Mineral Concentrates As a Factor of the Khibiny Apatite-Nepheline Ores Efficiency Improvement

Apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny deposits contain the largest phosphorus-bearing resources in the world, and, at the same time, they contain associated valuable components in the rock-forming minerals — apatite, nepheline, sphene and titanium magnetite. Intensive development of the Khibiny deposits with production of only apatite concentrate and a small part of nepheline concentrate resulted in the accumulation of over 1.0 billion tons of wastes in tailing storage facilities and dumps during 90 years of JSC Apatit operation. The possibility of increasing the efficiency of the use of the main concentrates of apatite-nepheline ores of the Khibiny deposits and wastes for their processing is considered through the use of technological developments of the FRC KSC RAS, JSC RIFI and JSC Apatit to obtain traditional and new target products. A fundamentally new approach to the problem of sustainable use of natural resources is focused on establishment of the whole production chain in the region, from mining and processing operations to manufacturers of final high technology products (rare-earth products, welding and construction materials, coloring agents and other materials). They also determine the level of industrial technical progress. Keywords: Khibiny apatite-nepheline ores, mineral raw materials, extraction and processing, new materials

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Problems and prospects of usage of secondary products of processing of natural phosphates for construction materials

10.35688/2413-8452-2016-04-004 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 4 ◽

pp. 21-29

Author(s):

Ilin A.P. ◽

Kochetkov S.P. ◽

Bryl S.V. ◽

Rukhlin G.V.

Keyword(s):

Building Materials ◽

Classical Method ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Road Construction ◽

Total Output ◽

Secondary Products ◽

Apatite Concentrate ◽

Technogenic Raw Materials ◽

Phosphogypsum Waste

In the article the problems and prospects of using of secondary products of processing of natural phosphates for obtaining building materials. This technology for production of complex fertilizers is carried out on a Chemical enterprises in Russia: Veliky Novgorod, Dorogouge and Kirovo-Chepetsk. It is noted that from 1 ton of P2O5 of apatite it is produced of CaCO3 about 80 kg. Total output of manmade chalk if you use apatite concentrate represented 896 thousand ton and does not solve the problem of the shortfall of cement in Russia technogenic raw materials, in addition, all obtained in this process, liquid wastes and solid by-products are utilized within these companies without reference to the construction industry. To use the maximum amount of phosphogypsum waste produced by the best Perera-motivate on the spot in sulphuric acid, the who-rotated in the manufacturing associated with obtaining cement, sinter for road construction or lime (depending on the needs of the market). According to classical method on 1 ton of 100% sulfuric acid and 1 ton port lancement spent 2.05 ton hosphogypsum (in terms of dry dihydrate).

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Bamboo Waste-based Bio-composite Substance: An application for Low-cost Construction Materials

SPECTA Journal of Technology ◽

10.35718/specta.v4i1.162 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 41-48

Author(s):

Teodoro Astorga Amatosa ◽

Michael E. Loretero

Keyword(s):

Composite Materials ◽

Sea Water ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Low Cost ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Single Layer ◽

High Strength ◽

Green Technology ◽

Experimental Medium ◽

Natural Treatment

Bamboo is a lightweight and high-strength raw materials that encouraged researchers to investigate and explore, especially in the field of biocomposite and declared as one of the green-technology on the environment as fully accountable as eco-products. This research was to assess the technical feasibility of making single-layer experimental Medium-Density Particleboard panels from the bamboo waste of a three-year-old (Dendrocalamus asper). Waste materials were performed to produce composite materials using epoxy resin (C21H25C105) from a natural treatment by soaking with an average of pH 7.6 level of sea-water. Three different types of MDP produced, i.e., bamboo waste strip MDP (SMDP), bamboo waste chips MDP (CMDP) and bamboo waste mixed strip-chips MDP (MMDP) by following the same process. The experimental panels tested for their physical-mechanical properties according to the procedures defined by ASTM D1037-12. Conclusively, even the present study shows properties of MDP with higher and comparable to other composite materials; further research must be given better attention as potential substitute to be used as hardwood materials, especially in the production, design, and construction usage.

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Eco-Compatible Construction Materials Containing Ceramic Sludge and Packaging Glass Cullet

Applied Sciences ◽

10.3390/app11083545 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (8) ◽

pp. 3545

Author(s):

Fernanda Andreola ◽

Isabella Lancellotti ◽

Paolo Pozzi ◽

Luisa Barbieri

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Treatment Plant ◽

Glass Ceramics ◽

Chemical Properties ◽

Linear Shrinkage ◽

Glass Cullet ◽

Commercial Glass ◽

Packaging Glass ◽

And Chemical Properties

This research reports results of eco-compatible building material obtained without natural raw materials. A mixture of sludge from a ceramic wastewater treatment plant and glass cullet from the urban collection was used to obtain high sintered products suitable to be used as covering floor/wall tiles in buildings. The fired samples were tested by water absorption, linear shrinkage, apparent density, and mechanical and chemical properties. Satisfactory results were achieved from densification properties and SEM/XRD analyses showed a compact polycrystalline microstructure with albite and wollastonite embedded in the glassy phase, similar to other commercial glass-ceramics. Besides, the products were obtained with a reduction of 200 °C with respect to the firing temperatures of commercial ones. Additionally, the realized materials were undergone to leaching test following Italian regulation to evaluate the mobility of hazardous ions present into the sludge. The data obtained verified that after thermal treatment the heavy metals were immobilized into the ceramic matrix without further environmental impact for the product use. The results of the research confirm that this valorization of matter using only residues produces glass ceramics high sintered suitable to be used as tile with technological properties similar or higher than commercial ones.

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Preparation of Alternative Hydraulic Binder Based on Secondary Raw Materials

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1000.12 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 1000 ◽

pp. 12-15

Author(s):

Jiří Švec ◽

Tomáš Opravil ◽

Jiří Másilko

Keyword(s):

Portland Cement ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

High Volume ◽

Point Of View ◽

Hydraulic Lime ◽

Combustion Gases ◽

Secondary Raw Materials ◽

Hydraulic Binder ◽

Massive Scale

Reusing and recycling of secondary raw materials from high-volume industrial productions (especially form construction materials and binders fabrications) is very important way of conserving environment and it is also interesting from the economical point of view. The production of common hydraulic binders, especially Portland cement, burdens the environment with considerable amount of combustion gases and consumes energy in massive scale. Alternative (low – energy) binder can be used as Portland cement substitution in applications with lower mechanical properties requirements. Mined limestone wash sediments contain large amount of clay components, but there is also indispensable share of fine calcite. This composition makes these sediments a promising material for the preparation of hydraulic binders as Roman cement or hydraulic lime.

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New Approach in Research of Quartzes and Quartzites for Ferroalloys and Silicon Production

Metals ◽

10.3390/met11040670 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 670

Author(s):

Jaroslav Legemza ◽

Róbert Findorák ◽

Branislav Buľko ◽

Jaroslav Briančin

Keyword(s):

Raw Materials ◽

Electricity Consumption ◽

Process Conditions ◽

Material Research ◽

New Approach ◽

Pure Silicon ◽

Metallurgical Properties ◽

Similar Chemical ◽

The Individual ◽

Individual Grains

This article deals with material research of selected types of quartz and quartzites in order to determine the priority of their use in the production of ferrosilicon and pure silicon, respectively. The highest quality quartzes and quartzites are commonly used in metallurgy, but not all types of these silicon raw materials are suitable for the production of ferrosilicon and pure silicon, despite their similar chemical composition. Behavior differences can be observed in the process conditions of heating and carbothermic production of ferrosilicon and silicon. These differences depend, in particular, on the nature and content of impurities, and the granularity (lumpiness) and microstructure of individual grains. The research focused primarily on determining the physicochemical and metallurgical properties of silicon raw materials. An integral part of the research was also the creation of a new methodology for determining the reducibility of quartzes (or quartzites), which could be used for real industrial processes and should be very reliable. The results of the laboratory experiments and evaluation of the physicochemical and metallurgical properties of the individual quartzes (or quartzites) are presented in the discussion. Based on comparison of the tested samples’ properties, their priority of use was determined. This research revealed the highest quality in quartzite from Sweden (Dalbo deposit) and Ukraine (Ovruč deposit) and quartz from Slovakia (Švedlár deposit). The use of these raw materials in industrial conditions is expected to result in the achievement of better production parameters, such as higher yield and product quality and lower electricity consumption.

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Preparation of Rutile Crystalline Glaze

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.105-106.778 ◽

2010 ◽

Vol 105-106 ◽

pp. 778-781

Author(s):

Yin Feng Xia ◽

Zhao Hui Huang ◽

Jia Zheng Yuan ◽

Lin Jun Wang ◽

Jie Hua Xie

Keyword(s):

Phase Composition ◽

Crystallization Process ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Flower Morphology ◽

Processing Conditions ◽

Single Track ◽

Spontaneous Growth ◽

Microscopy Analysis ◽

Coloring Agents ◽

Aesthetic Values

Crystalline glaze is a kind of art glaze with excellent decorative performance, the existing crystalline glaze mainly willemite crystalline glaze, systems on a single track. In this paper, the use of crystalline glaze raw materials for glass, ZnO and coke gemstones, CuO as coloring agents, using ortho- gonal to determine the formula, this paper researched that added TiO2 to the willemite crystalline glaze crystal phase composition as well as the amount of TiO2 and processing conditions on the preparation of crystalline glaze crystal flower morphology impact. The results show that under the conditions of 1250°C melting 1130°C crystallization process crystal spontaneous growth in crystalline glaze can be able to cover the entire glazed, shape of crystals was feathered, cross growth, the number of crystal increased with crystallization temperature, glaze was smooth and shiny sense. XRD and optical microscopy analysis showed that the precipitation of crystals was the long column of rutile, crystal distributed equality, under a polarizing microscope in purple, green and black, with strong aesthetic values.

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Use of Industrial Waste for the Optimization of Ceramic Construction Materials

KnE Engineering ◽

10.18502/keg.v5i4.6793 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Carlos Galhano ◽

Pedro Lamas ◽

Diogo Seixas

Keyword(s):

Industrial Waste ◽

Mechanical Characteristics ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Bottom Ash ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Fine Fraction ◽

Mineral Resources ◽

Ceramic Materials ◽

High Production Rate ◽

Marble Powder

The massive growth of the ceramic industry and the consequent demand for construction materials worldwide has motivated the search for alternative solutions aimed at reducing the use of mineral / natural resources as the main source of raw materials. One of the strategies frequently adopted by the scientific community is the reuse of industrial waste. It is beneficial not only to reduce the overexploitation of mineral resources but also to reduce the environmental, economic and social impacts resulting from their incorrect disposal/treatment and consequent deposition on land unsuitable or that purpose. Duetoconsiderationssuchasphysico-mechanical characteristics and the high production rate, two different types of industrial waste were selected for this work, ashes resulting from the burning of coal in thermoelectric power plant, commonly known as bottom ash (B), and the Marble Powder (MP). It was intended to test the technological feasibility of the manufacture of ceramic materials produced from clay mixtures containing these two residues. For this purpose, the fine fraction(<63μm)obtained from the sieving of the marbleresidue(MR)and slag(Bf)was used,aswellasacoarsergrainslagfractionrangingfrom63-125μm(Bg). The resulting test samples were subjected to a firing of 950 °C under an oxidizing atmosphere, following a primary drying process. Faced with the standard values, the new ceramic materials obtained from MP have seen their mechanical and porous characteristics decrease and increase, respectively. Atthesametime,althoughtheadditionofBinno way influenced the mechanical characteristics,a significant improvement the porous characteristic was observed. The incorporation of these residues produced a color very close to the original sample material. Keywords: industrial waste, ceramic, construction materials, bottom ash, Marble Powder

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A produção de vôngole e seu potencial para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos a base de pescado

Revista Verde de Agroecologia e Desenvolvimento Sustentável ◽

10.18378/rvads.v10i5.3374 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 10 (5) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Mayla Monique dos Santos Leite ◽

Gesilene Mendonça Oliveira

Keyword(s):

Human Population ◽

Protein Production ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Animal Protein ◽

Product Diversification ◽

Center Line ◽

Production Chain ◽

Biological Value ◽

The World ◽

Fishing Resources

A dificuldade em suprir a demanda de proteína de origem animal de excelente valor biológico para a população humana é uma das maiores preocupações do nosso século. De acordo com a FAO, a atividade pesqueira (pesca extrativa e aquicultura), será uma das principais atividades responsáveis pela segurança alimentar do planeta, com previsões de produção de proteína de origem animal para a próxima década maior do que o setor de animais de abate (carnes bovinas, suínas e aves). A utilização de recursos pesqueiros subutilizados com potencial para explotação poderá assegurar a manutenção da oferta primária de matéria prima no mercado interno local e/ou regional, e inibir oscilação de preços, como a prática da mariscagem. Neste contexto, o presente artigo de revisão tem por objetivo evidenciar o potencial da Anomalocardia brasiliana para explotação e processamento contribuindo para o fortalecimento desta cadeia produtiva no segmento artesanal e diversificação de produtos no mercado brasileiro.The production of clams and its potential for development of new products based on fish Abstract: The difficulty in supplying the animal protein demand of great biological value for the human population is a major concern of our century. According to the FAO, the fishery (extractive fishing and aquaculture), will be one of the main activities responsible for food safety in the world, with animal protein production forecasts for the next decade longer than the slaughter of animals sector (beef, pork and poultry). The use of fishing resources with underutilized potential for exploitation can ensure the maintenance of primary supply of raw materials on-site domestic and / or regional, and inhibit movement of prices, as the practice of shellfish. In this context, the present review aims to highlight the potential of Anomalocardia brasiliana to exploitation and processing contributing to the strengthening of this production chain in the craft segment and product diversification in the Brazilian market.

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Bio-based construction materials for a sustainable future

IABSE Congress, New York, New York 2019: The Evolving Metropolis ◽

10.2749/newyork.2019.0859 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Rijk Block ◽

Barbara Kuit ◽

Torsten Schröder ◽

Patrick Teuffel

Keyword(s):

Construction Industry ◽

Structural Engineering ◽

Building Materials ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Construction Materials ◽

Flax Fibres ◽

The Past ◽

Natural Building ◽

Paris Climate Agreement ◽

Primary Materials

The structural engineering community has a strong responsibility to contribute to a more efficient use of natural resources. Nowadays the construction industry is by far the most resource intense industry sector, approximately 40-50% of all primary raw materials are used, which raises the question about the architects and engineer’s accountability. In this context and as a result of the Paris Climate agreement the Dutch government defined the program “Nederland Circulair in 2050”, which states the ambition to use 50% less primary materials in 2030 and to have a full circular economy in 2050.One possible approach to achieve these ambitious goals is the application of renewable, bio-based materials in the built environment and to replace traditional, typically cement-based, materials. Already in the past natural building materials, such as timber and bamboo have been used widely, but in recent years new materials came up and provide new opportunities to be used in the construction industry. The authors explored various alternatives, such as hemp and flax fibres, mycelium and lignin-based fibres for composite materials, which will be described with various experimental and realised case studies.

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Microbial quality of linseed and fibre hemp plants during growing and harvest seasons

Agricultural and Food Science ◽

10.2137/1239099043633369 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 13 (4) ◽

pp. 327 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

M. KOIVULA ◽

H-R. KYMÄLÄINEN ◽

L. VANNE

Keyword(s):

Cannabis Sativa ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Microbiological Quality ◽

Growing Season ◽

Plate Count ◽

Production Chain ◽

Growing Seasons ◽

Linum Usitatissimum L ◽

Microbiological Analyses

Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and fi bre hemp (Cannabis sativa L.) can be used as raw materials in various applications. In this study, microbiological quality and meteorological measurements were made during the growing seasons and harvesting periods of 2001 and 2002. The microbiological analyses were carried out with Hygicult® TPC and Y&F dipslides, and with a surface spreading method using Plate Count and Potato Dextrose agars. During the growing season of 2001 the conditions were mostly humid, whereas the growing season of 2002 was rather dry and warmer than that of 2001. The lack of water during the growing season of 2002 affected the growth of the plants. In the case of both hemp and fl ax, the mould and bacterial contents (cfu gdw-1) increased markedly at the end of the growing season of 2001. During the growing season of 2002 the increase in mould and bacterial contents was noticeable but more constant throughout the whole growing season. At the end of the growing seasons, the mould and bacteria contents were higher in 2001 than in 2002. The genera of moulds identifi ed included Cladosporium, Fusarium, Penicillium, Mucor and Alternaria. The microbiological safety should be controlled during the whole production chain, beginning with the cultivation and harvesting periods.;

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