scholarly journals Redesign the Front Shape of the Sedan Car for Pedestrian Safety and Mitigating Leg Injuries at Accidents

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 747-752
Author(s):  
Hatam Samaka ◽  
Hussein Al-Bugharbee ◽  
Mohammed Al-Azawy
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Study ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Body Part ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Leg Injuries ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Front Shape ◽  
The Common ◽  
Pedestrian Injuries ◽  
Financial Burdens

The number of fatal and non-fatal pedestrian injuries, due to car accidents, has increased. For this reason, design of least possible harm cars (i.e. pedestrian friendly cars) has attracted the interest of many researchers and companies in order to reduce mortality and mitigate injuries. The use of friendly cars can also lead to the reduction of the expensive medical treatment costs for pedestrian injuries and consequently alleviates the financial burdens of the governments and insurance companies. In the sedan cars accidents, the common first pedestrian body part which experiences impact is the legs. In this research, a simulation study is conducted for investigating the effects of car bumper profile and plastic grille tilt angle on the severity of collision. LS-Dyna software is used to simulate, numerically investigate and analyze the mechanism of collision between a simulated leg and a vehicle bumper. In this simulation, three parameters are considered, impact line between pedestrian leg and car bumper, the height of the bumper relative to the knee, and the plastic grille tilt angle. The results of this study showed that the increase of impact line, increase of bumper height and decrease the plastic grille tilt angle alleviate the severity of pedestrians leg injuries.

scholarly journals Rayleigh Quotient Methods for Estimating Common Roots of Noisy Univariate Polynomials

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 147-163 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alwin Stegeman ◽  
Lieven De Lathauwer
Keyword(s):  
Eigenvalue Problem ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Rayleigh Quotient ◽  
Tensor Algebra ◽  
Symbolic Algebra ◽  
Starting Values ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Sylvester Matrix ◽  
Univariate Polynomials ◽  
The Common

AbstractThe problem is considered of approximately solving a system of univariate polynomials with one or more common roots and its coefficients corrupted by noise. The goal is to estimate the underlying common roots from the noisy system. Symbolic algebra methods are not suitable for this. New Rayleigh quotient methods are proposed and evaluated for estimating the common roots. Using tensor algebra, reasonable starting values for the Rayleigh quotient methods can be computed. The new methods are compared to Gauss–Newton, solving an eigenvalue problem obtained from the generalized Sylvester matrix, and finding a cluster among the roots of all polynomials. In a simulation study it is shown that Gauss–Newton and a new Rayleigh quotient method perform best, where the latter is more accurate when other roots than the true common roots are close together.

scholarly journals Development, Implementation, and Use of a Neurology Therapeutics Committee

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 2329048X1983047
Author(s):  
Edward B. Clark ◽  
Russell J. Butterfield ◽  
Francis M. Filloux ◽  
Joshua L. Bonkowsky
Keyword(s):  
Neurological Disorders ◽  
Therapeutic Agent ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Clinical Implementation ◽  
Appropriate Use ◽  
Therapy Choice ◽  
Financial Burdens ◽  
Therapeutics Committee

Innovative therapeutics are transforming care of children with previously untreatable neurological disorders. However, there are challenges in the use of new therapies: the medicine may not be effective in all patients, administration may not be tolerated, and matching therapy choice to patient is complex. Finally, costs are high, which imposes financial burdens on insurance companies, families, and the health-care system. Our objective was to address challenges for clinical implementation of the new therapeutics. We sought to develop a process that would be personalized for patient and disease, encourage appropriate use of a therapeutic agent while mitigating pressure on a clinician to prescribe the therapy in all instances, and assist third-party payers in approving therapeutic use based on safety and efficacy. We report our creation of a Neurology Therapeutics Committee for pediatric patients. We review the committee’s mechanisms, describe its use and report outcomes, and suggest the Neurology Therapeutics Committee’s broader applicability.

scholarly journals Solar and Shading Potential of Different Configurations of Building Integrated Photovoltaics Used as Shading Devices Considering Hot Climatic Conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 4373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omar Asfour
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Numerical Modelling ◽  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Building Integrated Photovoltaics ◽  
Inclination Angles ◽  
Annual Total ◽  
The Common ◽  
Shading Devices ◽  
Window Area

This study investigates the use of building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs) as shading devices in hot climates, with reference to the conditions of Saudi Arabia. It used parametric numerical modelling to critically appraise the potential of eight design configurations in this regard, including vertical and horizontal shading devices with different inclination angles. The study assumed that the examined shading devices could be entirely horizontal or vertical on the three exposed facades, which is common practice in architecture. The study found that the examined configurations offered different solar and shading potentials. However, the case of horizontal BIPV shading devices with a 45° tilt angle received the highest amount of annual total insolation (104 kWh/m2) and offered effective window shading of 96% of the total window area on average in summer. The study concluded that, unlike the common recommendation of avoiding horizontal shading devices on eastern and western facades, it is possible in countries characterised with high solar altitudes such as Saudi Arabia to use them effectively to generate electricity and provide the required window shading.

scholarly journals It is Highly Unlikely that the Development of an Abdominal Wall Hernia can be Attributable to a Single Strenuous Event

2006 ◽  
Vol 88 (2) ◽  
pp. 168-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pathak Samir ◽  
Graeme J Poston
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Evidence ◽  
Traumatic Event ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Abdominal Wall Hernia ◽  
Causal Link ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Gradual Onset ◽  
Compensation Claims ◽  
Financial Burdens ◽  
Possible Cause

INTRODUCTION There is a commonly held belief that the development of a hernia can be attributed to a single strenuous or traumatic event. Hence, many litigants are successful in compensation claims, causing mounting financial burdens on employers, the courts, insurance companies and the tax-payer. However, there is very little scientific evidence to support this assertion. The aim of this study was to ascertain whether there was any causal link in this process. PATIENTS AND METHODS A total of 133 new patients with 135 abdominal herniae of all varieties (115 inguinal, 3 femoral, 9 umbilical, 4 incisional, and 4 ventral or epigastric), of which 25 were recurrent received structured questionnaires on arrival in the surgical clinic. These questionnaires covered all possible aetiological factors for hernia development (type of work, COAD, smoking, pregnancy, obesity, chronic bladder outflow obstruction, previous surgery including appendicectomy), in addition to any possible attribution to a single strenuous or traumatic event. We then reviewed the GP records in the surgery of all patients who answered positively to the latter possible cause. RESULTS In the study group, 119 (89%) reported a gradual onset of symptoms. Of the 15 (12 male, 3 female; 11%) who believed that their hernia might be related to a single strenuous or traumatic event, 5 had no other aetiological factors. However, not one of the 15 was found to have contemporaneous forensic medical evidence to support their possible claim. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that we are unable to find any clinical evidence to support the hypothesis that a hernia might develop as the result of one single strenuous or traumatic event. While we accept that this mechanism might still possibly occur, we believe that, at best, it is extremely uncommon. If a medical expert is preparing a report on such a case in a claim for personal injury, then they have a duty to the court to examine carefully all the contemporaneous medical records. If no clinical evidence exists to support the claim, then they have a duty to the court not to support the plaintiff's claim.

On the Settlement of Losses by Fire under Average Policies

1858 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Richard Atkins
Keyword(s):  
Important Change ◽  
Insurance Companies ◽  
Present Moment ◽  
Great Care ◽  
Mutual Relation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Practical Effect ◽  
The Common ◽  
Altered Form

Since the last article on the settlement of fire-claims under average policies appeared (April, 1857), a very important change has been adopted. The third clause of the Liverpool floating policies, known under the title of the “independent liability clause,” has been introduced, by the common consent of nearly all the Insurance Companies, and made part of the conditions of all London mercantile floating policies. The alteration is, beyond all doubt, a very considerable one in its practical effect. It will change entirely the mutual relation of the Companies in very many cases of joint insurances, and, if very great care be not taken at the outset, introduce no small share of doubt and difficulty in the relation of the Offices with the assured. It may, therefore, be worth while to offer a few remarks at the present moment on the change actually effected by the recent alteration of the average clause, and then make some practical suggestions as to the regulation of claims under the altered form of policy.

Patterns and mechanisms of pedestrian injuries induced by vehicles with flat-front shape

2000 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kozo Tanno ◽  
Mototsugu Kohno ◽  
Noriyoshi Ohashi ◽  
Koshiro Ono ◽  
Kumi Aita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Front Shape ◽  
Pedestrian Injuries

Estimation of the Common Probability of Success for Several Binomials —A Simulation Study

1998 ◽  
Vol 48 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 61-72
Author(s):  
Joydeep Bhanja
Keyword(s):  
Lower Bound ◽  
Simulation Study ◽  
Regularity Conditions ◽  
Moment Estimate ◽  
Probability Of Success ◽  
Finite Set ◽  
The Common ◽  
Asymptotically Efficient ◽  
Common Probability

In this paper we consider an example where for each i, i = 1,2, ... , n, the observations Xij , j = 1, 2, ... , k are i.i.d . Binomial ( ni, θ). Based on a theory developed by us earlier, we propose estimates of θ which are asymptotically efficient under the assumption that k ≥ 2, the ni 's come from a finite set { 1, 2, ... , q} and some mild regularity conditions on the sequence { ni} and θ hold. We present the results of a simulation whlch indicate, among other thlngs, the asymptotic lower bound to variance is lower than or approximately equal to simulated Variances and a simple moment estimate of θ does as well as the asymptotically efficient estimates.

Assessment of bicycle–car accidents under four different types of collision

2017 ◽  
Vol 231 (3) ◽  
pp. 222-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurencas Raslavičius ◽  
Liudas Bazaras ◽  
Artūras Keršys ◽  
Vaidas Lukoševičius ◽  
Rolandas Makaras ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Head Injury ◽  
Injury Severity ◽  
Tensile Force ◽  
Traumatic Head Injury ◽  
Left Turn ◽  
Leg Injuries ◽  
Head Injury Criterion ◽  
Car Accidents ◽  
Severity Prediction ◽  
Traumatic Head

Bicycle riders are among the highest risk group in traffic. A cyclist simulation study captured kinematics and injuries to legs, pelvis, neck, and head for one human body size. We analyzed the number of parameters (forces acting on left and right tibia, head injury criterion, neck tensile force, neck shear force, and pelvic acceleration) for each of the four different cases: bicyclist ride out—residential driveway, motorist overtaking—undetected bicyclist, bicyclist left turn—same direction, and bicyclist right turn—opposite direction. The comparison of simulation outcomes for leg injuries with official hospital records has shown a very good correlation in terms of injury severity prediction. This study concludes that if countermeasures to prevent fatal cyclist injury in car impacts were to be concentrated on mitigating head and neck impact to the windscreen of the car, a dominant share of fatal cyclist crashes and severe traumatic head injury cases at collision speeds exceeding 40 km/h could be prevented.

Reduction of Nanowire Agglomeration via an Intermediate Membrane in Nanowires Preparation for Nanosensors Application

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Beheshti ◽  
Sunggook Park ◽  
Junseo Choi ◽  
X. Geng ◽  
Elizabeth Podlaha-Murphy
Keyword(s):  
Tilt Angle ◽  
Silicon Surface ◽  
Lab On A Chip ◽  
Deposition Process ◽  
New Method ◽  
Preparation Process ◽  
Single Nanowires ◽  
The Common

Nanowires are widely used as sensing components for lab-on-a-chip devices. One major problem in utilizing pre-grown nanowires in lab-on-a-chip applications is the agglomeration of nanowires during their preparation process. The common methods to reduce the agglomeration of nanowires include stirring, sonication and using of surfactants. However, these methods break the long nanowires and are not efficient to produce enough single nanowires. This paper shows a new method to improve the deposition process of individual nanowires. An intermediate membrane was used for the deposition of the nanowires after their preparation process. The membrane helps to filter the nanowire agglomerates and to deposit separated individual nanowires over a silicon surface underneath. The study also shows that the number of single nanowires is increased by increasing the tilt angle of the membrane. The method also helps achieving single long nanowires.

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