To determine the resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus in pus samples

Staphylococcus aureus is a common health problem occuring as an important nosocomial pathogen, causing urinary tract infection, surgical site, blood stream and soft tissue infection. The aim of this research was conducted to determine MRSA and VRSA from the pus samples of admitted patients.The aim and objective of study was to isolate the resistance pattern of Staphylococcus aureus in pus samples and their AST. A total of 158 positive culture Staph aureus were taken from pus samples for the study during December 2019 - October 2020. Samples were cultured on Blood and MacConkey agar then incubated at 37C for 24 hours. The modified Kirby Bauer's disc diffusion method was used to test antibiotic sensitivity of staphylococcus isolates. In total of 158 positive culture of Staphylococcus aureus, 66 (41.7%) were found to be MRSA and 4 (2.5%) were found to be VRSA. Out of 158 Staph aureus, 146 (92.4%) were resistant to Penicillin, followed by Amoxycillin 140 (88.6%), Ampicillin 139 (87.9%), Erythromycin 91 (57.5%), Cefoxitin 66 (41.7%), Gentamycin 56 (35.4%), Amikacin 52 (32.9%) and Teicoplanin 37 (23.4%).: An antibiotic policy and screening of susceptibility patterns of MRSA may help in reducing the prevalence rate of MRSA and antibiotic resistance. To stop its spread to the population, it is very important to eliminate MRSA colonization in patients and health care workers. Accurate treatment helps to reduce the rate of morbidity and improvement of patient’s outcome.

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Bacterial Aetiology of Bloodstream Infection and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern in a Tertiary Hospital of Northern Bangladesh: Analysis of Current Situation

Haematology Journal of Bangladesh ◽

10.37545/haematoljbd202059 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (02) ◽

pp. 33-38

Author(s):

M. Morsed Zaman Miah ◽

Md. About Rafi ◽

Md. Azizul Haque ◽

Md. Kh. Faisal Alam

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Blood Stream Infection ◽

Positive Culture ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Resistance Rate ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococci ◽

Sensitivity Pattern ◽

Bacterial Aetiology

Background: The objective of the present study was to identify the causative organisms of blood stream infection (BSI) and their resistance pattern to different antibiotics as well as prevalence of multi drug resistant (MDR) organisms in this region. This retrospective study included blood culture reports from 1899 suspected bacteraemia patients. Culture was done using BACT/Alert machine followed by culture on MacConkey (MC) agar, chocolate agar and blood agar plates. Isolated organisms were identified using standard laboratory procedures. Results: Total 383 bacterial isolates were yielded (rate of positive culture 20.2%). Staphylococcus aureus (41.8%) and Escherichia coli (41.8%) were most frequently isolated gram positive and gram-negative organisms respectively. Other commonly isolated organisms were Salmonella typhi (10.7%) and coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (3.9%). More than 90% isolated organisms were multidrug resistant. Salmonella typhi (95.1%) and Staphylococcus aureus (91.2%) showed most frequently isolated MDR strains. All the organisms showed high resistance rate against commonly used antibiotics like azithromycin, ciprofloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. Amoxycillin and clavulanic acid combination, cloxacillin and linezolid were sensitive against Staphylococcus aureus. Ceftriaxone as well as amikacin remained a sensitive drug to treat Salmonella typhi. Carbapenems and nitrofurantoin were mostly sensitive against all isolated organisms. Conclusion: Rational use of antibiotics based on regional epidemiology of causative organisms and sensitivity pattern can preserve the potentiality of available antibiotics and reduce the burden of MDR pathogens.

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Staphylococcal Blood Stream Infections: Epidemiology, Resistance Pattern and Outcome at a Level 1 Indian Trauma Care Center

Journal of Laboratory Physicians ◽

10.4103/0974-2727.115939 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 5 (01) ◽

pp. 46-50 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Vibhor Tak ◽

Purva Mathur ◽

Sanjeev Lalwani ◽

Mahesh Chandra Misra

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽

Blood Stream Infections ◽

Blood Samples ◽

Crude Mortality ◽

Level 1

ABSTRACT Purpose: Blood stream infection (BSI)/bacteremia is a potentially life threatening infection and are associated with a high crude mortality. Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) and Staphylococcus aureus are the most commonly isolated gram positive bacteria from blood culture samples. While S. aureus is a known pathogen causing BSIs, CONS are considered to be common contaminants of blood culture. Of late many studies have challenged this traditional viewpoint. The aim of this study was to determine the epidemiology and significance of Staphylococcus aureus and CONS bacteremia, their resistance patterns and associated mortality in critically ill trauma patients admitted to a level 1 trauma center. Materials and Methods: The study was conducted from January 2009 to June 2011. All patients from whose blood samples yielded a S. aureus or CONS on culture were included in this study. A detailed history was obtained and follow-up of the patients was done. The isolates of Staphylococci were identified to species level. Antibiotic susceptibility was performed by the disc diffusion method and VITEK-2 system. Results: During this 30 month period, total of 10,509 blood samples were received from 2,938 patients. A total of 1,961 samples taken from 905 patients were positive for one or more pathogens. S. aureus/CONS were isolated from 469 samples from 374 patients. Crude mortality amongst the patients having Staphylococcal BSI was 25% (94/374). Conclusion: Staphylococcal blood stream infections are a leading cause of morbidity and mortality.

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Gram Positive Bacteria Carriage among Health Care Workers: An Under-Reported Source of Infections?

Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology ◽

10.22207/jpam.14.4.45 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 14 (4) ◽

pp. 2677-2682

Author(s):

Vaishnavi Toshniwal ◽

Gargi Mudey ◽

Aditya Khandekar ◽

Vandana Kubde ◽

Abhay Mudey

Keyword(s):

Health Care ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Streptococcus Pyogenes ◽

Health Care Workers ◽

Blood Agar ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Care Workers ◽

Oropharyngeal Carriage

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pyogenes are two highly infectious pathogens implicated in a significant percentage of healthcare associated infections. They produce wide range of infections, from mere folliculitis & furuncles, cellulitis, myositis, & glomerulonephritis to conditions with very significant morbidity such as necrotizing fasciitis & Toxic Shock syndrome, and thus represent an important subset of infections that need to be tackled urgently. To assess prevalence of nasal as well as oropharyngeal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyogenes among health-care workers and its antimicrobial resistance pattern. One nasal swab & two oropharyngeal swabs were collected from each participant, with one nasal & oropharyngeal swab cultured on blood agar & mannitol salt agar for Staphylococcus aureus, and the second oropharyngeal swabs were cultured on Crystal violet blood agar for Streptococcus pyogenes, further subjected to susceptibility test by disc diffusion method on Muller-Hinton agar as per CLSI guidelines 2019. Prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus carriage was 9% which includes 4% It is nasal, 4.5% oropharyngeal & 0.5% both. Prevalence of MRSA, MLSB & mupirocin resistant Staphylococcus aureus was 1.5%,4% & 0%respectively. Prevalence of oropharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pyogenes was 1.5%. This study feature the need of screening of Health-care workers for nasal as well as oropharyngeal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus & Streptococcus pyogenes & further its antimicrobial resistance pattern.

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PHAGE GROUPS AND ANTIBIOTIC SENSITIVITY OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS ASSOCIATED WITH CYSTIC FIBROSIS OF THE PANCREAS

PEDIATRICS ◽

10.1542/peds.24.1.40 ◽

1959 ◽

Vol 24 (1) ◽

pp. 40-42

Author(s):

Fred E. Pittman ◽

Calderon Howe ◽

Louise Goode ◽

Paul A. di Sant'Agnese

Keyword(s):

Cystic Fibrosis ◽

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Phage Type ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Phage Group ◽

Staph Aureus ◽

Group Iii

In this study, 198 strains of hemolytic, coagulase-positive Staph. aureus were recovered from 84 patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas and some of their relatives. The majority of the organisms fell into phage group III and were resistant in vitro to penicillin and other antibiotics. No single phage type seemed to be unduly prevalent in this group of patients with cystic fibrosis of the pancreas.

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Susceptibility Pattern of Pathogens Causing Blood Stream Infections in a Tertiary Care Hospital: A Two-year Retrospective Study from Southern Nigeria

Microbiology Research Journal International ◽

10.9734/mrji/2021/v31i330306 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 53-60

Author(s):

Bassey Ewa Ekeng ◽

Ubleni Ettah Emanghe ◽

Bernard Ekpan Monjol ◽

Anthony Achizie Iwuafor ◽

Ernest Afu Ochang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Blood Culture ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Blood Stream Infections ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Antimicrobial Sensitivity ◽

Culture Positive

Aim: Bloodstream infections are a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. The prevalence of causative microorganisms varies from one geographical region to another. This study was aimed at determining the etiological agents prevalent in our environment and their susceptibility profile. Study design: This is a retrospective study carried out at the University of Calabar Teaching Hospital, Calabar, Nigeria. Methodology: Blood culture results of patients documented over a two-year period were retrieved and analyzed. Blood culture positive isolates were detected using conventional method and Oxoid signal blood culture systems. Antimicrobial sensitivity tests were carried out by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and coagulase negative Staphylococcus species (CoNS) was detected by disk diffusion method using 30 µg cefoxitin disk. ESBL production was detected by phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test (PCDDT) and the double disc synergy test (DDST). Results: A total of 413 blood culture antimicrobial susceptibility test results were analyzed, of which 116 (28.09%) were identified as culture positive. Sixty-nine (59%) of the positive isolates were from female patients. Out of 116 positive cultures, 58.62% (68/116) were Gram positive organisms, 40.52% (47/116) were Gram negative organisms, non albicans Candida accounted for 0.86% (1/116). Staphylococcus aureus (n=41, 35.3%) was the predominant isolate and showed high sensitivity to levofloxacin (100%), Linezolid (100%) and Amikacin (100%). Twelve isolates of S. aureus were methicillin resistant, while 1 isolate was inducible clindamycin resistant. Of the 116 isolates identified in this study, forty-three (43) were multidrug resistant with highest number of multidrug resistant isolates from Staphylococcus aureus (n=20). 21.28% (n=10) of the Gram-negative isolates were positive for extended spectrum beta lactamases. Conclusion: A high rate of antimicrobial resistance is observed among microorganisms causing blood stream infections. This emphasizes the need for antimicrobial sensitivity testing in the management of blood stream infections.

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Bacterial Etiology of Wound Exudates in Tertiary Care Cancer Patients and Antibiogram of the Isolates

Infectious Diseases Research and Treatment ◽

10.1177/1178633720952077 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 ◽

pp. 117863372095207

Author(s):

Kiran Duwadi ◽

Sujan Khadka ◽

Sanjib Adhikari ◽

Sanjeep Sapkota ◽

Pabitra Shrestha

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Methicillin Resistance ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Disc Diffusion ◽

Biochemical Tests ◽

Cross Sectional

Introduction: Patients with malignancies frequently develop infections as a result of surgical procedures and fungating wounds leading to pus formation. This cross-sectional study was conducted to explore the bacteriological spectra of infections of various cancer sites and their antibiotic sensitivity patterns among the patients visiting minor operation theatre (OT) of B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital (BPKMCH), Chitwan, Nepal. Methods: Over a period of 3 months from September to November 2018, a total of 183 wound exudates and pus samples were collected and analyzed by standard microbiological procedures. Isolates were identified based on the colony characters, Gram staining and an array of biochemical tests. Antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed by Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion technique according to criteria set by CLSI, 2016. Methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus was tested with the help of cefoxitin using disc diffusion method. Results: Out of the 183 samples, 149 (81.4%) were culture positive. Among 13 different isolates identified, S. aureus (43.0%) was predominant followed by E. coli (14.0%). Higher incidence of bacteria was seen among the males (52.3%), in the age group 51 to 60 years (26.8%) and among the patients undergoing surgical intervention to deal with cancer (34.2%). The prevalence of wound infection was significantly affected by gender, age, and treatment regimen ( P < .01). Out of the total 68 S. aureus isolates, 38 (44.1%) were deemed as Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Among the 158 isolates, 85 (53.8%) were multi-drug resistant (MDR). Cefepime was the most effective antibiotic for Gram positive isolates whereas both imipenem and meropenem were found to be equally more effective for Gram negative isolates. Conclusion: This study suggests that patients with malignancies harbor pathogenic bacteria; therefore, prudent use of antibiotics is essential to prevent the emergence of MDR pathogens.

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Detection of Methicillin Susceptible and Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Nasal Carriage and Its Antibiotic Sensitivity among Basic and Clinical Years Medical Students

Healthcare ◽

10.3390/healthcare8020161 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 161 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hamed Alzoubi ◽

Mohammad Al Madadha ◽

Asma’a Al-Mnayyis ◽

Muayad Azzam ◽

Amira Aldawoud ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Medical Students ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Healthcare Workers ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Nasal Carriage ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

P Value ◽

Susceptibility Data ◽

Significant Difference

Background: Healthcare workers (HCWs) and medical students can be asymptomatic carriers in transmitting methicillin resistant and susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA and MSSA). Studying epidemiological and antibiotic susceptibility data is necessary to limit the spread of infections, help with treatment and understand the transmission dynamics of MSSA and MRSA. Our study assessed the rate of MSSA and MRSA nasal carriage and its antibiogram among medical students in basic and clinical years at the University of Jordan. Methods: A total of 210 nasal swabs were randomly collected from participants. MSSA and MRSA were identified by culture, biochemical and other phenotypical analysis methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined by the disc diffusion method. Results: The nasal carriage of MSSA was 6.6% and 11.4% and that of MRSA was 1.9% and 2.8% among basic and clinical years, respectively. There was no significant difference for the nasal carriage of MSSA and MRSA among basic and clinical year students (p value ≥ 0.05). MSSA resistance ranged between 25% and 33% for trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, tetracycline and ciprofloxacin. For MRSA, the highest resistance was to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline (67% to 100%), followed by gentamicin and ciprofloxacin (33% to 67%), in all participants in the study. Conclusion: The difference in the carriage rates of MSSA and MRSA among basic and clinical students was statistically insignificant. The continuous awareness and implementation of infection control procedures and guided patient contact are recommended. The results might also suggest that healthcare workers could be victims in the cycle of MRSA nasal carriage, a theory that needs further study.

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Prevalence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus Aureus (MRSA) in a Tertiary Care Hospital in Northern India

Journal of Laboratory Physicians ◽

10.4103/0974-2727.72154 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 2 (02) ◽

pp. 078-081 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Shilpa Arora ◽

Pushpa Devi ◽

Usha Arora ◽

Bimla Devi

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistance ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Sensitivity Pattern

ABSTRACT Aim: The emergence of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has posed a serious therapeutic challenge. We report the prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of MRSA in the hospitals attached to GMC, Amritsar, Punjab. Materials and Methods: The study comprised of 250 coagulase-positive staphylococci (COPS) isolated from a total of 6743 clinical specimens (like pus, blood, urine, high vaginal swab, sputum, etc.) of patients admitted in hospitals attached to Government Medical College, Amritsar from January 2008−February 2009. Routine antibiotic susceptibility testing was performed and interpreted as per standard guidelines. Methicillin resistance was detected using oxacillin and cefoxitin disc diffusion method, oxacillin screen agar method, and minimum inhibitory concentration using broth macrodilution method. Results: A total of 115 (46%) strains were found to be methicillin resistant. Multidrug resistance was observed in 73% MRSA strains. However, no strain was resistant to vancomycin. Conclusion: Regular surveillance of hospital-associated infection and monitoring of antibiotic sensitivity pattern is required to reduce MRSA prevalence.

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Antibiotic Sensitivity /Resistance Pattern of Hospital Acquired Blood Stream Infection in Children Cancer Patients: A Retrospective Study

International Journal of Clinical Practice ◽

10.1111/ijcp.14617 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Naema Salah Mohamed Elseady ◽

Nagwa Abdel Ghani Ahmed Khamis ◽

Sameh AbdelGhani ◽

Hoda Mohamed Rabea ◽

Mervat Gaber Elanany ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Retrospective Study ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Blood Stream Infection ◽

Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽

Blood Stream ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Hospital Acquired

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Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Isolated from Wound Infections

Tribhuvan University Journal of Microbiology ◽

10.3126/tujm.v5i0.22297 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 5 ◽

pp. 19-24

Author(s):

Jyoti Shrestha ◽

Krishan Govinda Prajapati ◽

Om Prakash Panta ◽

Pramod Poudel ◽

Santosh Khanal

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

High Rate ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Wound Infections ◽

Mannitol Salt Agar ◽

Methicillin Resistant ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test

Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and antibiotic resistance pattern of the isolates from wound infections. Methods: A total of 706 wound specimens including pus and wound swab were analyzed in the laboratory of B and B Hospital, Lalitpur from May to October 2014. The specimens were cultured on Blood Agar and Mannitol Salt Agar plates and incubated at 37°C for 24 hours. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by modified Kirby-Bauer disc diffusion method. Strains resistant to cefoxitin (30mcg) with inhibition zone ≤ 21mm were identified as MRSA. Results: Out of 366 bacterial isolates, 90 (24.6%) were S. aureus and among them 16.7% were MRSA and 54.4% multi-drug resistant (MDR). All isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and most of the isolates were sensitive to cefoxitin (83.3%). High rate of resistance was observed towards penicillin (98.9%) and ampicillin (86.7%). All MRSA isolates and 52.9% of methicillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) were MDR. Conclusion: MRSA incidence is increasing in the population, and therapeutic measures are few and accompanied by diverse side effects. It is noteworthy to state that vancomycin is still the first line drug although vancomycin-resistant strains have been reported.

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