scholarly journals Socio-economic everyday life of individual farms in the Saratov Volga region in the first half of the 1930s

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-115
Author(s):  
Vadim A. Kotelnikov ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Everyday Life ◽  
State Policy ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Gradual Reduction ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Collective Farms

The article examines the features of the life of individual peasants in the Saratov Volga region in the conditions of the dominance of collective farms. On the basis of archival documents, the direction and content of state policy in relation to individuals is revealed. Having survived the nightmare of the first years of collectivization, individual farmers began to gradually adapt to new conditions and show their resilience in an unfavorable environment. As a result, instead of joining the collective system, they discredited it by their example. Therefore, special attention is paid to the policy of the Soviet leadership and the actions of local authorities in relation to individual farms. As a result of state policy, expressed in administrative pressure and a tightening of the tax press by the mid-1930s there was a gradual reduction in the sole sector.

scholarly journals ECONOMIC AND HOUSEHOLD ARRANGEMENT OF SPECIAL SETTLERS-CHECHENS IN ZYRYANOVSKY DISTRICT OF EAST KAZAKHSTAN REGION

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
А.Т. Kazbekova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Medical Care ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Living Conditions ◽  
Housing Conditions ◽  
Host Society ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
East Kazakhstan ◽  
Internal Migrations ◽  
First Time ◽  
Household Arrangement

The article is based on the analysis of archival documents introduced into scientific circulation for the first time and examines the process of economic and labor settlement of special settlers-Chechens who were subjected to repeated internal resettlement in the Zyryanovsky district (now the Altai district) East Kazakhstan region in the first years of settlement. Тhe study identified the main problems faced by special settlers-Chechens in the Zyryanov district. Social and living conditions of special settlers were reconstructed. Housing conditions, medical care and everyday life are considered. On the basis of the studied materials, the attitude of special settlers to new living conditions and the host society to the special component is shown. The author, relying on archival materials, comes to the conclusion that repeated internal migrations of special settlers-Chechens did not solve social problems.

scholarly journals Бесхозяйственность и хищения колхозно-кооперативной собственности в колхозах Башкирии в конце 1960-х – первой половине 1980-х гг. как системное явление

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 479-487
Author(s):  
Narkas V. Akhmadieva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Behavior ◽  
National Archive ◽  
Republic Of Bashkortostan ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Unlimited Access ◽  
The Republic ◽  
Material Values ◽  
Economic Crimes ◽  
Party State ◽  
Collective Farms

Introduction. The late 1960s and the first half of the 1980s saw a significant growth of the tendency for mismanagement and misappropriation of socialist property in the kolkhozes (collective farms) of Bashkiria. Such forms of antisocial and criminal behavior of the citizens appears to be a relevant subject. The aim of the present article is to analyze the issues of mismanagement and theft of socialist property in the kolkhozes of Bashkiria in the late 1960s — the first half of the 1980s. In this aspect, several lines of research have been identified: i) to analyze the forms of illegal use of funds and of material values of the farms, examining the phenomena in their dynamics; ii) to examine the work of the control and auditing bodies in the farms; and iii) to analyze a complex of measures taken by the party, state, and other supervisory bodies to counter the growth of economic crimes in kolkhozes. Sources. The archival documents from the National Archive of the Republic of Bashkortostan help to draw a detailed picture of the dynamics in the growth of mismanagement and stealing of collective farm property in Bashkiria, as well as of measures taken to counter these negative phenomena. Methods. The thematic chronological research method proved to be relevant for the analysis and identification of the issues related to the preservation of social property in the farms of Bashkiria, as well as of measures taken by the authorities to stop the facts of misappropriation and mismanagement. The principles of objectivity and historicism applied to a concrete historical situation made it possible to draw a non-partisan picture of the period in question. Results. The research has shown that during the period under study criminal mismanagement in the region took place in many collective farms, accompanied by numerous thefts of socialist property and this happened despite measures taken by the authorities. These crimes were often committed by representatives of the economic nomenclature, who had unlimited access to resources. Conclusion. Between the late 1960s and mid-1980s, the thefts of socialist property and mismanagement events in the collective farms of Bashkiria acquired an intractable systemic character, fostering antisocial sentiments in the rural section and society at large.

scholarly journals Establishment of the Bolshevik Totalitarian Regime in Podillia at the End of the 1920s – at the Beginning of the 1930s: Causes, Technologies And Consequences (on the Example of the Melnykivtsi Village in the Vinnytsia Region)

2021 ◽  
pp. 56-68
Author(s):  
Oleh Melnychuk ◽  
◽  
Tetiana Melnychuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Main Argument ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
The Social ◽  
General Scientific ◽  
Mass Starvation ◽  
Short Time ◽  
The Village ◽  
Collective Farms

The purpose of the article, based on the analysis of sources, taking into account the microhistorical approach, to trace the process of final establishment of the Bolshevik totalitarian regime in the Podillia at the and of 1920s – at the beginning of the 1930s through analysis of causes, technologies and consequences. The methodology of the research is based on a combination of general scientific, special-historical and interdisciplinary methods of microhistorical research, taking into account the principles of historicism, systematics, scientificity and verification. The scientific novelty lies in the author's attempt, based on the analysis of a wide representative source base, from the standpoint of a specific microhistorical study, to analyze the process of planting the Bolshevik totalitarian regime in Podillia in the second military-communist assault. Conclusions. An analysis of various sources reflecting the process of planting the Bolshevik totalitarian regime in the village of Melnykivtsi in the Vinnytsia region suggests that the intensification of local authorities to socialize peasant farms in Podillya began in the spring of 1928. If at the beginning of the unification of peasants voluntarily, then with the party taking a course for continuous collectivization, in November 1929, forceful methods of involvement in collectives prevailed. Suppression of the resistance of wealthy peasants was proposed through the expropriation of their property and deportation outside their permanent residence. The response of the Podillia peasantry to the atrocities of the authorities was the intensification of open resistance, as a result of which in the spring of 1930th the Soviet authorities were even overthrown for a short time in some settlements of Podillya. The appearance of J. Stalin's article "Dizziness from Success" was perceived by some peasants as an outspoken criticism by the leader of the violent methods of the local authorities, so as a result of the so-called "bagpipes", by May 1930 almost 1/3 of all members of collective farms left the collectives. . During the second stage of continuous collectivization, which began in September 1930th, the main "argument" that was to persuade the peasants to join the collectives was tax pressure. Influence on the peasantry was carried out through the system of grain procurement. By setting unbearable norms for the delivery of bread for individual farms, the authorities thus forced them to join the collective farms. Forced collectivization, accompanied by the expropriation of wealthy peasants, unbearable grain procurement plans and the forced seizure of food supplies led to mass starvation of part of the Podolsk peasantry in the spring of 1932. As a result of the artificially planned Holodomor of 1932-1933th decreased by more than 1 million people. According to the authorities' plan, the genocide was to finally subdue the Ukrainian peasantry by starvation. By destroying the peasant owners, the Bolshevik government also deliberately and purposefully destroyed the social base of Ukrainian nationalism.

scholarly journals Deserters, Spies and Kumanists»: Some Episodes from the Peasants’ Everyday Life in Perm Province in the Second Half of 1919

TECHNOLOGOS ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 112-122
Author(s):  
Dolgova Anzhela
Keyword(s):  
Civil War ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Criminal Cases ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
The Village

The article is devoted to the history of the peasants’ everyday life in 1919. The basis is archival documents presenting four criminal cases: two murders, torture and malfeasance. Using comparative historical and typological methods the author showed how peasants from different districts of Perm province reacted to the events in the village. A causal analysis of the links between historical events made it possible to identify the general patterns of the considered social phenomena and processes among the peasantry. The history of everyday life is relevant to this day. It is impossible to study historical facts without addressing this topic. The peasantry constituted the majority of the country's population, and therefore was a kind of indicator of the ongoing internal political changes in the country. The life of the peasants in each region of the country had its own characteristics. It depended on the natural and climatic conditions, the standard of living, and the social composition of the population. The civil war showed that interference in the life of peasants could change their social appearance. The war imbalanced the life of the village for a long time, destroyed social ties, and led to senseless human casualties. The cited archival documents, in a way, are the episodes from peasants’ life in a certain period of time. As long as the author's goal was to convey the era of war the documents are given in the form in which they have survived to this day: with the preservation of spelling, punctuation and style. Due to the absence of editorial revision in them a picture of complex relationship in the village opens up the tragic events unfold with the forced participation of peasants. It becomes clear what the norm was for them and what was the main thing in their life - justice or legality. The peasants’ attitude towards life and death had been changed during the Civil War. Life lost its value, and death began to be perceived as something ordinary and inevitable.

Did the Soviet Union instruct Southeast Asian communists to revolt? New Russian evidence on the Calcutta Youth Conference of February 1948

2009 ◽  
Vol 40 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-469 ◽  
Author(s):  
Larisa Efimova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Central Committee ◽  
The Philippines ◽  
Southeast Asian ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
The Real ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Archival Documents

This article uses recently declassified archival documents from the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (of Bolsheviks) concerning the Calcutta Youth Conference of February 1948. This evidence contradicts speculation that ‘orders from Moscow’ were passed to Southeast Asian communists at this time, helping to spark the rebellions in Indonesia, Malaya, Burma and the Philippines later that year. Secret working papers now available to researchers show no signs that the Soviet leadership planned to call upon Asian communists to rise up against their national bourgeois governments at this point in time. This article outlines the real story behind Soviet involvement in events leading up to the Calcutta Youth Conference, showing both a desire to increase information and links, and yet also a degree of caution over the prospects of local parties.

scholarly journals The First Communes in Altai (1917-1927): Economic Activity and Government Support

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 198-221
Author(s):  
Evgeniya Demchik ◽  
Anastasiya Savitskaya
Keyword(s):  
State Policy ◽  
Church And State ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Government Support ◽  
Soviet Rule ◽  
Collective Farm ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Economic Motives ◽  
Guerrilla Movement

Authors analyzed the influence of state policy of the Soviet rule in 1917-1927 on the economy of communes in the Altai villages. The emergence of the first communes dates back to the end of 1917, but they were not registered. At various stages of state policy, there were many motivations for the formation of communes, but all of them can be reduced to the following: economic and non-economic motives. The creation of communes in Siberia in general and in the Altai region in particular had a number of peculiarities. Unlike the processes in the European part, where communes were created on the former landlords, allotments, church and state lands, in Altai this process took place on new uninhabited places. The mass guerrilla movement, together with a large number of refugees and displaced persons, intensified the processes of collective entities. Low degree of security of inventory and livestock of the communes (especially in the period of NEP), climatic conditions and other factors were the prerequisites to the disintegration of the Kommunar movement. The author stresses the dependence of communes from state policy of soviet leadership and concludes that the commune was a basis for further collective-farm construction of the 1930ies.

scholarly journals Soviet repressions against the clergy and believers of the Dnepropetrovsk region in 1939–1942

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 107
Author(s):  
Oleh Boiko
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Initial Period ◽  
Religious Groups ◽  
Soviet Leadership ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
Long Time ◽  
History Of ◽  
Historical Comparative ◽  
Further Development

The study is carried out in line with general problems of the history of state- church relations in the conditions of the Soviet totalitarian system. For a long time modern historiography did not pay proper attention to anti-religious politics in the USSR in 1939–1941, both at general and regional levels. Most scholars avoided themes related to repressive policy regarding worshipers in the years following the Great Terror, and some even noted the liberalization of the course of the Soviet leadership in the field of religion and church on the eve of the German-Soviet war, which began in June 1941. The purpose of the study is to highlight political repressions against the clergy and believers of various Christian denominations in Dnipropetrovsk region in 1939–1942. Research methods: problem-chronological, historical-genetic, historical-comparative, analysis, synthesis. The main results of the work. The process of preparation and further implementation of repressions of the clergy and active believers of various religious groups of Dnipropetrovsk region in 1939–1942 is highlighted. Dozens of convicted worshipers and “sectarians” are identified by name. Nature of accusations and peculiarities of imposed sentences are determined. The course of collective cases fabricated by the NKVD bodies against the Orthodox clergy is shown. Repressive measures of the authorities in the initial period of the German-Soviet war are analyzed. The continuity of the state anti-religious course and the use of terror until 1942 is proved. The originality of the work is in the use and analysis of numerous previously unknown archival documents which helped to disclose the formulated scientific problem. Practical value: despite the regional limitations of the study, the materials of the article are useful not only to local historians, but also to church historians for further development of the problems in the outlined chronological framework. Type of article: analytical.

scholarly journals Historical Episodes of the Repatriation of Former Citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire from the Volga Region and Siberia in the 1920s

2019 ◽  
pp. 148-161
Author(s):  
Berik Dulatov
Keyword(s):  
Personal Data ◽  
Prisoners Of War ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Family Status ◽  
Historical Sources ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Former Prisoners ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Government

Introduction. The subject of this study is the organization of the repatriation process of former prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian and German armies from the regions of Siberia and the Volga region. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of this work consists of such basic principles of scientific and historical knowledge as objectivity and historicism, systematic and specific presentation of the material, as well as the value approach used in scientific research. The historical sources are theoretical scientific works of European and Russian scientists concerning various aspects of the history of prisoners of war in Russia. Analysis. The author explores the issues related to the return to the historical homeland mainly of the Czechs and Slovaks, however, due to the peculiarities of the archival documents that have been preserved, there is information about Austrians, Germans, Hungarians and representatives of other nationalities. The author establishes some personal data of citizens of foreign countries who lived in the territory of Tsaritsyn and Tobolsk provinces in the early 1920s, who had the desire to go to their historic homeland. In addition, on the basis of circulars and orders of the relevant authorities (Plenbezh, evacuation services), the author analyzes how the process of sending home Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, etc. was organized. In addition, there is information about how the process of registration of foreign subjects of the near and far abroad took place. The author makes an attempt to provide informative data on the life and activities of former citizens of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, their ethnicity, family status, professional employment, circumstances of arrival in Russia, previous residence at home and the actual address of residence in the region. Results. The process of repatriation of former prisoners of war of the Austro-Hungarian and German empires was delayed until 1924. It should also be noted that a certain percentage of these citizens remained in the new Soviet state. The difficulty in the process of returning to their historic homeland was the general confusion caused by the war and the change of the government, poor registration of prisoners of war, as well as the interest of state bodies in using this category of people as labor force in country’s industrial and agricultural enterprises.

scholarly journals The Beginning of the Development of Oil Fields in Ural-Volga Region in 1930s—1940s

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (10) ◽  
pp. 323-336
Author(s):  
E. V. Bodrova ◽  
V. V. Kalinov ◽  
V. N. Krasivskaya
Keyword(s):  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Oil Production ◽  
Oil Fields ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Soviet Government ◽  
The North ◽  
Qualified Personnel ◽  
Archival Documents ◽  
The Government

The relevance of the study is determined by the significance of the accumulation of everything positive from the historical experience of implementing national projects, including the formation of the country’s oil and gas complex. On the basis of archival documents, issues related to the evolution of state policy in the field of searching for new oil fields in the Ural-Volga region on the eve and during the Great Patriotic War are considered. The novelty of the study is determined not only by the introduction of previously unpublished documents into scientific circulation, but also by an attempt to analyze the ongoing discussions about the prospects of this oil region, very contradictory decisions of the government in this regard. Attention is focused on such a miscalculation of the Soviet government in the pre-war period as a stake on the development of oil production, primarily in Azerbaijan and the North Caucasus. It has been proven that as a result, the oil workers of the Second Baku felt a lack of funds, equipment, and qualified personnel. It is concluded that as a result, only the first half of 1944 was marked by the largest event in the oil industry of our country: scientists confirmed the assumptions that there are multilayer oil fields in the area between the Volga and the Urals. The authors of the article argue that the discovery of new deposits was of strategic importance for the industrialization of the country, and later for the supply of oil products to the rear and front. It is emphasized that the development of the Devonian deposits of the Ural-Volga region, which began in 1944, became the basis for a sharp increase in oil production in this region.

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