ASSESSMENT OF THE SECTORAL SPECIALIZATION OF EARLY ENTREPRENEURS: DATA FROM MODERN COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 74-81
Author(s):  
Yuliia S. Pinkovetskaia
Keyword(s):  
Business Development ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Industry Specialization ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Start Up ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
The Government ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Sectoral Policy

The relevance of the study of early entrepreneurship in modern national economies is determined by the increasing importance of entrepreneurs in both developed and developing countries. Entrepreneurs make a significant contribution to the economic growth, increasing gross domestic product, creating new jobs, and reducing poverty and social exclusion. Therefore, one of the main tasks of public administration bodies is to develop and implement measures that ensure an effective sectoral policy in the field of business development. The purpose of the study becomes the assessment of the current level of specialization of early entrepreneurs in modern national economies. In the course of the research, the following tasks were solved: determining the main sectors in which entrepreneurs create their business; forming an array of empirical data describing the specific weights of entrepreneurs specializing in the production of goods and services in the total number of early entrepreneurs by country; developing economic and mathematical models that characterize the two main sectors of specialization of early entrepreneurs. The source of information for assessing the industry specialization of start-up entrepreneurs became the data provided in the Global entrepreneurship monitoring project, based on the results of a survey of more than 2000 early entrepreneurs in each of the 50 countries. In the process of economic and mathematical modeling, the authors developed density functions of normal distribution. The result of the computational experiment was an assessment of the values of indicators that characterize the involvement of early entrepreneurs in the production and service sectors of national economies. As a result of the research, the average values and ranges of changes in indicators of industry specialization were established, and countries with high and low values of indicators were identified; a comparative analysis of the values of indicators for Russia and foreign countries is carried out; three hypotheses put forward during the research were confirmed. The obtained research results have a significant novelty and originality, they have a certain theoretical and applied value. The proposed indicators and their calculation models can be used in justifying business development programs by the government, regional and municipal authorities. The results of calculations are of interest to entrepreneurs, including beginners.

scholarly journals Pros and cons of gst

2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-213
Author(s):  
ARULRAJ S ◽  
KADIRVELU S
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

India is currently going through major reforms in its overall economic sectors.GST is one such kind of great reform. GST is unified indirect tax across the country on the Goods and Services. In the earlier system of Indirect Tax, the tax is levied at each stage separately by the Central Government and State Government at different rates, on the full value of goods as well as the services. But in this GST system, tax will be levied only the value added at each stage. So the government states that this GST is ―one India one Tax‖.This paper focuses on the concept, the benefits which the country will accrue from GST, the impact of GST on manufacturing, entertainment and Service Sectors.

scholarly journals Specialization of entrepreneurs in the production of goods and the provision of services in modern economies

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (Extra-C) ◽  
pp. 350-359
Author(s):  
Iuliia Pinkovetskaia ◽  
Natalya Schennikova ◽  
Liudmila Kryukova ◽  
Marina Bakanova ◽  
Ekaterina Ozhegova
Keyword(s):  
Service Sector ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Entrepreneurial Activity ◽  
Normal Density ◽  
Nascent Entrepreneurs ◽  
Industry Specialization ◽  
Normal Density Function ◽  
Provision Of Services ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
National Economies

The study of the sectoral characteristics of early-stage entrepreneurial activity is one of the topical issues in modern research. The aim of the study is to assess the existing level of specialization of nascent entrepreneurs in modern national economies. The source of information for the analysis of the industry specialization of nascent entrepreneurs was the data provided in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor project. The research methodology involved economics modeling with normal density function. The result of the computational experiment is the assessment of the indicator values characterizing the involvement of nascent entrepreneurs in the production and service sectors of national economies. A comparative analysis of the values of indicators for Russia and the foreign countries was carried out. It has been proved that nascent entrepreneurs in the countries under consideration are on average 4 times more likely to start activities in the service sector than in the commodity producing sector.

Regulatory Regimes for Goods and Services -- Differences That Matter

2005 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 1850042
Author(s):  
Susan M. Schmidt ◽  
Robin A King
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Major Determinant ◽  
Regulatory Regime ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Service Sectors ◽  
Regulatory Regimes ◽  
National Economies ◽  
Practical Implications

A country's regulatory regime is a major determinant of the ability to realize the benefits of various macroeconomic efforts and initiatives, including trade agreements. Intrinsic and historical differences between goods and services sectors indicate that a country’s regulatory infrastructure and environment may be potentially more significant for services. The regulatory regimes for service sectors in many countries today, however, are underdeveloped or otherwise ineffective, and may actually deter investment and hinder opportunities in trade involving services. These shortcomings may have particular implications for countries in negotiating service sectors in trade agreements, as they may be, or may perceive themselves to be, at a disadvantage as they negotiate subject matters largely defined by and dependent on the efficacy of regulatory structures and systems. As services increase their importance in national economies and international trade, governments and citizens of those countries are less likely to fully realize the benefits of trade liberalizing efforts or economic growth policies. This article explores the differences between goods and service sectors and the practical implications of the differences - thus, why regulatory regimes matter.

Land Use Change and Commodity Frontiers

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel M. Cáceres ◽  
Esteban Tapella ◽  
Diego A. Cabrol ◽  
Lucrecia Estigarribia
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Field Work ◽  
Dry Forest ◽  
Social Actors ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Fast Pace ◽  
Forest Use ◽  
The Government ◽  
Social Environmental ◽  
Management Recommendations

Argentina is experiencing an expansion of soya and maize cultivation that is pushing the agricultural frontier over areas formerly occupied by native Chaco forest. Subsistance farmers use this dry forest to raise goats and cattle and to obtain a broad range of goods and services. Thus, two very different and non-compatible land uses are in dispute. On the one hand subsistance farmers fostering an extensive and diversified forest use, on the other hand, large-scale producers who need to clear out the forest to sow annual crops in order to appropriate soil fertility. First, the paper looks at how these social actors perceive Chaco forest, what their interests are, and what kind of values they attach to it. Second, we analyze the social-environmental conflicts that arise among actors in order to appropriate forest’s benefits. Special attention is paid to the role played by the government in relation to: (a) how does it respond to the demands of the different sectors; and (b) how it deals with the management recommendations produced by scientists carrying out social and ecological research. To put these ideas at test we focus on a case study located in Western Córdoba (Argentina), where industrial agriculture is expanding at a fast pace, and where social actors’ interests are generating a series of disputes and conflicts. Drawing upon field work, the paper shows how power alliances between economic and political powers, use the institutional framework of the State in their own benefit, disregarding wider environmental and social costs. 

GST - Sway On Small Scale Industries

2019 ◽  
Vol 118 (10) ◽  
pp. 365-372
Author(s):  
Jayanti.G ◽  
Dr. V.Selvam
Keyword(s):  
State Government ◽  
Tax Reform ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Tax Revenue ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Single Tax ◽  
The People ◽  
Indirect Taxes ◽  
The Government

India being a democratic and republic country, has witnessed the biggest indirect tax reform after much exploration, GST bill roll out on 1 April 2017.  The concept of this reform is for a unified country-wide tax reform system.  Enterprises particularly SMEs are caught in a state of instability.  Several taxes such s excise, service tax etc., have been subsumed with a single tax structure. it is the responsibilities of both centre and state government to shoulder the important responsibility to cater the needs of the people and the nation as a whole.  The main basis of income to the government is through levy of taxes.  To meet the so called socio-economic needs and economic growth, taxes are considered as a main source of revenue for the government.  As per Wikipedia “A tax is a mandatory financial charge or some other type of levy imposed upon tax payer by the government in order to fund various public expenditure”   it is said that tax payment is mandatory, failure to pay such taxes will be punishable under the law.   The Indian tax system is classified as direct and indirect tax.   The indirect taxes are levied on purchase, sale, and manufacture of goods and provision of service.  The indirect tax on goods and services increases its price, this can lead to inflationary trend.  Contribution of indirect taxes to total tax revenue is more than 50% in India, therefore, indirect tax is considered as a major source of tax revenue for the government, which in turn is one of source for GDP growth.  Though indirect tax is a major source of revenue, it had lot of hassles.  To overcome the major issues of indirect tax system the government of India subsumed most of the indirect tax which in turn gave birth to the concept called Goods and Service Tax.

STATE SUPPORT FOR «GREEN» INVESTMENTS AND MARKET «GREEN» FINANCING: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE

2019 ◽  
pp. 97-108
Author(s):  
L.S. Kabir
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Policy Support ◽  
Green Economy ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
State Support ◽  
Green Technologies ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The Government ◽  
Green Investments

The present study reveals the trends and features of the current state of financing the foreign countries’ transition to a new «green» economic growth model. To summarize the contemporary experience of countries’ integration into public administration practice the approaches and standards in the field of «green» investments financing.The subject of the study is the set of measures implemented by countries to develop sources of finance for «green» economy projects.Tasks: 1) to consider the principal directions of the «green» investments state policy support, its purpose, and the tools used; 2) to identify the market’s role in the «green» economy financing; 3) to clarify the main issues constraining private investments in «green» projects. The countries’ approach to «green» economic growth financing is examined in the present paper by means of common methods of scientific knowledge.There reviewed the arguments justifying the government support for «green» investments. There revealed the problems constraining the market «green» financing development and speculations about their origins. The study concludes that the countries’ economic policies are aimed at improving the existing model’s efficiency, not at the transition to the new «green» economy model. Thus, through the state support tools, there being generated strong signals signifying the creation of favorable market conditions for the functioning of a new economy sector – the sector of «green» technologies.

WOMEN AND DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA: EMPOWERMENT OF WOMEN THROUGH SKILLS DEVELOPMENT IN HAZARIBAG DISTRICT

2020 ◽  
pp. 32-33
Author(s):  
Ms. Niharika ◽  
Prof. M. K. Singh
Keyword(s):  
Rural Women ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Vocational Training ◽  
Skill Development ◽  
Skill Training ◽  
Women Empowerment ◽  
Development Programs ◽  
Training And Education ◽  
Entrepreneurial Skills ◽  
The Government

Women are the dynamic segment and the most vibrant as well as potentially most valuable human resources. Women Empowerment has gained importance in india in the wake of economic liberalization, privatization and globalization.. The policy and institutional framework for developing entrepreneurial skills ,providing vocational training and education has widened the horizon for empowerment of women economically. In order to provide vocational training and education , skill training, entrepreneurship development to the emerging workforce, the Government of India has also introduced National Skill Development Policy and National skill Development Mission in 2009. This article explores the empowerment of women through skill development and vocational training programs. The results shows that skill development programs play a key role in empowering the rural women and the women also look positively towards income generating programs. KEYWORDS- Women Empowerment, Skill Development, Vocational Training, Government

Globalization and Transnational Human Capital: Overseas and Returnee Scholars to China

2004 ◽  
Vol 179 ◽  
pp. 735-757 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Zweig ◽  
Chen Changgui ◽  
Stanley Rosen
Keyword(s):  
Human Capital ◽  
Foreign Capital ◽  
High Tech ◽  
Employment System ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Chinese Scholars ◽  
The Government ◽  
Education And Employment ◽  
People’S Perceptions

As societies internationalize, the demand for, and the value of, various goods and services increase. Individuals who possess new ideas, technologies and information that abets globalization become imbued with “transnational human capital,” making them more valuable to these societies. This report looks at this issue from five perspectives. First, it shows that China's education and employment system is now highly internationalized. Secondly, since even Chinese scholars sent by the government rely heavily on foreign funds to complete their studies, China is benefiting from foreign capital invested in the cohort of returnees. Thirdly, the report shows that foreign PhDs are worth more than domestic PhDs in terms of people's perceptions, technology transfer and in their ability to bring benefits to their universities. Finally, returnees in high tech zones, compared to people in the zones who had not been overseas, were more likely to be importing technology and capital, to feel that their skills were in great demand within society, and to be using that technology to target the domestic market.

Foreign Trade of Russia: Barometer Foretells Storm

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-25
Author(s):  
V. Obolenskiy
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Manufacturing Industry ◽  
Import Substitution ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Effective System ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Developed Countries

The development of Russian foreign trade during the previous five years is analyzed. It is stated that, in terms of value, exports of services and imports of goods and services steadily grew during the first four years of the period under review. Exports of goods also rose during three years, but in 2014 both exports and imports again fell in comparison with the previous year as was the case five years ago. The composition of the Russian exports and imports of goods did not change radically during the previous years. The main items of export are, as always, mineral products, metals and fertilizers. Import is prevailed by foodstuffs, chemicals and heavy engineering equipment. The current situation is featured by the reduction of world oil prices, slump of the domestic economy and war of sanctions with the Western countries. All this substantially impairs the conditions of Russia’s foreign trade activities and inhibits its development in the upcoming years. In the author’s view, the implementation of measures worked out by the government – correction of tariff liabilities before the WTO, redirecting of trade streams from the European to the Asian markets, import substitution and export support – will unlikely improve the situation. Revision of the liabilities before the WTO in the conditions of the decrease of the internal demand and serious devaluation of Ruble is considered as inappropriate and counterproductive. “Asiatic turn” is only capable to compensate to a certain respect the loss of supplies of some food products from Europe, but cannot fully offset the loss of potentialities of the acquisition of modern technologies and equipment from the developed countries. It is doubtful that it will be possible to dramatically cut the import dependence. It is necessary to replace many kinds of foreign goods, but it is impossible to implement a frontal substitution of import in all directions. Excessive stress on the import substitution might lead to the emergence of shortages and poorer availability of some goods at the internal market and, at the worst, to self-isolation and economic autarky. The attempts to build up an effective system of export support might be successful only in the conditions of the establishment of the large-scale production of goods and services which would be comparable with the foreign analogues in respect to the criteria of price and quality. Taking this into consideration the technological renovation of production processes, first of all in the manufacturing industry, and on this basis rising up of the competitiveness of plants and factories are the most important prerequisites for encouraging export activities and formation of the new export specialization of the country.

GSTChain: A Blockchain Network Application for the Goods and Services Tax

2021 ◽  
pp. 2250002
Author(s):  
S. Hasnain Pasha ◽  
Deepti Mehrotra ◽  
Jerry Chun-Wei Lin ◽  
Gautam Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Network Technology ◽  
Tax Collection ◽  
Implementation Challenges ◽  
Goods And Services ◽  
Effective System ◽  
Indian State ◽  
Network Application ◽  
The Government

In 2017, the Government of India launched the goods and services tax (GST), referred to as “one tax, one nation, one market”. This tax all Indian businesses are subject to this tax. GST was framed with the objective of bringing tax handling for all businesses onto a single platform and developing a transparent and effective system in which all businesses will pay taxes. This paper identifies and addresses GST implementation challenges and proposes a solution, GSTChain, using blockchain network technology. Currently, GST is collected at the sellers end and bifurcated between the Indian state and central governments. GSTChain is a blockchain system based on trust and autonomy with the objective of making taxpayers’ lives easy and tax collection efficient and transparent for the government.

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