concentrate ingredient was always deficient in some minerals which always demands additional supplementation of these minerals even when concentrate ration is fed to livestock.

scholarly journals Worth of Artificial Intelligence in the Epoch of Modern Livestock Farming: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhavna Aharwal ◽  
Biswajit Roy ◽  
Somesh Meshram ◽  
Aayush Yadav
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Compliance Rate ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Individual Performance ◽  
Animal Origin ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Measuring Device

Artificial intelligence (AI) is a human intelligence in machine encountered daily and impacts our lives. It is expected that the use of such technology in the livestock industry will automate the livestock processes and easy to manage. Biometric identification plays a key role in artificial intelligence which shows the individual identity, helps in the process of insurance and claim leakages, continue monitoring of farm animal is essential can be done with new technologies. Infra red temperature measurement camera is the newly added technology with sensor system in (AI). It is a temperature measuring device in the form of electromagnetic waves and the infrared radiation intensity. AI system consists of agent, sensor, actuators and effectors which are connected to cloud. It helps in the detection of estrus, animal diseases, body condition score and various physiological parameters using video surveillance data collection method. Artificial neural network is a branch of artificial intelligence (AI) which is based on a collection of connected units or nodes called artificial neurons and stored in a central database system. Sustainable economic future of dairy farms and to achieve 100% compliance rate. Modern dairy farms uses robotic system to deliver vaccines, machine milking and measurement of feed as per individual performance of the animal. AI analyzes the animal origin food quality traceability method from farm to fork. AI helps in the complete mechanized animal husbandry right from the birth of animal to production and food product. The future of AI in animal sector is not predictable, but advantages and daily increasing demand of AI over other sector will ensure future in animal sector as well.

scholarly journals Unlike-Pole Inductor Generator with Electrically Integrated Armature and Excitation Windings for the Power Supply Systems of Passenger Cars / RADIĀLAS IEROSMES INDUKTORĢENERATORS AR ELEKTRISKI APVIENOTIEM ENKURA UN IEROSMES TINUMIEM PASAŽIERU VAGONU ELEKTROAPGĀDES SISTĒMAI

2013 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 12-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. Levin ◽  
E. Kamolins ◽  
V. Pugachev
Keyword(s):  
Power Supply ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Specific Power ◽  
Mass Reduction ◽  
Passenger Cars ◽  
Ferrous Metals ◽  
Non Ferrous Metals ◽  
Economic Indices ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Supply Systems

Substantial improvement of the undercar inductor generator used for supplying power to passenger cars is achievable through increasing its specific power, reliability, reparability, and decreasing the cost of its manufacturing. It is proposed to integrate electrically the armature and excitation windings of the generator thus considerably simplifying its design while reducing its mass and consumption of non-ferrous metals. To gain these advantages a test prototypal generator was made and bench-tested. The results of tests show that a 1.5-fold mass reduction is achievable along with good technical-economic indices of the generator.

The planning, rationing and organization of work on technical maintenance of machinery and equipment in animal husbandry

2021 ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
L. I. Kovalyev ◽  
I. L. Kovalyev ◽  
M. N. Kostomakhin
Keyword(s):  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Technical Service ◽  
Average Total Cost ◽  
Highly Qualified ◽  
Maintenance And Repair ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
Service Contracts ◽  
Technical Maintenance ◽  
The Cost

Maintenance and repair of livestock machinery and equipment is carried out as a rule by specialized repair and service enterprises on the basis of service contracts in accordance with the procedure established by law. However, with the renewal of the park’s farms with machines and equipment with automated and computerized process control, as well as the reconstruction of dairy farms and complexes, it became necessary to have a production base and highly qualified specialists for the maintenance of equipment. The most important and key provisions of the improved methodology of planning and accounting of work in the technical service of animal husbandry with the use of a number of standards are given, some features of accounting and planning of these types of work have been noted. The concepts of “repair unit” and “category of complexity of technical service” have been defined. The general provisions of the methodology for calculating costs and determining the cost of carrying out maintenance and repair of livestock equipment have been considered. On the base of calculations, the average total cost standards for carrying out maintenance and repair of livestock equipment have been established. These standards greatly simplify the planning of costs during the operation of equipment, and also allow us to determine the cost of maintenance and repair at different stages of the creation of new machines.

scholarly journals A Unifying View on Individual Bounds and Heuristic Inaccuracies in Bidirectional Search

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (03) ◽  
pp. 2327-2334
Author(s):  
Vidal Alcázar ◽  
Pat Riddle ◽  
Mike Barley
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bound ◽  
Heuristic Search ◽  
Search Algorithm ◽  
Substantial Improvement ◽  
Full Potential ◽  
The Past ◽  
Heuristic Search Algorithms ◽  
Bidirectional Search ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
The Cost

In the past few years, new very successful bidirectional heuristic search algorithms have been proposed. Their key novelty is a lower bound on the cost of a solution that includes information from the g values in both directions. Kaindl and Kainz (1997) proposed measuring how inaccurate a heuristic is while expanding nodes in the opposite direction, and using this information to raise the f value of the evaluated nodes. However, this comes with a set of disadvantages and remains yet to be exploited to its full potential. Additionally, Sadhukhan (2013) presented BAE∗, a bidirectional best-first search algorithm based on the accumulated heuristic inaccuracy along a path. However, no complete comparison in regards to other bidirectional algorithms has yet been done, neither theoretical nor empirical. In this paper we define individual bounds within the lower-bound framework and show how both Kaindl and Kainz's and Sadhukhan's methods can be generalized thus creating new bounds. This overcomes previous shortcomings and allows newer algorithms to benefit from these techniques as well. Experimental results show a substantial improvement, up to an order of magnitude in the number of necessarily-expanded nodes compared to state-of-the-art near-optimal algorithms in common benchmarks.

scholarly journals An Estimate of the Effects from Precision Livestock Farming on a Productivity Index at Farm Level. Some Evidences from a Dairy Farms’ Sample of Lombardy

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (10) ◽  
pp. 1781
Author(s):  
Felicetta Carillo ◽  
Fabio Abeni
Keyword(s):  
Technology Adoption ◽  
Information Technologies ◽  
Positive Relationship ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Dairy Farming ◽  
Productivity Index ◽  
Individual Heterogeneity ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Precision Livestock Farming

This paper aimed at verifying if and to what extent the use of information technologies for dairy farming positively affects productivity of farmed herd. To do this we estimated the effects of precision farming on a productivity index at herd level, utilizing individual farms data of about 500 livestock farms. Farms are specialized in bovine milk production and are localized in Lombardy, that is one of the most important areas of Italian dairy farming. Using a two-stage treatment regression model, to solve the selection bias due to both observed and un-observed individual heterogeneity in the technology adoption, the study found a positive relationship between adopter status and the proxy of herd productivity.

scholarly journals Welfare Quality® for dairy cows: towards a sensor-based assessment

2020 ◽  
Vol 87 (S1) ◽  
pp. 28-33 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francisco Maroto Molina ◽  
Carlos C. Pérez Marín ◽  
Laura Molina Moreno ◽  
Estrella I. Agüera Buendía ◽  
Dolores C. Pérez Marín
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dairy Farms ◽  
Assessment Method ◽  
Sensor Data ◽  
Objective Data ◽  
Livestock Farming ◽  
Precision Livestock Farming ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Social Concerns ◽  
Welfare Quality

AbstractThis Research Reflection addresses the possibilities for Welfare Quality® to evolve from an assessment method based on data gathered on punctual visits to the farm to an assessment method based on sensor data. This approach could provide continuous and objective data, while being less costly and time consuming. Precision Livestock Farming (PLF) technologies enabling the monitorisation of Welfare Quality® measures are reviewed and discussed. For those measures that cannot be assessed by current technologies, some options to be developed are proposed. Picturing future dairy farms, the need for multipurpose and non-invasive PLF technologies is stated, in order to avoid an excessive artificialisation of the production system. Social concerns regarding digitalisation are also discussed.

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