REVIEW OF FIFTY CULTURE PROVEN SALMONELLA CASES

BACKGROUND: Enteric fever has huge global burden. Surrogate markers may have a role in early diagnosis. AIM: Unselected retrospective analysis of 50 culture positive Salmonella enterica cases for epidemiology, laboratory markers, antibacterial susceptibility, therapy, and outcome was done. This was a retrospective chart review of electronic medical records for 50 patients with Salmonella in blood cultures for in our hospital during May 2009-April 2010. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Blood culture was by automated Bactec™ system and antimicrobial susceptibility test was performed by disk diffusion method or automated system Phoenix 100™. Sensitivity of Widal, S. typhi IgM, C-reactive protein (CRP), total leukocyte count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), differential eosinophil and lymphocyte counts, and liver enzymes, was determined for these cases. RESULTS: Salmonella cases were seen in all ages from 8 months to 59 years; serotype Typhi was the most common (72%). Sensitivity of S. typhi IgM immunochromatographic test was 78.9%, of Widal was 88.8%, and that of CRP, serum aspartate transaminase (AST), and serum alanine transaminase (ALT) ranged from 81.8 to 89.4%. Eosinophil count of zero and ESR were found to be 78.2% and 85.7% sensitive. Nalidixic acid resistance was seen in 96% cases and ciprofloxacin resistance/intermediate sensitivity in 26% cases. Resistance was not seen with ceftriaxone, while ampicillin, chloramphenicol, and co-trimoxazole (ACCo) resistance was 4%. Seven cases relapsed mostly due to improper treatment associated with choice/dose/duration of antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS: Surrogate laboratory markers can be utilized pending culture results. Though antibiotics and vaccines against Salmonella, and good sanitation facilities are available, it causes morbidity in all sections, gender, and ages of society. Strategies of prevention have not been very successful; therefore, early detection and effective treatment can prevent its complications and relapses.

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Antimicrobial resistance Salmonella isolates recovered from food products of animal origin in the Russian Federation

Access Microbiology ◽

10.1099/acmi.ac2020.po0025 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 2 (7A) ◽

Author(s):

Galina Skitovich ◽

Kseniya Serova ◽

Yevgenia Korchagina ◽

Natalya Shadrova

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Food Products ◽

Poultry Meat ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Nalidixic Acid Resistance

The study was aimed at Salmonella isolation from samples of animal food products submitted for testing from various regions of the Central part of the RF and serotyping of the recovered isolates and their testing for antibiotic resistance. A total of 2,342 tests were performed and 87 (3.7%) Salmonella isolates were recovered. Most of them (54 isolates) were recovered from poultry meat and poultry meat preparation samples submitted for testing. Besides, 25 isolates were recovered from pork and pork preparation samples, 7 isolates – from beef samples, 1 isolate – from hard cheese samples. Serotyping of 64 Salmonella isolates showed that the majority of the isolates (57.8%) belonged to О7 group. Also, Salmonella isolates belonging to О9 (21.9%), О8 (9.4%), О4,5 (6.2%) and О10 (4.7%) were detected in food products. S. Enteritidis, (23.3%), and S. infantis (18.7%), were predominant based on the number of detections. Also, the following serovars were identified: S. typhimurium, S. nigeria, S. montevideo, S. derby, S. meleagridis, S. virchov, S. oranienburg. Tests of 87 Salmonella isolates for their antibiotic resistance with disk diffusion method revealed that they were highly resistant to nalidixic acid (70.1%), tetracycline (49.4%), trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazol (40.2%). Moreover, nalidixic acid-resistance was common for all identified isolates. Seventeen isolates (19.5%) demonstrated multiple antibiotic resistance and two isolates were found to be resistant to ≥7 antibiotics. All recovered isolates were susceptible to gentamicin, amikacin, meropenem and imipenem. Obtained results indicate the necessity of Salmonella antibiotic resistance monitoring to gain understanding of Salmonellas’ antibiotic resistance emergence and trends.

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Detection of Decreased Fluoroquinolone Susceptibility in Salmonellas and Validation of Nalidixic Acid Screening Test

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.37.11.3572-3577.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (11) ◽

pp. 3572-3577 ◽

Cited By ~ 101

Author(s):

Antti Hakanen ◽

Pirkko Kotilainen ◽

Jari Jalava ◽

Anja Siitonen ◽

Pentti Huovinen

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Clinical Laboratory ◽

Clinical Importance ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Great Majority ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

National Committee ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Similar Association ◽

Nalidixic Acid Resistance

We evaluated 1,010 Salmonella isolates classified as fluoroquinolone susceptible according to the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards guidelines for susceptibility to nalidixic acid and three fluoroquinolones. These isolates were divided into two distinct subpopulations, with the great majority (n = 960) being fully ciprofloxacin susceptible and a minority (n = 50) exhibiting reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility (MICs ranging between 0.125 and 0.5 μg/ml). The less ciprofloxacin-susceptible isolates were uniformly resistant to nalidixic acid, while only 12 (1.3%) of the fully susceptible isolates were nalidixic acid resistant. A similar association was observed between resistance to nalidixic acid and decreased susceptibility to ofloxacin or norfloxacin. A mutation of the gyrA gene could be demonstrated in all isolates for which the ciprofloxacin MICs were ≥0.125 μg/ml and in 94% of the nalidixic acid-resistant isolates but in none of the nalidixic acid-susceptible isolates analyzed. Identification of nalidixic acid resistance by the disk diffusion method provided a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 87.3% as tools to screen for isolates for which the MICs of ciprofloxacin were ≥0.125 μg/ml. We regard it as important that microbiology laboratories endeavor to recognize these less susceptibleSalmonella strains, in order to reveal their clinical importance and to survey their epidemic spread.

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Vancomycin and high-level aminoglycoside resistance in Enterococcus species

Microbiology Research ◽

10.4081/mr.2016.6441 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Seyda Ozarslan Kurtgoz ◽

Burcin Ozer ◽

Melek Inci ◽

Nizami Duran ◽

Erkan Yula

Keyword(s):

Vancomycin Resistance ◽

Automated System ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gradient Diffusion ◽

Gentamicin Resistance ◽

Polymerase Chain ◽

High Level

The aim of the study was to investigate vancomycin and high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) in Enterococcus species by phenotypic and genotypic methods. A hundred Enterococcus strains were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of strains were investigated by automated system, betalactamase production was investigated by nitrocefin disks, vancomycin resistance and HLAR were investigated by gradient diffusion method (GDM) and disk diffusion method, respectively. For detection of vancomycin and high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) genes, polymerase chain reaction was used. Teicoplanin linezolid, vancomycin, ampicillin, penicillin are the most susceptible antibiotics and strains were detected not to produce beta lactamase. Vancomycin resistance was detected in ten isolates by automated system and in only five isolates by GDM. Five isolates carrying VanA gene were determined. The ratio of HLGR and high-level streptomycin resistance was found 40 and 63% respectively. aac (6’)-1eaph (2’’)-1a gene was detected in 58% of strains. E. faecium strains were found more resistant to the antibiotics than the other species. Beta lactamase was detected in none of strains. The automated system detected vancomycin resistance in more strains than GDM. Therefore it is concluded that strains, which were detected to be resistant to vancomycin, should be confirmed by GDM. The ratio of VanA gene in strains is consistent with other studies. The HLAR ratio was found in about half of strains. The ratio of aac(6’)-1e-aph(2’’)-1a gene, which is the most reported gene in our country and other countries and one of the HLGR genes investigated in our study, was detected 58%.

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Antibiogram of Salmonella Spp Isolates in Kathmandu, Nepal

Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/jucms.v5i2.19159 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 (2) ◽

pp. 22-25 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Damodar Gajurel ◽

Rabi Prakash Sharma ◽

Krishna Dhungana ◽

Samir Neupane ◽

Kamal Lamsal ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Asian Countries ◽

Medical Sciences ◽

Salmonella Spp ◽

Salmonella Enterica Serovar Typhi ◽

October 17 ◽

Culture Positive ◽

Nalidixic Acid Resistance

INTRODUCTION: Drug resistant Salmonella spp. is endemic in several Asian countries. Nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi and Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A show reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones and have resulted in a rise in treatment failures. Over the past few decades, nalidixic acid-resistant Salmonella spp have emerged in Nepal as well.MATERIAL & METHODS: This is a retrospective study that aims to provide a more recent antibiogram of S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A isolates in Kathmandu. Between Poush, 2071 and Ashwin, 2072 (December 16, 2014 to October 17, 2015), 186 culture positive cases of enteric fever were diagnosed at the Civil Service Hospital. Upon isolation of S. Typhi or S. Paratyphi A, antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed with amoxicillin, azithromycin, ceftriaxone, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, cotrimoxazole, nalidixic acid, ofloxacin and tetracyciline.RESULTS: This study shows a much higher frequency of nalidixic acid-resistance in Kathmandu than previously reported; 95.7% in Salmonella enterica serovar Paratyphi A and 86.5% in Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi.The rates of ciprofloxacinand ofloxacin-resistance were over 50% in both serovar.CONCLUSION: In Nepal, it is necessary to reevaluate the use of fluoroquinolone therapy and introduce feasible alternatives so as to curb treatment failures.Journal of Universal College of Medical Sciences (2017) Vol. 5, No, 2, Page: 22-25

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β-lactamase genes in carbapenem resistance Acinetobacter baumannii isolates from a Turkish university hospital

The Journal of Infection in Developing Countries ◽

10.3855/jidc.10556 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 13 (01) ◽

pp. 50-55

Author(s):

Umut Safiye Say Coskun ◽

Emel Caliskan ◽

Asegul Copur Cicek ◽

Halbay Turumtay ◽

Cemal Sandalli

Keyword(s):

Acinetobacter Baumannii ◽

Resistance Genes ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Low Frequency ◽

Carbapenem Resistance ◽

University Hospital ◽

High Rate ◽

Automated System ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method

Introduction: The spread of Acinetobacter baumannii, resistant to most of the available antimicrobial agents, is a serious health problem. The high rate of carbapenem resistance among Acinetobacter baumannii isolates is considered as a threat to public health. In this study, we aimed to determine the antibiotic resistance and related genes in carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii isolates. Methodology: Ninety six isolates of A. baumannii were included. Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by Phoenix Automated System and disk diffusion method. Carbapenem resistane was characterized by scrneeing of resistance genes such as blaTEM, blaSHV, blaCTX-M1-2, blaPER, blaVEB, blaKPC, blaGES, blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaOXA23-24-51-58 using multiplex polymerase chain reaction. Results: Resistance for the levofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, and tigecycline were determined as 96.9%, 93.7%, 72.9% and 45.8% respectively. Colistin was the only susceptible antibiotic against all clinical isolates. All isolates were defined as multidrug resistance and of these, 31.2% were extensively drug-resistant (sensitive only to colistin). BlaOXA-51 and blaOXA-23 genes were detected in 100% strains while blaTEM was found in only 2% strains. There was no amplification for the blaSHV, blaCTX-M1-2, blaPER, blaVEB, blaKPC, blaGES blaNDM, blaVIM, blaIMP and blaOXA24-58 genes. Conclusions: The high frequency of blaOXA-23 and low frequency of blaTEM gene was observed that indicate prevalence of a variety of A. baumannii strains. The rates of resistance genes vary from region to region. Studies are required for the prevention and control of A. baumannii infection and to formulate the strategies of antibiotic usage.

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Distribution and Antimicrobial Susceptibilities of Members of Enterobacterales Isolated from Blood Cultures in a University Hospital

Türk Mikrobiyoloji Cemiyeti Dergisi ◽

10.5222/tmcd.2021.96658 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Hasan Cenk Mirza ◽

Banu Sancak

Keyword(s):

Resistance Rate ◽

Blood Cultures ◽

University Hospital ◽

Automated System ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibilities ◽

Resistance Rates ◽

Epidemiological Information

Objective: Members of Enterobacterales can cause various diseases in humans. The objective of this study was to determine the genus/species distribution and antimicrobial susceptibilities of Enterobacterales isolated from blood cultures in Central Laboratory of Hacettepe University Hospital. Method: Enterobacterales isolated from blood between July-2014 and April-2018 were included in the study. MALDI-TOF MS was used for the identification of isolates. Antimicrobial susceptibilities were determined with automated system (VITEK 2 Compact for the isolates between 2014 and 2018; BD Phoenix for the isolates in 2018) and disk diffusion method. Results of antimicrobial susceptibility testing were interpreted according to EUCAST breakpoints. Results: In total, 1765 isolates belonging to the order Enterobacterales were isolated from blood cultures. The most common microorganisms were Escherichia coli (47.6%), Klebsiella (34.1%), Enterobacter (6%), Proteus (4.4%) and Serratia spp. (3.5%), respectively. The remaining isolates included Salmonella, Citrobacter, M. morganii, Pantoea, Raoultella and Providencia spp. The lowest resistance rates among E. coli, Klebsiella and Enterobacter spp. isolates were observed against meropenem and amikacin. However, 21.1% of Klebsiella isolates were resistant to meropenem. The most active antimicrobials against Proteus isolates were piperacillintazobactam and meropenem. Resistance was not observed against piperacillin-tazobactam and meropenem among Proteus isolates. The most active antimicrobial against Serratia isolates was trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole with a resistance rate of 0%. Resistance was not noted against ampicillin and trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole among Salmonella isolates, whereas 26.1% of isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin. All Citrobacter isolates were susceptible to meropenem, amikacin and cefepime. Conclusion: Findings of our study may guide the selection of proper antimicrobials for the treatment of bacteremia caused by Enterobacterales. Furthermore, this study provides important epidemiological information regarding the distribution of members of Enterobacterales causing bacteremia.

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Screening of Antibacterial Efficacy of Aloe Barbadensis Miller (Aloe Vera) Using Leaf Extract against Different Bacterial Strains

International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology ◽

10.22214/ijraset.2021.36705 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (VII) ◽

pp. 1872-1875

Author(s):

Pravanchana Singh

Keyword(s):

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Aloe Vera ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative Bacteria ◽

Antibacterial Efficacy ◽

Aloe Barbadensis ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Leaf Powder ◽

Antibacterial Susceptibility

The current research was aimed to evaluate in vitro antibacterial activity of crude extract prepared from leaves of Aloe vera plant. The extract of Aloe vera was prepared in Methanol. Two extracts were prepared, one from whole leaf powder and the other from fresh Aloe vera gel. To determine the antibacterial efficacy of the given plant, Kirby-bauer disk diffusion method was performed. The standard antibiotic used was Gentamicin. Gentamicin showed significant antimicrobial efficacy against E.coli and Bacillus subtilis forming a zone of inhibition of 34mm in both. This research provides information about antibacterial susceptibility of aloe vera leaves (leaf powder and fresh gel) against two different bacteria: E.coli which is a gram-negative bacteria and Bacillus subtilis which is a gram-negative bacteria. The antibacterial susceptibility test showed that the extract of leaf and the gel of Aloe vera inhibited the growth of both microorganisms during test. Growth of E,coli strain were inhibited more as compared to Bacillus subtilis because gram negative bacteria do not have lipopolysaccharide layer in their cell wall. Also the fresh gel Extract was more effective as compared to Aloe vera leaf powder.

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Nalidixic Acid Susceptibility Test for Screening Salmonella Isolates of Reduced Susceptibility/Higher Minimum Inhibitory Concentration to Ciprofloxacin

Nepal Journal of Science and Technology ◽

10.3126/njst.v15i2.12122 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 97-104 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

P. Agrawal ◽

R. Tuladhar ◽

N. Dahal

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Enteric Fever ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Susceptibility Test ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Dilution Method ◽

Agar Dilution Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽

Nalidixic Acid Resistance

Enteric fever is the major diagnosis among febrile patients in Nepal with yearly increase in nalidixic acid resistance and reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility among Salmonella isolates. This study was carried out to evaluate the validity of nalidixic acid resistance as an indicator of reduced susceptibility of Salmonella isolates to ciprofloxacin. In this study, 999 blood specimens collected from suspected enteric fever patients visiting B&B Hospital were processed by standard microbiological techniques. Isolates were identified by biochemical tests and serotyping. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method and CLSI recommended interpretive criteria. MIC of ciprofloxacin was determined by agar dilution method. Isolation rate of Salmonella species was 6.21%. Among 62 Salmonella isolates, 51 were S. typhi, 10 were S. paratyphi A and one isolate was S. paratyphi B. Only one isolate of S. typhi was multi-drug resistant. Resistance to ceftriaxone, cefixime and azithromycin was nil. On disc diffusion test, 55 isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid. Fifty-seven isolates were found to have increased (>0.125mg/ml) MIC of ciprofloxacin with the clinical and laboratory standards institute breakpoints. Nalidixic acid resistance showed a predictive value of 100% for ciprofloxacin resistance. Screening with nalidixic acid disc had a sensitivity of 100% and a specificity of 71.43% for the determination of decreased ciprofloxacin susceptibility. Before using ciprofloxacin for the treatment of enteric fever, appropriate identification of Salmonella isolates with reduced ciprofloxacin susceptibility is essential to limit the possible treatment failure and further development of highly resistant strains.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/njst.v15i2.12122Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 15, No.2 (2014) 97-104

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First Report of CC5-MRSA-IV-SCCfus “Maltese Clone” in Bat Guano

Microorganisms ◽

10.3390/microorganisms9112264 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (11) ◽

pp. 2264

Author(s):

Assia Mairi ◽

Abdelaziz Touati ◽

Alix Pantel ◽

Alex Yahiaoui Martinez ◽

Mourad Ahmim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fusidic Acid ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Penicillin G ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Toxic Shock ◽

Disk Diffusion Method ◽

Clonal Origin ◽

Toxic Shock Syndrome Toxin ◽

Mrsa Strains ◽

Bat Guano

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a widespread pathogen that could cause different illnesses in both human and animals. Presence of MRSA in animals raises concerns of their capacity to act as reservoirs, particularly in wild animals. This study aimed to characterize the resistance and virulence patterns of S. aureus strains isolated from bat guano in Algeria. From March to May 2016, 98 bat guano samples from Aokas’s cave (Bejaia, Algeria) were collected. Swabs were taken for microbiological studies. Isolates were identified by Vitek® MS system, and antibiotic susceptibility was determined by disk diffusion method. The clonal origin, virulence and antibiotic resistance profiles of S. aureus isolates were characterized by whole genome sequencing. Eleven S. aureus strains were obtained from the 98 guano samples. Seven isolates were sensitive to all antibiotics tested and four (36.3%) were resistant to penicillin G, cefoxitin and fusidic acid. The four MRSA isolates were assigned to the sequence type ST149 and related to spa type t010. These isolates harbored a SCCmecIV element and the fusidic acid resistance element Q6GD50 (fusC). They carried different virulence genes including several enterotoxins (sea, egc enterotoxin locus, sec, sel), and the toxic shock syndrome toxin (tst). Our results highlight that bat guano may constitute an important reservoir of MRSA strains.

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Incidence of Quinolone Resistance Over the Period 1986 to 1998 in Veterinary Salmonella Isolates from Germany

Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy ◽

10.1128/aac.43.9.2278 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 43 (9) ◽

pp. 2278-2282 ◽

Cited By ~ 50

Author(s):

Burkhard Malorny ◽

Andreas Schroeter ◽

Reiner Helmuth

Keyword(s):

Nalidixic Acid ◽

Phage Type ◽

Acid Resistance ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

High Incidence ◽

Paratyphi B ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Nalidixic Acid Resistance

ABSTRACT A total of 24,591 nonhuman salmonella strains isolated in Germany between 1986 and 1998 were examined for their resistance to nalidixic acid by an agar diffusion method. The rate of resistance (inhibition zone, ≤13 mm) ranged from 0.2% in 1986 to a peak of 14.8% in 1990. Between 1991 and 1998 the MICs for nalidixic acid-resistant strains ranged from more than 256 μg/ml for nalidixic acid to between 0.25 and 128 μg/ml for enrofloxacin. In the early 1990s a particularly high incidence of fluoroquinolone resistance (49.5%) was seen among isolates of Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (Salmonella Typhimurium) definitive phage type 204c that mainly originated from cattle. Among isolates from poultry an increase in the incidence of nalidixic acid resistance to a peak of 14.4% was observed in 1994. This peak was due to the presence of specific resistant serotypes, mainly serotypes Hadar, Saintpaul, Paratyphi B (d-tartrate positive; formerly serotype Java) and Newport. Such strains exhibited a decreased susceptibility to enrofloxacin (MIC, 1 μg/ml). Among isolates from pigs the peak incidence of resistance was reached in 1993, with 7.5% of isolates resistant to nalidixic acid and enrofloxacin. The study demonstrates an increase in the incidence of strains that are resistant to nalidixic acid and that have decreased susceptibility to enrofloxacin after the licensing of enrofloxacin. In addition, the number of other serotypes that exhibited nalidixic acid resistance or reduced enrofloxacin susceptibility increased among the total number of isolates investigated between 1992 and 1998.

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