scholarly journals Measurement and Calculation of SAR Due to 900 MHz Electromagnetic Waves

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fatemeh Seif ◽  
Milad Omidi ◽  
Mohamad Reza Bayatiani ◽  
Mahdi Ghorbani
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Specific Absorption Rate ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
The Brain

Purpose: The widespread use of mobile phones and Base Transceiver Stations (BTSs) has generated public concern about exposure to Electromagnetic (EM) waves. In this study, the electric field intensity and Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) in the emergency, general hospitalization, radiology, and laboratory departments of four hospitals in Arak (Iran) are reported. Materials and Methods: Electric field strength in the 900 MHz frequency band was obtained using a TES 592 radiometer. Then, SAR induced in the brain, skin, fat and bone tissues were calculated based on equations and the obtained values were compared with the thresholds recommended by the International Commissions. Results: The obtained results showed that the electric field’s mean value was 1.334 V/m which is almost 2.7% of the threshold introduced by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) and 2.6% of the threshold adopted by the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE). The highest SAR value was 1.6 W/kg for the skin, which is lower than the threshold values presented by ICNIRP (2 W/kg) and IEEE (1.6 W/kg). Conclusion: The findings of the present work show that for both quantities in Arak hospitals the SAR values are less than the thresholds announced by IEEE and ICNIRP committees. To deal with the concerns of the community that is generally caused by a lack of awareness, the executions of educational and public awareness programs are recommended.

scholarly journals Monitoring of BALB/C strain mice health, investigation of behavior, hematological parameters under the effect of an electromagnetic field

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (03) ◽  
pp. 6194-2019
Author(s):  
JUDITA ZYMANTIENE ◽  
RASA ZELVYTE ◽  
VIDA JUOZAITIENE ◽  
VAIDAS OBERAUSKAS ◽  
ALGIS NOREIKA ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Electromagnetic Waves ◽  
Histopathological Examination ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Behavior Characteristics ◽  
Brain Behavior ◽  
The Brain

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of electromagnetic fields on BALB/c strain mice on their health, body weight, behavior characteristics, hematological parameters and histopathological findings in the brain. The mice of the experimental groups were exposed to electromagnetic waves by using Nokia 230 and Samsung 19300 Galaxy S III mobile phones situated at 2 cm from the cages. In the present study, it can be concluded that the exposure of mice to mobile phone radiation had an effect on the structure of the brain, behavior and body weight. The waves of mobile phones increased activity characteristics and changed some behavioral categories of mice and also decreased their body weight. Histopathological examination revealed mild edema of neutrophils and degeneration of some neurons and glial cells in the brains of experimental mice. The results of the present study showed that a using mobile phone had an influence on in vivo systems.

scholarly journals Awareness of antibiotics use among Omani patients

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 12
Author(s):  
Hilal Alrahbi ◽  
Amna Al-Alawi ◽  
Nuha Al-Abri
Keyword(s):  
Public Awareness ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
Antibiotics Use ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
Cross Sectional Design ◽  
And Gender ◽  
To Receive

Objective: Antibiotics are considered crucial in preventing and treating many infectious diseases. However, antibiotics use causes major side effects and consequences. Raising public awareness about proper use of antibiotics contributes to improving understanding and preventing irreversible consequences. The aim of this study was to measure the level of awareness of antibiotics use among Omani patients, and to assess the relationship between level of awareness of antibiotics use and selected demographic variables.Methods: A cross-sectional design using a questionnaire, with a convenience sample of 354 patients was employed for this study.Results: The findings of this study indicated that most of the participants (63%) reported poor levels of awareness of antibiotics use. The mean value of level of awareness was 19.3 and the standard deviation was 3. Participants ranked doctors as the most (27%) to receive education from. There were significant relationship between levels of antibiotics awareness and gender [rpb (352) = -.126, p < .05]; levels of antibiotics awareness and employment [rpb (352) = -.149, p < .01]; levels of antibiotics awareness across age groups [F (3, 350) = 2.308, p = .049]; and across levels of education [F (3, 350) = 3.268, p = .014].Conclusions: Such findings are crucial because they form the basis for establishing awareness programs about antibiotics use which should be made accessible to patients and their families.

scholarly journals Survey on Different Samsung with Nokia Smart Mobile Phones in the Specific Absorption Rate Electrical Field of Head

2016 ◽  
Vol 8 (9) ◽  
pp. 251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yadolah Fakhri ◽  
Azim Alinejad ◽  
Hassan Kramatee ◽  
Abotaleb Bay ◽  
Moayed Awazpoor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Mobile Phone ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Specific Absorption Rate ◽  
Smart Phones ◽  
Measuring Device ◽  
Specific Absorption ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Smart Mobile

<p>The use of smart phones is increasing in the world. This excessive use, especially in the last two decades, has created too much concern on the effects of emitted electromagnetic fields and specific absorption rate on human health. In this descriptive-analytical study of the electric field resulting from smart phones of Samsung and Nokia by portable measuring device, electromagnetic field, Model HI-3603-VDT/VLF, were measured. Then, head absorption rate was calculated in these two mobiles by ICNIRP equation. Finally, the comparison of specific absorption rate, especially between Samsung and Nokia smart phones, was conducted by T-Test statistics analysis. The mean of electric field for Samsung and Nokia smart mobile phones was obtained 1.8 ±0.19 v/m  and 2.23±0.39 v/m , respectively, while the range of the electric field was obtained as 1.56-2.21 v/m and 1.69-2.89 v/m for them, respectively. The mean of specific absorption rate in Samsung and Nokia was obtained 0.002 ± 0.0005 W/Kg and 0.0041±0.0013 W/Kg at the frequency of 900 MHz and 0.004±0.001 W/Kg and 0.0062±0.0002 W/Kg at the frequency of 1800 MHz respectively. The ratio of mean electronic field to guidance in the Samsung mobile phone at the frequency of 900 MHz and 1800 MHz was 4.36% and 3.34%, while was 5.62% and 4.31% in the Nokia mobile phone, respectively. The ratio of mean head specific absorption rate in smart mobile phones of Samsung and Nokia in the guidance level at the frequency of 900 was 0.15% and 0.25%, respectively, while was 0.23 %and 0.38% at the frequency of 1800 MHz, respectively. The rate of specific absorption of Nokia smart  mobile phones at the frequencies of 900 and 1800 MHz  was significantly higher than Samsung (p value &lt;0.05). Hence, we can say that in a fixed period, health risks of Nokia smart phones is higher than Samsung smart mobile phone.</p>

Evaluating the readiness of mobile technology in Saudi Arabia: An Integrative Perspective with respect to e-health (Preprint)

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fahad Alanezi
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Health System ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Personal Data ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Health Apps ◽  
History Of ◽  
Vision 2030 ◽  
Awareness Programs

UNSTRUCTURED E-health system is emerging and providing health services and solutions through different electronic gadgets. Saudi Arabia has launched a program called Saudi Arabia vision 2030, in which providing state-of-the-art health facilities to their citizen is of topmost priority. After all the efforts, the residents of Saudi Arabia are still reluctant for the adaptation of e-health system. The current study was conducted to evaluate the obstacle in adoption of the e-health system through the mobile phones. The current study was cross-sectional survey and was conducted by developing a self-administered structured questionnaire asking the utilization of mobile phone in state of health emergency prior to ask any medical history. Majority of the participants was married and doing jobs in different firms and have their personal mobile phones (p = 0.100, > 0.05) which indicates easily access to the e-health apps. The majority of the participants suffers from either obesity or high blood pressure (p = 0.018, < 0.05) regardless of either history of mental disorder or other family history of mental diseases. The pattern of diseases with mental disorders correlate well with adoption of e-health in government policies. The obstacles in adopting e-health includes fear of the loss of personal data and information (p = 0.0401, < 0.05). Moreover, they did not trust on online medications as the doctor cannot prescribe medicines without seeing physical health of the patient. The current study concluded that by making improvement in policies and proper commercializing the e-health apps together with awareness programs can boast the adoption of e-health in Saudi Arabia.

Growing Inequality and Public Awareness of Inequality in the States

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
William W. Franko ◽  
Christopher Witko
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Public Concern ◽  
The Public ◽  
Political Conditions ◽  
Perceptions Of Inequality ◽  
Public Opinion Polls ◽  
Opinion Polls

Here the authors present the variation that exists in income inequality across the states, and variation in public awareness or concern about income inequality as measured by public opinion polls. Though politicians may decide to tackle income inequality even in the absence of public concern about inequality, the authors argue that government responses are more likely when and where there is a growing awareness of, and concern about, inequality, which is confirmed in the analyses in this book. To examine this question in subsequent chapters, a novel measure of public awareness of rising state inequality is developed. Using these estimates, this chapter shows that the growth in the public concern about inequality responds in part to objective increases in inequality, but also that state political conditions, particularly mass partisanship, shape perceptions of inequality.

scholarly journals A novel approach for nitrogen diagnosis of wheat canopies digital images by mobile phones based on histogram

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Qi ◽  
Yanan Zhao ◽  
Yufang Huang ◽  
Yang Wang ◽  
Wei Qin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Network ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Wheat Cultivars ◽  
N Content ◽  
Color Parameters ◽  
The Neural Network ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Leaf N Content ◽  
Leaf N

AbstractThe accurate and nondestructive assessment of leaf nitrogen (N) is very important for N management in winter wheat fields. Mobile phones are now being used as an additional N diagnostic tool. To overcome the drawbacks of traditional digital camera diagnostic methods, a histogram-based method was proposed and compared with the traditional methods. Here, the field N level of six different wheat cultivars was assessed to obtain canopy images, leaf N content, and yield. The stability and accuracy of the index histogram and index mean value of the canopy images in different wheat cultivars were compared based on their correlation with leaf N and yield, following which the best diagnosis and prediction model was selected using the neural network model. The results showed that N application significantly affected the leaf N content and yield of wheat, as well as the hue of the canopy images and plant coverage. Compared with the mean value of the canopy image color parameters, the histogram could reflect both the crop coverage and the overall color information. The histogram thus had a high linear correlation with leaf N content and yield and a relatively stable correlation across different growth stages. Peak b of the histogram changed with the increase in leaf N content during the reviving stage of wheat. The histogram of the canopy image color parameters had a good correlation with leaf N content and yield. Through the neural network training and estimation model, the root mean square error (RMSE) and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) of the estimated and measured values of leaf N content and yield were smaller for the index histogram (0.465, 9.65%, and 465.12, 5.5% respectively) than the index mean value of the canopy images (0.526, 12.53% and 593.52, 7.83% respectively), suggesting a good fit for the index histogram image color and robustness in estimating N content and yield. Hence, the use of the histogram model with a smartphone has great potential application in N diagnosis and prediction for wheat and other cereal crops.

scholarly journals The Perceived Importance of Cybercrime Control among Police Officers: Implications for Combatting Industrial Espionage

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 4351
Author(s):  
Seung-Yeop Paek ◽  
Mahesh K. Nalla ◽  
Yong-Tae Chun ◽  
Julak Lee
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Public Awareness ◽  
Law Enforcement Officers ◽  
World Market ◽  
Convenience Sample ◽  
South Korean ◽  
Computer Proficiency ◽  
Industrial Espionage ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
Korean Police Officers

The current research explored the predictors of how police officers perceived the importance of combatting cybercrime. This is an era in which industrial security is threatened by perpetrators who use advanced techniques to steal information online. Understanding how law enforcement officers view the control of cybercrimes, especially those that steal confidential business information, can inform industrial espionage prevention and help maintain a nation’s industrial competitiveness in the world market. We surveyed a convenience sample of South Korean police officers attending training at the Police Human Resources Development Institute (PHRDI) using a paper-and-pencil questionnaire. The results indicated that the officers’ perceptions of colleagues’ and organizational views on cybercrime control significantly impacted their attitudes. Additionally, officers’ perceptions of the seriousness of online theft (in this paper, we use the terms online theft and property cybercrime interchangeably) and their computer proficiency were also found to affect their views on the importance of combatting cybercrimes. We conclude by suggesting that the police take a proactive organizational approach to prevent and respond to online property crimes through education and public awareness programs, which could positively impact the prevention of industrial espionage.

scholarly journals Clarifications on the Behavior of Alternative Gases to SF6 in Divergent Electric Field Distributions under AC Voltage

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 1065
Author(s):  
Houssem Eddine Nechmi ◽  
Michail Michelarakis ◽  
Abderrahmane (Manu) Haddad ◽  
Gordon Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Electric Field ◽  
Electric Fields ◽  
Partial Discharge ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Electrode System ◽  
Polarity Reversal ◽  
Buffer Gas ◽  
Co2 Gas ◽  
Breakdown Mechanism ◽  
Positive Cycle

Negative and positive partial discharge inception voltages and breakdown measurements are reported in a needle-plane electrode system as a function of pressure under AC voltage for natural gases (N2, CO2, and O2/CO2), pure NovecTM gases (C4F7N and C5F10O) and NovecTM in different natural gas admixtures. For compressed 4% C4F7N–96% CO2 and 6% C5F10O–12% O2–82% CO2 gas mixtures, the positive-streamer mode is identified as the breakdown mechanism. Breakdown and negative partial discharge inception voltages of 6% C5F10O–12% O2–82% CO2 are higher than those of 4% C4F7N–96% CO2. At 8.8 bar abs, the breakdown voltage of 6% C5F10O–12% O2–82% CO2 is equal to that of 12.77% O2–87.23% CO2 (buffer gas). Synergism in negative partial discharge inception voltage/electric field fits with the mean value and the sum of each partial pressure individually component for a 20% C4F7N–80% CO2 and 6% C5F10O–12% O2–82% CO2, respectively. In 9% C4F7N–91% CO2, the comparison of partial discharge inception electric fields is Emax (CO2) = Emax(C4F7N), and Emax (12.77% O2–87.23% CO2) = Emax(C5F10O) in 19% C5F10O–81%(12.77% O2–87.23% CO2). Polarity reversal occurs under AC voltage when the breakdown polarity changes from negative to positive cycle. Polarity reversal electric field EPR was quantified. Fitting results show that EPR (CO2) = EPR(9% C4F7N–91% CO2) and EPR(SF6) = EPR (22% C4F7N–78% CO2). EPR (4% C4F7N–96% CO2) = EPR (12.77% O2–87.23% CO2) and EPR (6% C5F10O–12% O2–82% CO2) < EPR (4% C4F7N–96% CO2) < EPR (CO2).

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