A hospital-based study of severe anemia in adults in Eastern India

Background: Anemia remains a crucial health problem in developing countries. Cardiac compromise and fatal complications usually occur at Hb of <5g/dL. The aim of the study was to determine possible etiologic and clinical profile in adult patients with very severe anemia (Hb of <5g/dL).Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in a teaching hospital of Odisha over a period of 12months. A total of 70 patients of both men and non-pregnant women admitted to the medicine wards were included after exclusion. Detailed history, clinical examination and investigation findings were recorded. Independent ‘t’ test, Wilcoxon rank sum test, Pearson chi-square test and Fisher exact test were used as applicable, to compare the variables.Results: The mean Hb (g/dL) was 3.73 ±0.85 and the mean age of the study group was 53.34±17.75years. No significant difference was observed in the severity of anemia between the female (mean Hb of 3.56±0.93) and male patients (mean Hb of 3.87±0.77) (p=0.130). The most frequent etiology found was absolute iron deficiency (44.3%, n=31) and mostly (41.9%) found in the age group of ≥65years (p<0.001). Congestive cardiac failure was found in 20% (n=14) of patients and majority of patients (64.2%, n=9) were males (p<0.001).Conclusions: Iron deficiency is the principal cause of very severe anemia in adults rather than malignancy or anemia of chronic disease and only about one fourth of patients develop heart failure even with very severe anemia.

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Physical Education and Leisure Time Activities Among Pupils With and Without Hearing Loss

Teorìâ ta Metodika Fìzičnogo Vihovannâ ◽

10.17309/tmfv.2021.2.10 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (2) ◽

pp. 167-172

Author(s):

Aneta Změlíková ◽

Petra Kurková

Keyword(s):

Hearing Loss ◽

Physical Education ◽

Leisure Time ◽

Leisure Activities ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Schools For The Deaf

The objective of this study was to analyse differences among Czech pupils’ with/without hearing loss related to feelings and opinions on physical education classes; sport preferences in physical education classes; and leisure time activities at the lower secondary schools for the deaf. Materials and methods. Participants were 83 pupils with hearing loss (n = 41; 49.4%) and pupils without hearing loss (n = 42; 50.6%); an average age of them was 14.3 ± 1.3 years. The non-parametric Mann-Whitney U-test, Fisher exact test, Chi-square test were used for statistical analyses. For calculation of effect size coefficient abs(r) was used. All tests were performed at a level of 0.05. Results. Pupils without hearing loss are more likely to express disappointment due to cancellation of a physical education class than pupils without hearing loss (Z = –2.168; p = 0.029). A statistically significant difference was found in preference for the various physical education activities and in leisure activities, where pupils without hearing loss prefer dancing (χ2 = 8.622; p = 0.003), whereas pupils with hearing loss prefer volleyball (χ2 = 14.833; p = 0.00001). In terms of leisure time activities, pupils with hearing loss spent their leisure time watching television significantly more often (χ2 = 5.198; p = 0.023). Conclusion. Both groups do not differ in feelings and opinions on physical education in terms of popularity, difficulty, importance, effort during physical education. On the contrary, differences in feelings associated with the cancellation of physical education or preference of activities in physical activities in physical education and leisure time appeared.

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Evaluation of postoperative pain after endodontic treatment with foraminal enlargement and obturation using two auxiliary chemical protocols

Revista de Odontologia da UNESP ◽

10.1590/1807-2577.0021 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 44 (3) ◽

pp. 157-162 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Marcelle Louise Sposito Bourreau ◽

Adriana de Jesus Soares ◽

Francisco José de Souza-Filho

Keyword(s):

Clinical Study ◽

Postoperative Pain ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

Chemical Substances ◽

Root Canals ◽

Randomized Clinical Study ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test

Aim This prospective randomized clinical study examined the influence of two different auxiliary chemical substances on postoperative pain in 301 single-visit endodontic treatments, with enlargement of the apical foramen and extrusion of cement into the periapical region. Material and method The two auxiliary chemicals used were 2% chlorhexidine (2% CHX gel; n = 145) and 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (5.25% NaOCl; n = 156). The incidence of postoperative pain and discomfort was assessed at 24 hours and expressed as percentages. The Fisher exact test and the Chi-square test were used to compare variation in postoperative pain. The variables analyzed were previous pain, pulp status, age, and number of root canals. Result In teeth with previous pain instrumented with 2% CHX gel, the incidence of postoperative pain was 22.22% (6/27) versus 11.11% (3/22) in teeth instrumented with 5.25% NaOCl. In teeth without previous pain instrumented with 2% CHX gel, the incidence of postoperative pain was 8.5% (6/118) versus 2.33% (3/129) in teeth instrumented with 5.25% NaOCl, with no statistically significant difference between the groups. Results showed that previous pain had a significant influence on postoperative status (p < 0.001). After 24 hours postoperatively, 93.7% (282/301) of the teeth had no pain and 6.3% (19/301) had some level of pain, and used one or two doses of medication. Conclusion Based on the results, it can be concluded that the auxiliary chemical substances had no influence on postoperative pain.

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Perbedaan proporsi stunting pada anak usia 12-24 bulan berdasarkan pemanfaatan pelayanan posyandu di Kabupaten Jayapura, Papua

Jurnal Gizi Klinik Indonesia ◽

10.22146/ijcn.23305 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 72

Author(s):

Yulia Nuradha Kartosiana Wasaraka ◽

Endy Paryanto Prawirohartono ◽

Yati Soenarto

Keyword(s):

Service Utilization ◽

Growth Failure ◽

World Health ◽

Nutrition Status ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Observation Data ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test

Background: Stunting according to World Health Organization’s standard is a linear growth failure identified by the Z-score value of proportioned height by age (Body Height/Age) that less than -2 of standard deviation. Indonesia has the fifth largest number of stunted children in the world right after India, Nigeria, Pakistan and China. Posyandu service utilization is one of stunting determinants. A number of visits and the activity of infants in using Posyandu services will help the observation of children’s health and nutrition status. Through thoroughly observation chronically malnourished and stunting could be earlier identified, thus the growth failure could be prevented.Objective: to identify the stunting proportion difference of 12-24 months children according to Posyandu services use.Method: Study was conducted by using an observational method and cross-sectional research design. Subjects of study are 12-24 month children in Jayapura Regency. Cluster random sampling method was used to identify 313 children as samples. Observation data was analyzed by using chi-square test and fisher exact test due to a not normally distributed population.Results: There are 19.8% samples identified as stunted children. Chi-square test and fisher exact test showed that there is no significant difference in stunting proportion according to Posyandu service utilization (p>0.05). Meanwhile, there is a significant difference between a number of stunting and number of ISPA (p=0.017) and mothers nutrition knowledge (p=0.025).Conclusion: There is not any difference in stunting number proportion according to Posyandu services utilization.

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Facial Profile Shape, Malocclusion and Palatal Morphology in Malay Obstructive Sleep Apnea Patients

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/011509-26.1 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 80 (1) ◽

pp. 37-42 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

S. M. Banabilh ◽

A. R. Samsudin ◽

A. H. Suzina ◽

Sidek Dinsuhaimi

Keyword(s):

Obstructive Sleep Apnea ◽

Null Hypothesis ◽

Control Group ◽

Class Ii Malocclusion ◽

Chi Square ◽

Facial Profile ◽

Obstructive Sleep ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

The Mean

Abstract Objective: To test the null hypothesis that there is no difference in facial profile shape, malocclusion class, or palatal morphology in Malay adults with and without obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Materials and Methods: Subjects were 120 adult Malays aged 18 to 65 years (mean ± standard deviation [SD], 33.2 ± 13.31) divided into two groups of 60. Both groups underwent clinical examination and limited channel polysomnography (PSG). The mean OSA and control values were subjected to t-test and the chi square test. Results: Physical examination showed that 61.7% of the OSA patients were obese, and 41.7% of those obese patients had severe OSA. The mean body mass index (BMI) was significantly greater for the OSA group (33.2 kg/m2 ± 6.5) than for the control group (22.7 kg/m2 ± 3.5; P < .001). The mean neck size and systolic blood pressure were greater for the OSA group (43.6 cm ± 6.02; 129.1 mm Hg ± 17.55) than for the control group (35.6 cm ± 3.52; 114.1 mm Hg ± 13.67; P < .001). Clinical examination showed that the most frequent findings among OSA groups when compared with the control group were convex profiles (71.7%), Class II malocclusion (51.7%), and V palatal shape (53.3%), respectively; the chi square test revealed a significant difference in terms of facial profile and malocclusion class (P < .05), but no significant difference in palatal shape was found. Conclusion: The null hypothesis is rejected. A convex facial profile and Class II malocclusion were significantly more common in the OSA group. The V palatal shape was a frequent finding in the OSA group.

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The influence of varying maxillary central incisor vertical dimension on perceived smile aesthetics

Journal of Orthodontics ◽

10.1177/1465312519839713 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 46 (2) ◽

pp. 137-142

Author(s):

Elis Janaina Lira dos Santos ◽

Alana Moura Xavier Dantas ◽

Raíssa Marçal Vilela ◽

Karina Jerônimo Rodrigues Santiago de Lima ◽

Rejane Targino Soares Beltrão

Keyword(s):

Age Groups ◽

Educational Background ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Central Incisor ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

Maxillary Central Incisor ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test

Objective: To evaluate patient perception of the smile focused on analysis of the upper incisors. Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Department of Clinical and Social Dentistry at Federal University of Paraíba, João Pessoa, Brazil. Participants: The sample consisted of 135 individuals (73 women and 62 men). Methods: Images with different characteristics associated with the incisal edges were shown at random and analysed using a Likert scale. Data were analysed using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test with a statistically significant difference ( P < 0.05). Results: Smile I (difference of 1.5 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) was considered the most aesthetic, while Smile III (no difference in height between the central and lateral incisors) was the least aesthetic. A significant difference was found between perception of smile II (difference of 1 mm in relation to the central incisor and lateral) and age groups ( P < 0.005), with 31% (n = 13) of individuals aged 45–64 years considering smile II as not pleasant, 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years and 8.3% (n=4) aged 25–44 years and 4.4% (n = 2) aged 15–24 years considering the same. A significant difference was also found in relation to educational background of the assessor and smile perception, with smile III ( P = 0.0441) and smile IV ( P = 0.0053) considered the most aesthetic ( P = 0.0116). Conclusion: The smile considered most attractive among the sample was that with 1.5 mm steepness between the central and lateral incisors, while a flat smile arc was considered least attractive.

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LED vs Halogen Light-Curing of Adhesive-Precoated Brackets

The Angle Orthodontist ◽

10.2319/042707-211.1 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 78 (5) ◽

pp. 935-940 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

Davide Mirabella ◽

Raffaele Spena ◽

Giovanni Scognamiglio ◽

Lombardo Luca ◽

Antonio Gracco ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Failure Rate ◽

Rank Test ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Halogen Lamp ◽

Chi Square ◽

Halogen Light ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

Light Curing ◽

Bracket Failure

Abstract Objective: To test the hypothesis that bonding with a blue light-emitting diode (LED) curing unit produces no more failures in adhesive-precoated (APC) orthodontic brackets than bonding carried out by a conventional halogen lamp. Materials and Methods: Sixty-five patients were selected for this randomized clinical trial, in which a total of 1152 stainless steel APC brackets were employed. In order to carry out a valid comparison of the bracket failure rate following use of each type of curing unit, each patient's mouth was divided into four quadrants. In 34 of the randomly selected patients, designated group A, the APC brackets of the right maxillary and left mandibular quadrants were bonded using a halogen light, while the remaining quadrants were treated with an LED curing unit. In the other 31 patients, designated group B, halogen light was used to cure the left maxillary and right mandibular quadrants, whereas the APC brackets in the remaining quadrants were bonded using an LED dental curing light. The bonding date, the type of light used for curing, and the date of any bracket failures over a mean period of 8.9 months were recorded for each bracket and, subsequently, the chi-square test, the Yates-corrected chi-square test, the Fisher exact test, Kaplan-Meier survival estimates, and the log-rank test were employed in statistical analyses of the results. Results: No statistically significant difference in bond failure rate was found between APC brackets bonded with the halogen light-curing unit and those cured with LED light. However, significantly fewer bonding failures were noted in the maxillary arch (1.67%) than in the mandibular arch (4.35%) after each light-curing technique. Conclusions: The hypothesis cannot be rejected since use of an LED curing unit produces similar APC bracket failure rates to use of conventional halogen light, with the advantage of a far shorter curing time (10 seconds).

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Comparing the Effect of Hand and Foot Reflexology Massages on the Severity of Nausea, Vomiting and Ileus in patients after Abdominal Surgery

10.53350/pjmhs211561589 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (6) ◽

pp. 1589-1593

Author(s):

Elham Shahraki Moghadam ◽

Zahrasadat Manzari ◽

Hossein Rashki Ghalenow ◽

Hajar Noori Sanchooli

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Surgery ◽

Repeated Measures ◽

Abdominal Distension ◽

Repeated Measure ◽

Chi Square ◽

Exact Test ◽

Positive Effects ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean ◽

Hands And Feet

Background: Common clinical problems after surgery include nausea, vomiting and ileus that many patients complain of after their surgery. These complications can delay the patient's discharge from hospital. Nowadays, to reduce drug side effects, the use of complementary medicine, including reflexology, has received a great deal of attention. Aim: To compare the effect of hand and foot reflexology massages on the severity of nausea, vomiting and ileus in patients after abdominal surgery. Methods: This is a clinical trial study that was conducted between 2013 and 2015 in the emergency surgical departments of Imam Reza (AS) and Ghaem (AS) hospitals in Mashhad. The samples of this study included 90 women with cholecystitis and appendicitis who met the inclusion criteria. In this study, patients were randomly divided into 3 groups of hand reflexology massage, foot reflexology massage and control. To check the digestive status, gastrointestinal sounds were checked every hour using a clinical stethoscope. Also, information on gas and feces elimination was collected and recorded every hour. The intervention was performed 1 and 12 hours after the surgery. In both groups of hands and foot reflexology massages, after general massage of the hands and feet, the areas related to the abdominal distension and removal of the ileus were pressed. It should be noted that, the duration of massage for each person was 10 minutes (20 minutes in total). Data were analyzed by SPSS software version 16 using Chi-square, Fisher’s exact test, two-way ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test and repeated measures ANOVA. Results: There was no statistically significant difference in the mean score of severity of nausea before the intervention between the three groups (p = 0.90), but after the intervention a significant difference was observed in the mean score of severity of nausea between the three groups (p=0.002). Also, the result of ANOVA test with repeated measure showed a statistically significant difference in the mean score of nausea by group and stage (p<0.001). There was also no statistically significant difference in the frequency of vomiting severity between the three groups after the intervention. However, at 4 and 24 hours after the intervention, a statistically significant difference was observed between the three groups in that regard. Conclusion: The results showed that both types of hand and foot reflexology massage has positive effects on nausea and return of gastrointestinal movements, so nurses can use reflexology as a non-pharmacological and complementary method to reduce the severity of nausea and return gastrointestinal movements in postoperative patients. Since the reflexology had little or no effect on the severity of vomiting and the acceleration of gastrointestinal movements in patients, further studies in this area are recommended. Keywords: Reflexology, Pain, Nausea and vomiting, Ileus, Surgery

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A profile and treatment outcome of seasonal hyper-acute panuveitis

Nepalese Journal of Ophthalmology ◽

10.3126/nepjoph.v2i1.3702 ◽

1970 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 35-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

E Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Visual Acuity ◽

Medical Treatment ◽

Visual Outcome ◽

P Value ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Mean Values ◽

Exact Test ◽

Pediatric Age Group ◽

Significant Difference ◽

The Mean

Introduction: Seasonal hyper-acute panuveitis (SHAPU) is a sight-threatening disease and its management is challenging. Objective: To study the profile and evaluate the visual outcome of the patients of clinicallydiagnosed cases of SHAPU after treatment. Subjects and methods: A retrospective interventional hospital-based study was carried out involving 21 subjects with clinically-diagnosed SHAPU. The data were retrieved from the record section of the hospital and analyzed. The variables studied were demographic pattern, clinical condition, duration of presentation and visual acuity before and after the treatment. Statistics: The data were analyzed using Epi Info version 2000. Percentage prevalence, mean values with standard deviation, relative risk, 95% CI and p value were calculated. P value of < 0.05 was considered to be significant. Results: Among the 21 cases, the numbers of male and female were 11 (52.4 %) and 10 (46.7 %) respectively. A comparative analysis of gender in children and adults did not show any significant difference (RR=0.47, 95% CI = 0.22 - 1.01, Fisher exact test: p = 0.14). The mean for all ages was 7 ± 12.68 years, while the mean age in pediatric cases was 4.5 ± 3.91 years. Thirteen (61.9%) cases occurred in children below fifteen years. Fifteen (71.4 %) cases reported during September and October. Presenting visual acuity of all cases was less than 3/60. All of them received medical treatment. By the end of the 4th week, seven (33.3 %) patients regained vision to 6/18. Conclusion: SHAPU is more prevalent in pediatric age group. It is equally prevalent among males and females. The visual acuity can improve with early medical treatment. Keywords: SHAPU; panuveitis; steroid; phthisis bulbi DOI: 10.3126/nepjoph.v2i1.3702 Nep J Oph 2010;2(1) 35-38

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Sero-Surveillance of Brucellosis in Cattle of Chitwan District, Nepal

International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology ◽

10.3126/ijasbt.v4i3.15774 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 365-371

Author(s):

Sabita Subedi ◽

Meera Prajapati ◽

Bhojan Dhakal

Keyword(s):

Social Study ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Elisa Test ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Exact Test ◽

The Social ◽

Chi Square Test ◽

And Control

A cross sectional study was conducted in Eastern and Western parts of Chitwan district from November 2015 to April, 2016 in two parts, the social study followed by biological to determine and compare the prevalence, distribution of antibodies, and level of awareness of farmers against Brucella abortus in cattle of the two regions of same district. Altogether blood samples of 92 cattle were taken for detection of Brucella antibodies by using RBPT test and the positive samples were further retested by Indirect ELISA test through ID Vet iELISA kit 2016. The samples which showed positive on both tests were confirmed as seropositive. Chi -square test and Fisher Exact test was used to find out the association between various variables. The result showed that 14.13% (13/92) and 10.86% (10/92) sample were positive by RBPT and iELISA test respectively. There was no significant prevalence differences (p>0.05) on location, age group, breed type, and method of service (artificial and natural) used in cattle. Comparing abortion with prevalence of Brucellosis, there was significant differences (p<0.05) in the result of both RBPT and iELISA test. Inferring from this result, there is association between the abortion and occurrence of Brucellosis. The higher significant prevalence differences (p<0.01) was according to the time of abortion where higher seropositivity was obtained in the cattle aborted on 5-7th month of pregnancy and cattle of 3rd parity. The study showed the existence of Brucellosis in Chitwan district with no adoption of any preventive measures against this disease, so here is current need of the strategies for its prevention and control in order to mitigate such overwhelming situation.Int J Appl Sci Biotechnol, Vol 4(3): 365-371

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Comparison of Complications between Total and Subtotal Thyroidectomy in Simple Multinodular Goitre

Journal of Shaheed Suhrawardy Medical College ◽

10.3329/jssmc.v9i2.37263 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 55-59

Author(s):

Nadim Ahmed ◽

Sami Ahmad ◽

Farhad Uddin Ahmed ◽

Muhammad Anwar Hossain ◽

Krishna Pada Saha ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Total Thyroidectomy ◽

Subtotal Thyroidectomy ◽

Fisher Exact Test ◽

Multinodular Goitre ◽

Chi Square ◽

College Hospital ◽

Nodular Goitre ◽

Exact Test ◽

Postoperative Haemorrhage ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Multinodular goitre is one of the most common endocrine surgical problems. Because controversy still continues to surround the use of total thyroidectomy for management of simple nodular goitre, the present study was conducted to compare the complications between total and subtotal thyroidectomy for management of simple multinodular goitre.Materials & methods: The experimental study was conducted in the department of Surgery and ENT, Rajshahi Medical College Hospital over a period of 2 years from July 2011 to June 2013. Of the total 83 simple multinodular goitre patients – 38 were assigned to total and 45 to subtotal thyroidectomy groups. Student’s t-test was done to analyze the means of quantitative variables & Chi-square (X2) and Fisher Exact test was applied to analyze categorical variables.Results: Most (88.9%) of patients in subtotal thyroidectomy (STT) group and 86.8% in total thyroidectomy (TT) group did not receive any blood transfusion during operation. Only 1(2.2%) patient in STT group experienced significant intraoperative haemorrhage. All patients were successfully operated. However, few patients of either group experienced some complications. Tetany was developed in 7.89% patients of TT and 4.44% patients of STT group. The other complication was recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) palsy (5.3% in TT and 2.2% in STT groups). No case of postoperative haemorrhage (haematoma) or wound infection was occured in either group. In TT group 5 (13.16%) patients and in STT group 4 (8.89%) patients developed different complications with no significant difference between the groups (p=0.533). The mean postoperative hospital stay was higher in TT group than In STT group (6.21 ± 0.99 vs. 5.96 ± 0.79 days), though the difference is not statistically significant (p= 0.206).Conclusions: The study shows that total thyroidectomy can be performed without increasing risk of complications and is a better alternative to subtotal thyroidectomy for the treatment of simple multinodular goitre.J Shaheed Suhrawardy Med Coll, December 2017, Vol.9(2); 55-59

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