scholarly journals Primary amenorrhea: a clinical review

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (11) ◽  
pp. 4748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rupal Samal ◽  
Syed Habeebullah
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Health ◽  
Weight Management ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Correct Diagnosis ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Primary Amenorrhea ◽  
Primary Amenorrhoea ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
Extensive List

Primary amenorrhoea is a symptom with an extensive list of underlying causes, the majority of which are rare. According to the definition it should present in adolescence, although some conditions are diagnosed in childhood may present with failure of menstruation. Many causes of secondary amenorrhoea can also present with primary amenorrhoea if they arise very early in life. A systematic, compartment based approach will cover the commoner causes of primary amenorrhoea and recommend a pragmatic but cost-effective approach to achieve correct diagnosis. Treatment must be directed at the specific cause but has often wider implications for life long wellbeing like weight management, hormone replacement, sexual health and fertility.

Primary Amenorrhoea with Pituitary Dwarfism: A rare case report

2016 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-147
Author(s):  
Siva S ◽  
Divya Gopineni ◽  
Shafi P ◽  
Chandra Sekhar
Keyword(s):  
Pituitary Gland ◽  
General Medicine ◽  
Pituitary Hormones ◽  
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone ◽  
Primary Amenorrhea ◽  
Pituitary Dwarfism ◽  
Primary Amenorrhoea ◽  
Sexual Characteristics ◽  
Loss Of Appetite ◽  
Secondary Sexual

Females with pituitary dwarfism and a multiple deficiency of pituitary hormones show ovarian dysfunction due to hypogonadotropism. Primary amenorrhea can be diagnosed if a patient has normal secondary sexual characteristics but no menarche by 16 years of age. A 16 year-old female patient admitted in general medicine department with chief complaints of shortness of breath on exertion since 15 days, swelling of both legs since 10 days, loss of weight since 5 months, loss of appetite since 3 months, history of pain during swallowing. Pelvis scan examination reveals that uterus measures 3.2×0.5×0.5cm; uterus is hypo plastic, ovaries not visualized. Patient parents reveled that from patient birth to 11years of age her growth and other developments were normal, after that her growth is stopped and no changes were observed in development since 5 years. Patient has hypothyroidism so pituitary gland make an important role to maintain hormone levels, pituitary gland produces thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) which stimulates thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. Primary Amenorrhea, short stature and poorly developed secondary sexual characters which could have been contributed and should be subjected for karyotyping. This type of Pituitary Dwarfism is very difficult to manage.

E-Insurance :A Platform For Insurance Penetration In India

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (6) ◽  
pp. 90-93
Author(s):  
L. Terina Grazy ◽  
Dr.G. Parimalarani
Keyword(s):  
Insurance Industry ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Online Marketing ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Insurance Sector ◽  
The People ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Time And Energy ◽  
Work Done

E-commerce is a part of Internet Marketing. The arrival of Internet made the world very simple and dynamic in all the areas. Internet is the growing business as a result most of the people are using it in their day to day life. E-commerce is attractive and efficient way for both buyers and sellesr as it reduce cost, time and energy for the buyer. No surprise the insurance sector has become quite active within the internet sphere. Most insurance companies are offering policies to be brought online and also the portals for paying premiums. It actually saves from hassles involved in going to an insurance office and spend hours to get the insurance work done. Insurance has become an important and crucial aspect of life. Online insurance is the best and most cost effective approach of taking the insurance deal. This paper focused on influence of online marketing on the insurance industry in India, usage of internet in India , the internet penetration in India and the online sale of insurance product by the insurance sector.

Conclusion

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yana van der Meulen Rodgers
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Health Services ◽  
Health Outcomes ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Reproductive Health Services ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Restrictive Legislation

Chapter 7 concludes by highlighting the three biggest messages from the analysis presented in this book: (1) the global gag rule has failed to achieve its goal of reducing abortions; (2) restrictive legislation is associated with more unsafe abortions; and (3) the expanded global gag rule is likely to have negative repercussions across a range of health outcomes for women, children, and men. They are simple but powerful messages that should be heard by policymakers over the voices calling for an ideologically based policy that fails to achieve its desired outcome. The chapter closes with a more constructive and cost-effective approach for US family-planning assistance that targets integrated reproductive health services.

scholarly journals Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome: From Bench to Bed

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 1264
Author(s):  
Nina Tyutyusheva ◽  
Ilaria Mancini ◽  
Giampiero Igli Baroncelli ◽  
Sofia D’Elios ◽  
Diego Peroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Receptor Gene ◽  
Hormone Replacement ◽  
Basic Research ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Androgen Receptor Gene ◽  
Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome ◽  
Primary Amenorrhea ◽  
Complete Androgen Insensitivity Syndrome ◽  
Androgen Insensitivity

Complete androgen insensitivity syndrome (CAIS) is due to complete resistance to the action of androgens, determining a female phenotype in persons with a 46,XY karyotype and functioning testes. CAIS is caused by inactivating mutations in the androgen receptor gene (AR). It is organized in eight exons located on the X chromosome. Hundreds of genetic variants in the AR gene have been reported in CAIS. They are distributed throughout the gene with a preponderance located in the ligand-binding domain. CAIS mainly presents as primary amenorrhea in an adolescent female or as a bilateral inguinal/labial hernia containing testes in prepubertal children. Some issues regarding the management of females with CAIS remain poorly standardized (such as the follow-up of intact testes, the timing of gonadal removal and optimal hormone replacement therapy). Basic research will lead to the consideration of new issues to improve long-term well-being (such as bone health, immune and metabolic aspects and cardiovascular risk). An expert multidisciplinary approach is mandatory to increase the long-term quality of life of women with CAIS.

scholarly journals The Inverse Spacer—A Novel, Safe, and Cost-Effective Approach in Routine Procedures for Revision Knee Arthroplasty

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 971
Author(s):  
Kristoff Hammerich ◽  
Jens Pollack ◽  
Alexander F. Hasse ◽  
André El Saman ◽  
René Huber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Clinical Success ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Revision Total Knee Arthroplasty ◽  
Rotational Stability ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Free Interval ◽  
Major Disadvantage ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
Before And After

Background: A major disadvantage of current spacers for two-stage revision total knee arthroplasty (R-TKA) is the risk of (sub-) luxation during mobilization in the prosthesis-free interval, limiting their clinical success with detrimental consequences for the patient. The present study introduces a novel inverse spacer, which prevents major complications, such as spacer (sub-) luxations and/or fractures of spacer or bone. Methods: The hand-made inverse spacer consisted of convex tibial and concave femoral components of polymethylmethacrylate bone cement and was intra-operatively molded under maximum longitudinal tension in 5° flexion and 5° valgus position. Both components were equipped with a stem for rotational stability. This spacer was implanted during an R-TKA in 110 knees with diagnosed or suspected periprosthetic infection. Postoperative therapy included a straight leg brace and physiotherapist-guided, crutch-supported mobilization with full sole contact. X-rays were taken before and after prosthesis removal and re-implantation. Results: None of the patients experienced (sub-) luxations/fractures of the spacer, periprosthetic fractures, or soft tissue compromise requiring reoperation. All patients were successfully re-implanted after a prosthesis-free interval of 8 weeks, except for three patients requiring an early exchange of the spacer due to persisting infection. In these cases, the prosthetic-free interval was prolonged for one week. Conclusion: The inverse spacer in conjunction with our routine procedure is a safe and cost-effective alternative to other articulating or static spacers, and allows crutch-supported sole contact mobilization without major post-operative complications. Maximum longitudinal intra-operative tension in 5° flexion and 5° valgus position appears crucial for the success of surgery.

scholarly journals Overexpression of OsABCG48 Lowers Cadmium in Rice (Oryza sativa L.)

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 918
Author(s):  
Xingzhe Cai ◽  
Meng Wang ◽  
Yucong Jiang ◽  
Changhu Wang ◽  
David W. Ow
Keyword(s):  
Oryza Sativa L ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Health Issues ◽  
Rna Seq ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Genetic Changes ◽  
Cd Accumulation ◽  
Lateral Root Development ◽  
Atp Binding Cassette Transporter ◽  
Cost Effective Approach

Cadmium pollution threatens food safety and security by causing health issues and reducing farmland availability. Engineering genetic changes in crop plants to lower Cd accumulation can be a cost-effective approach to address this problem. Previously, we reported that a rice line, 2B, which expresses a truncated version of OsO3L2 had reduced Cd accumulation throughout the plant, including in seed. However, downstream events caused by expression of this gene were not known. In this study, RNA-seq was used to identify differentially expressed genes between the wild type and 2B rice with or without Cd treatment, leading to the study of an ABC transporter gene, OsABCG48 (ATP-Binding Cassette transporter G family member 48). Heterologous expression of OsABCG48 conferred tolerance to Cd in Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Arabidopsis and rice. Moreover, overexpressing OsABCG48 in rice lowered root Cd accumulation that was associated with more extensive lateral root development. These data suggest that OsABCG48 might have applications for engineering low-Cd rice.

scholarly journals 3D Printed Imaging Platform for Portable Cell Counting

The Analyst ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diwakar M. Awate ◽  
Cicero C. Pola ◽  
Erica Shumaker ◽  
Carmen L Gomes ◽  
Jaime Javier Juarez
Keyword(s):  
3D Printing ◽  
Point Of Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cell Counting ◽  
Biomedical Sciences ◽  
Widespread Application ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Cost Effective Approach ◽  
3D Printed

Despite having widespread application in the biomedical sciences, flow cytometers have several limitations that prevent their application to point-of-care (POC) diagnostics in resource-limited environments. 3D printing provides a cost-effective approach...

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