Abdominal obesity as a risk factor for stroke in Abuja, Nigeria

Background: Obesity in Africa has remained a public health concern, which is been fueled by urbanization and its attendant lifestyle changes which includes less energy demanding jobs, sedentary lifestyle and adopting detrimental western eating habits. There are well established risk factors for stroke, however the association of obesity with that of stroke is less clear.Methods: This study was designed to determine whether abdominal obesity is independently associated with an increased risk of ischaemic stroke. It is a case control study of 113 patients in which structured questionnaire was administered to consecutive patients admitted into the medical wards. The controls were matched for age and sex from a database with participants of the population-based cohort study. Statistical analysis of data was performed using SAS software (SAS Institute) 9.4.Results: In the study 85% of the patients had hypertension, 50.5% had hypercholesterolemia and 33.6% had diabetes. The BMI was normal for most of the cases (23.3% vs. 76.7% p<0.0001) while the WHR was increased for most of the cases (70.9% vs. 29.1% p<0.0001). The statistical significance shows that WHR was more sensitive in assessing obesity than BMI. The logistic regression analysis, in model 1 unadjusted and model 2 adjusted for sex and age, BMI showed a positive association with risk of stroke (OR 1.10; 95% CI, 1.04-1.17; p=0.002) this association lost its significance in model 3 after adjusting for diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolemia (OR 1.04; 95% CI, 0.96-1.13; p=0.3751). The results of logistic regression analysis for WHR for model 1, model 2 and model 3 did not show any significance before and after adjustment.Conclusions: Abdominal obesity may increase the risk of ischemic stroke through conventional vascular risk factors, but not as an independent risk factor.

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Association between obesity and venous thromboembolism

Medicine and Pharmacy Reports ◽

10.15386/mpr-1372 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Cristina Hotoleanu

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Mass Index ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Venous Thromboembolism ◽

Body Mass ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

The Body ◽

Increased Risk

Background and aims. Obesity is associated with numerous pathological conditions, including venous thromboembolism (VTE). VTE is a multifactorial disease; more than half of the hospitalized patients are at risk for VTE. We aimed to assess the risk of VTE associated with obesity, taking into account the class of obesity (according to the body mass index), gender, age and the intervention of other acquired risk factors. Method. A case-control study including 732 patients was designed. Collected data included: age, gender, body mass index, pregnancy/ postpartum state, use of hormonal therapy, personal and family history of VTE, smoking, prolonged immobilization and the presence of comorbidities- acquired risk factors for VTE. The risk of VTE was expressed as odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to detect the independent risk factors. P value < 0.05 was considered significant statistic. Results. Obesity was associated with a 6.2- fold increased risk for VTE. The risk of VTE associated with obesity was highest in patients aged >50 years and in cases included in classes II and III of obesity. The interaction between obesity and another acquired risk factor has almost doubled the risk of VTE. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed obesity as an independent risk factor for VTE for both female and male patients. Conclusion. Obesity is an independent and moderate risk factor for VTE. The risk increases with body mass index, age and the presence of other acquired risk factors.

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Clinical profile and factors determining outcome of intramural very low birth weight babies in a tertiary care centre: a retrospective study

International Journal of Research in Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/2320-6012.ijrms20170143 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 520

Author(s):

Devi Meenakshi K. ◽

Arasar Seeralar A. T. ◽

Srinivasan Padmanaban

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Birth Weight ◽

Low Birth Weight ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Very Low Birth Weight ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

P Value ◽

Increased Risk

Background: Very low birth weight (VLBW) babies are at increased risk of a number of complications both immediate and late. Worldwide it has been observed that these babies contribute to a significant extent to neonatal mortality and morbidity. Aim of the study was to study the risk factors contributing to mortality in VLBW babies and to evaluate the morbidity pattern in these infants.Methods: A retrospective analysis of data retrieved from the case records of VLBW babies admitted in the NICU of Kilpauk Medical College between January 2015 to December 2015. Out of the 2360 intramural babies admitted during the study period, 99 babies were less than 1500 gms. The risk factors for these babies were analyzed for their association with the outcome. Data were statistically analyzed.Results: In present study, we found that sex of the baby, gestational age, obstetric score, birth asphyxia, pulmonary haemorrhage, ROP and presence of shock were found to be associated with increased mortality. By logistic regression analysis it was observed that birth weight of the baby (p value 0.002), duration of stay (p value 0.0006), presence of shock (p<0.0001), were the risk factors significantly associated with poor outcome.Conclusions: Among the maternal and neonatal factors analyzed in the study using logistic regression analysis, birth weight, duration of hospital stay and presence of shock were significantly related to poor outcome. Of these presence of shock was the single most important factor that predicted increased mortality.

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Decreased eGFR Is Associated With Ischemic Stroke in Patients With Dilated Cardiomyopathy

Clinical and Applied Thrombosis/Hemostasis ◽

10.1177/1076029619866909 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 25 ◽

pp. 107602961986690 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yuqing Deng ◽

Zhiqing Chen ◽

Lili Hu ◽

Zhenyan Xu ◽

Jinzhu Hu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Ischemic Stroke ◽

Dilated Cardiomyopathy ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Analysis Model ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression ◽

Increased Risk

Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is increasingly indicated as a cause of cardioembolic syndrome, in particular, cardioembolic ischemia stroke. However, the potential risk factors for stroke among DCM patients remain under investigated. DCM patients hospitalized from June 2011 to June 2016 were included. The cases were defined as the group of DCM patients with stroke compared with those without stroke. Clinical characteristic data were collected and compared between the two groups including demographic data, complicated diseases, echocardiography index, and laboratory parameters and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). A multivariate logistic regression analysis model adjusted by sex and age was used to explore the related risk factors for stroke in DCM patients. A total of 779 hospitalized patients with DCM were included. Of these, 55 (7.1%) had experienced a stroke. Significantly lower eGFR levels (68.03 ± 26.22 vs 79.88 ± 24.25 mL/min/1.73 m2, P = .001) and larger left atrial diameters (45.32 ± 7.79 vs 43.25 ± 7.11 mm, P = .04) were found in the group of patients having DCM with stroke compared to those without stroke. When the eGFR was categorized as eGFR >60, 30<eGFR≤ 60 and eGFR ≤ 30, there were more patients with 30<eGFR≤ 60 (30.9% vs 17.7%) and eGFR≤ 30 (9.1% vs 3.3%) in the ischemic stroke group ( P = 0.003). A multivariate logistic regression analysis model adjusted by sex and age showed that 30 <eGFR≤60 (odds ratio [OR]: 2.07, 95% confidence interval [CI]: [1.05-4.07], P = .035) and eGFR≤30 (OR: 4.04, 95% CI: [1.41-11.62], P = .009) were statistically associated with ischemic stroke in patients with DCM. It is concluded that decreased eGFR is significantly associated with an increased risk of ischemic stroke in patients with DCM.

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Risk Factors for Silent Cerebral Infarcts in a Pediatric Sickle Cell Anemia (SCA) Cohort

Blood ◽

10.1182/blood.v112.11.2487.2487 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 112 (11) ◽

pp. 2487-2487 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Francoise Bernaudin ◽

Suzanne Verlhac ◽

Annie Kamdem ◽

Cécile Arnaud ◽

Lena Coïc ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

G6pd Deficiency ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Significant Risk Factor ◽

History Of ◽

Independent Risk Factors

Abstract Background Silent infarcts are associated with impaired cognitive functioning and have been shown to be predictors of stroke (Miller ST J Pediatr 2001). Until now, reported risk factors for silent infarcts were low pain event rate, history of seizures, high leukocyte count and Sen bS haplotype (Kinney TR Pediatrics 1999). Here, we seek to define the prevalence and risk factors of silent infarcts in the Créteil SCA pediatric cohort comprising patients assessed at least yearly by transcranial doppler (TCD) since 1992, and by MRI/MRA. Methods This study retrospectively analyzed data from the Créteil cohort stroke-free SS/Sb0 children (280; 134 F, 146 M), according to institutional review board. Time-averaged mean of maximum velocities higher than 200 cm/sec were considered as abnormal, resulting in initiation of a transfusion program (TP). A switch to hydroxyurea was proposed to patients with normalized velocities (< 170 cm/sec) and normal MRA on TP, although TP was re-initiated in case of abnormal velocities recurrence. Patients with “conditional” velocities (170–199 cm/sec) were assessed by TCD 4 times yearly. Alpha genes and beta-globin haplotypes were determined. Baseline biological parameters (G6PD activity; WBC, PMN, Reticulocytes, Platelets counts; Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, HbF, LDH levels; MCV; SpO2) were obtained a minimum of 3 months away from a transfusion, one month from a painful episode, after 12 months of age, before the first TCD, and always before therapy intensification. Results. Patients were followed for a total of 2139 patient-years. Alpha-Thal was present in 114/254 patients (45%) and 27/241 (11.2%) had G6PD deficiency. Beta genotype, available in 240 patients, was BaBa in 102 (42.5%), BeBe in 54 (22.5%), SeSe in 19 (7.9%) and “other” in 65 (27.1%); TCD was abnormal in 52 of 280 patients (18.6%). MRA showed stenoses in 30 of 226 evaluated patients (13.3%) while MRI demonstrated presence of silent infarcts in 81/280 patients (28.9%). Abnormal TCD (p<0.001), G6PD deficiency (p=0.008), high LDH (p=0.03), and low Hb (p=0.026) were significant risk factors for stenoses by univariate analysis while multivariate analysis retained only abnormal TCD as a significant risk factor for stenoses ([OR= 10.6, 95% CI (4.6–24.4)]; p<0.001). Univariate logistic regression analysis showed that the risk of silent infarcts was not related to alpha-Thal, beta genotype, abnormal TCD, WBC, PMN, platelets, reticulocyte counts, MCV, LDH level, HbF %, pain or ACS rates but was significantly associated with stenoses detected by MRA (p<0.001), gender (male; p=0.04), G6PD deficiency (p=0.05), low Hb (p=0.016) and Hct (p=0.012). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that gender ([OR= 2.1, 95% CI (1.03–4.27)]; p=0.042), low Hb ([OR= 1.4, 95% CI (1.0–1.1)]; p=0.05) and stenoses ([OR= 4.8, 95% CI (1.88–12.28)]; p=0.001) were all significant independent risk factors for silent infarcts. The presence of stenoses was the only significant risk factor for silent infarcts in patients with a history of abnormal TCD ([OR= 5.9, 95% CI (1.6–21.7)]; p=0.008). Conclusion We recently showed that G6PD deficiency, absence of alpha-Thal, and hemolysis are independent significant risk factors for abnormal TCD in stroke-free SCA patients (Bernaudin et al, Blood, 2008, in press). Here, we report that an abnormal TCD is the most significant risk factor for stenoses and, expanding previous studies, we demonstrate that stenoses, low Hb and gender are significant independent risk factors for silent infarcts.

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Pre-existing interstitial lung abnormalities are risk factors for immune checkpoint inhibitor-induced interstitial lung disease in non-NSCLC cancers.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e15171 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 38 (15_suppl) ◽

pp. e15171-e15171

Author(s):

Kiyofumi Shimoji ◽

Takeshi Masuda ◽

Yu Nakanishi ◽

Kakuhiro Yamaguchi ◽

Shinjiro Sakamoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Interstitial Lung Disease ◽

Lung Disease ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Patient Characteristics ◽

Significant Difference

e15171 Background: Immune check point inhibitor (ICI) induced interstitial lung disease (ICI-ILD) is a clinically serious and life-threatening toxicity. Pre-existing ILD has been reported to be a risk factor for ICI-ILD in patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). In addition, we have previously reported that interstitial lung abnormality (ILA) is also a risk factor for the ICI-ILD. Therefore, we investigated whether any patient characteristics, including ILA, were risk factors for ICI-ILD in patients with non-NSCLC cancers. Methods: Head and neck cancer, malignant melanoma, oral cavity cancer, renal cell carcinoma or gastric cancer patients who received anti PD-1 antibody (Nivolumab or Pembrolizumab) at Hiroshima University Hospital from December 2015 to May 2019 were enrolled. Information on patient characteristics before anti-PD-1 antibody administration, including chest CT findings and laboratory data, were obtained. Results: Two hundred patients were enrolled, and 20 (10%) developed ICI-ILD. Grade1 was observed in 15 patients, grade2 in 3, and grade3 and 5 in 1. There was no significant difference in the background factors between patients with and without ICI-ILD. On the other hand, the proportion of patients with ILA was significantly higher in the patients with ICI-ILD than those without (P < 0.01). Furthermore, univariate logistic regression analysis revealed ILA was the risk factor for ICI-ILD (p < 0.01), and multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that GGA or reticulation in ILA was an independent risk factor for ICI-ILD (p = 0.016, 0.011). Conclusions: Pre-existing ILA is a risk factor for ICI-ILD, and GGA or reticulation in ILA is an independent risk factor for ICI-ILD in patients with non-NSCLC cancers. Therefore, we should pay more attention to the development of ICI-ILD in patients with ILA, especially GGA or reticulation.

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The Association between ADHD and the Severity of COVID-19 Infection

Journal of Attention Disorders ◽

10.1177/10870547211003659 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 108705472110036

Author(s):

Eugene Merzon ◽

Margaret D. Weiss ◽

Samuele Cortese ◽

Ann Rotem ◽

Tzipporah Schneider ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Health Services ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Significant Risk ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Dependent Variables ◽

Male Sex ◽

Analysis Models

Objective: Patients with ADHD are at increased risk of acquiring COVID-19. The present study assessed the possibility that ADHD also increases the risk of severe COVID-19 infection. Method: We assessed 1,870 COVID-19 positive patients, aged 5 to 60 years, registered in the database of Leumit Health Services (LHS, Israel), February to -June 2020, of whom 231 with ADHD. Logistic regression analysis models evaluated the association between ADHD and the dependent variables of being symptomatic/referral to hospitalization, controlling for demographic and medical variables. Results: Age, male sex, and BMI were confirmed to be significant risk factors for increased COVID-19 severity. ADHD was found to be associated with increased severity of COVID-19 symptoms ( OR = 1.81, 95% CI [1.29, 2.52], p < .05) and referral to hospitalization ( OR =1.93, 95% CI [1.06, 3.51], p = .03). Conclusion: ADHD is associated with poorer outcomes in COVID-19 infection.

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The Risk Factors For The Failure of Hook Wire Localization of Ground Glass Nodules Prior To Thoracoscopic Surgery

10.21203/rs.3.rs-842171/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Musu Ala ◽

Junzhong Liu ◽

Jieli Kou ◽

Xinhua Wang ◽

Minfeng Sun ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Thoracoscopic Surgery ◽

Wire Localization ◽

Ct Guided ◽

Hook Wire ◽

Ground Glass Nodules

Abstract Objectives: To retrospectively analyse the potential influencing factors of CT-guided hook wire localization failure prior to thoracoscopic resection surgery of ground glass nodules (GGNs), and determine the main risk elements for localization failure.Methods: In all, 372 patients were included in this study, with 21 patients showing localization failure. The related parameters of patients, GGNs, and localization were analysed through univariate and multiple logistic regression analysis to determine the risk factors of localization failure.Results: Univariate logistic regression analysis indicated that trans-fissure (odds ratio [OR]: 4.896, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.489–13.939); trans-emphysema (OR: 3.538, 95%CI: 1.343–8.827); localization time (OR: 0.956, 95%CI: 0.898–1.019); multi-nodule localization (OR: 2.597, 95%CI: 1.050–6.361); and pneumothorax (OR: 10.326, 95%CI: 3.414–44.684) were risk factors for localization failure, and the p-values of these factors were <0.05. However, according to the results of multivariate analysis, pneumothorax (OR: 5.998, 95%CI: 1.680–28.342) was an exclusive risk factor for the failure of preoperative localization of GGNs.Conclusion: CT-guided hook wire localization of GGNs prior to thoracoscopic surgery is often known to fail; however, the incidence is low. Pneumothorax is an independent risk factor for failure in the localization process.

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Incidence of Cellulitis Following Acupuncture Treatments in Taiwan

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16203831 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (20) ◽

pp. 3831 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Shun-Ku Lin ◽

Jui-Ming Liu ◽

Pin-Hsuan Wang ◽

Sheng-Ping Hung ◽

Ren-Jun Hsu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Medical Information ◽

Acupuncture Treatment ◽

Varicose Veins ◽

Multivariate Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Insurance Database

Background: Cellulitis is a complication of acupuncture, but the risk factors and annualized incidence remain unclear. Objective: This study analyzed the incidence and risk factors of cellulitis related to acupuncture in a cohort of one million participants derived from Taiwan’s Longitudinal Health Insurance Database. Methods: We tracked this cohort between 1997 and 2012 and recorded all outpatient medical information including diagnosis and treatment. Patients were categorized according to age, gender, comorbidities, residential area, and number of acupuncture treatments. We compared the incidence and risk of cellulitis between different demographics and comorbidities by logistic regression analysis and adjusted odds ratio (aOR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results: We included 407,802 patients and 6,207,378 acupuncture treatments. The incidence of cellulitis after acupuncture was 64.4 per 100,000 courses of acupuncture treatment. The most common sites of cellulitis after acupuncture were the legs, feet, and face. Comorbidity was associated with post-acupuncture cellulitis; a multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that chronic kidney disease (aOR, 1.71; 95% CI, 1.55–1.88), rheumatoid arthritis (aOR, 1.86; 95% CI, 1.21–3.60), liver cirrhosis (aOR, 1.23; 95% CI, 1.15–1.32), diabetes mellitus (aOR, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.57–1.82), stroke (aOR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.31–1.58), varicose veins (aOR, 2.38; 95% CI, 2.17–2.84), or heart failure (aOR, 1.81; 95% CI, 1.65–1.98) significantly increased cellulitis. Repeated exposure to acupuncture treatment was associated with an increased risk of cellulitis. Conclusions: A variety of chronic diseases may increase the risk of cellulitis after acupuncture. Physicians asked about past medical history before acupuncture might help to reduce cellulitis.

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Incidence of Contrast Induced Acute Kidney Injury, Its Risk Factors and In-Hospital Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography and Angioplasty

Journal of Institute of Medicine ◽

10.3126/jiom.v42i2.37539 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 42 (2) ◽

pp. 59-63

Author(s):

Prashun Upadhaya ◽

Pradeep Thapa ◽

Ratna M Gajurel ◽

Mahesh R Sigdel

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Acute Kidney Injury ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Statistical Analysis ◽

Coronary Angiography ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Kidney Injury ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Contrast Exposure

Introduction Contrast-induced acute kidney injury (CI-AKI) is a serious complication of angiographic procedures with significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to find the incidence, risk factors and outcomes of CI-AKI in patients who have undergone coronary angiography/angioplasty in a referral hospital in Nepal. MethodsIt was a descriptive observational study of consenting consecutive patients above 18 years undergoing coronary angiography/angioplasty at Manmohan Cardiothoracic Vascular and Transplant Centre, Nepal from July 2015 to September 2017. CI AKI was defined as an elevation of serum creatinine of >25% or ≥0.5 mg/dl (44 μmol/L) from baseline within 48 hour of exposure to contrast. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 18 software. Statistical analysis was completed using Student’s t-test, chi-square test and multivariable logistic regression analysis. ResultsOut of 240 patients, 156 (65%) were male, mean age was 60.36±11.29 years. Eighteen patients (7.5%) developed CI-AKI. Incidence of CI-AKI was 20% in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), 5.4% in diabetics, 13.6% in patients >70 years, 12.79 % in patients with anaemia and 12.3% in patients with prior contrast exposure. Multivariate logistic regression analysis found smoking and history of prior contrast exposure to be independent predictors for development of CI-AKI. Among patients with CI-AKI, one (5.88%) required dialysis and one (5.88%) died. ConclusionIncidence of CI-AKI after coronary angiography/angioplasty was 7.5%. Patients with prior contrast exposure and smoking were at significantly increased risk of CI-AKI; higher trend of CI-AKI was seen in patients with CKD, diabetes, elderly and anaemia.

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Branches of the brachiocephalic was an independent risk factor for hemorrhagic pulmonary sheath (HPS) patients with acute Stanford A aortic dissection

10.21203/rs.2.14309/v2 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Qiuxia Xie ◽

Haoling Qin ◽

Ling Lin ◽

Jian Guan ◽

Xuhui Zhou

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Logistic Regression ◽

Regression Analysis ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Aortic Dissection ◽

Logistic Regression Analysis ◽

Independent Risk Factor ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Case Group ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression Analysis

Abstract Background: AAD refers to the blood flow into the middle membrane through the intimal rupture of the aorta. Hemorrhagic pulmonary sheath (HPS) is a common complication of Stanford-A AAD. The risk factors of HPS are remaining unclear Methods: In this study, we have probed the potential risk factors of HPS patients with acute Stanford A aortic dissection. 18 HPS patients with acute Stanford A aortic dissection were selected as the case group. The age difference ± 5 years and the same sex are set as the matching principles. 36 patients with acute Stanford-A type AD who did not detect HPS in the same period were matched according to the ratio of 1:2. Demographic data, treatment methods, AD-related disease history, clinical symptoms and Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) values of each patient were collected. Meanwhile, the values of the maximum diameter of ascending aorta (mm), aortic dissection range, and the main branch of the aorta, pleural effusion/blood, and pericardial effusion/blood were measured by two experienced cardiovascular radiological physicians. Univariate and multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis was used in this study. Results: CCI value and the branches of the brachiocephalic in the case group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p<0.05). Univariate conditional logistic regression analysis showed CCI and branches of the brachiocephalic were associated with HPS. Multivariate conditional logistic regression analysis suggested that branches of the brachiocephalic were an independent risk factor for HPS (OR=7.02, 95%CI=1.28-38.62, p=0.025). Conclusions: Branches of the brachiocephalic were an independent risk factor for HPS.

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