scholarly journals Student-centredness in urban schools in China

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaobing Tang ◽  
Bob Adamson
Keyword(s):  
Urban Schools ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Secondary Classrooms ◽  
Access To Resources ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
English Curriculum ◽  
Trained Teachers

This study investigates how teachers understand and implement the emphasis on studentcentredness in the new English curriculum in secondary classrooms in urban areas of China and the factors affecting implementation. It focuses on whether the advantages (greater access to resources, better trained teachers, and so on) of the urban context make implementation easier than in rural areas. Data from lesson observations and reflective statements by teachers in urban schools show that their understanding of the notion of student-centredness is superficial and that the well-resourced urban schools find reform as challenging as rural schools.

Principal’s Administrative Effectiveness with respect to their Institutional Academic Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (02) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Lal Arya ◽  
Rajkumari Singh
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Public Schools ◽  
Urban Schools ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Government ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Administrative Effectiveness ◽  
Selection Of

This research paper is a description of the Principal’s Administrative Effectiveness and his Institutional Academic Performance in the important salient aspect of School Administration and Management. The study under this division: Urban Government, Rural Government, Urban Public and Rural Public. This division is done to keep proper representation of schools from all areas whether Government or Public schools, Urban or Rural areas. It has been decided to select the final sample consists of 27 principals and 154 teachers and 8803 students. The prepared lists are useful for other categories such as Government and Public schools, urban and rural schools. Under all these categories 14 Government and 13 Public schools, 15 Urban and 12 rural schools were selected from U.P. Board and C.B.S.E. The selection of the schools indicates the selection of principals and academic performance of that school. To get data on Principal’s Administrative Effectiveness, “Administrative Effectiveness Scale” was administered on teachers of that school. All students of X and IIX classes were selected from 27 secondary and senior secondary schools for getting scores on ‘Institutional Academic Performance’. The paper finally recommended that that schools those are located in urban areas show high academic performance and rural schools keep low academic performance. The academic standards of urban schools are high then that of rural schools. It is regarded by this finding that students those are studying in urban schools perform better academic level. The students of rural schools show low academic performances.

scholarly journals Indoor bacterial, fungal and viral species and functional genes in urban and rural schools in Shanxi Province, China–association with asthma, rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis in high school students

Microbiome ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xi Fu ◽  
Zheyuan Ou ◽  
Mei Zhang ◽  
Yi Meng ◽  
Yanling Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Schools ◽  
Health Effects ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Shanxi Province ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Indoor Microbiome ◽  
Urban Rural

Abstract Background Studies in developed countries have reported that the prevalence of asthma and rhinitis is higher in urban areas than in rural areas, and this phenomenon is associated with urbanization and changing indoor microbiome exposure. Developing countries such as China have experienced rapid urbanization in past years, but no study has investigated microbiome exposure and urban-rural health effects in these countries. Methods Nine high schools from urban and rural areas were randomly selected in Shanxi Province, China, and classroom vacuum dust was collected for shotgun metagenomic sequencing. A self-administered questionnaire was collected from 1332 students for personal information and health data. Three-level logistic regression was performed between microbial richness/abundance/functional pathways and the occurrence of asthma and rhinitis symptoms. Results Consistent with developed countries, the prevalence of wheeze and rhinitis was higher in urban areas than in rural areas (p < 0.05). Metagenomic profiling revealed 8302 bacterial, 395 archaeal, 744 fungal, 524 protist and 1103 viral species in classroom dust. Actinobacteria (mean relative abundance 49.7%), Gammaproteobacteria (18.4%) and Alphaproteobacteria (10.0%) were the most abundant bacterial classes. The overall microbiome composition was significantly different between urban and rural schools (p = 0.001, Adonis). Species from Betaproteobactera, Gammaproteobacteria and Bacilli were enriched in urban schools, and species from Actinobacteria and Cyanobacteria were enriched in rural schools. Potential pathogens were present in higher abundance in urban schools than in rural schools (p < 0.05). Pseudoalteromonas, Neospora caninum and Microbacterium foliorum were positively associated with the occurrence of wheeze, rhinitis and rhinoconjunctivitis, and Brachybacterium was protectively (negatively) associated with rhinitis (p < 0.01). The abundance of human endocrine and metabolic disease pathways was positively associated with rhinitis (p = 0.008), and butyrate and propionate metabolic genes and pathways were significantly enriched in rural schools (p < 0.005), in line with previous findings that these short-chain fatty acids protect against inflammatory diseases in the human gut. Conclusions We conducted the first indoor microbiome survey in urban/rural environments with shotgun metagenomics, and the results revealed high-resolution microbial taxonomic and functional profiling and potential health effects.

Evaluation of access to electricity and the socioeconomic effects in rural and urban expanses of Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Toluwalope Ogunro ◽  
Luqman Afolabi
Keyword(s):  
Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
National Development ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Government ◽  
Electricity Access

PurposeRecently, multidimensional aspects of poverty has been increasingly focused on which includes education, economy and health, while access to modern energy such as stable electricity is also one of the possible solution; thus, this article aims to divulge the relation between access to electricity and progression in socioeconomic status in urban and rural areas of Nigeria in an attempt to propose a sustainable framework for access to electricity.Design/methodology/approachDemographic and health survey data are collected using four categories of model of questionnaires. A standard questionnaire was designed to gather information on features of the household's dwelling element and attributes of visitors and usual residents between the 2018 period. Biomarker questionnaire was used to gather biomarker data on men, women and children. Logistic model estimation technique was employed to estimate the socioeconomic factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria.FindingsThese studies discovered that there are diverse set of factors affecting access to electricity in Nigeria especially in the rural areas. However, respondent residing in rural areas are still largely deprived access to electricity; most importantly, households with no access to electricity are more likely to use self-generating sets as revealed. Additionally, empirical findings indicated that the higher the level of your education and wealth, the higher the likelihood of having access to electricity in Nigeria. These factors included political will to connect the rural areas to the national grid, development of other infrastructures in those deprived areas and others.Practical implicationsThe problem confronting access to electricity in Nigeria has three components. The first is the significance of those deprived access to electricity in the rural areas and the physical resources needed to connect them to the national grid. The second is the political willingness of the government to have equitable distribution of public goods evenly between rural and urban areas especially on electricity access which will go a long way in reducing poverty in Nigeria. The third is lack of robust national development plans and strategy to tackle the problems facing electricity access in Nigeria.Social implicationsAs the rate of socioeconomic status/development increases, access to electricity is anticipated to rise up in Nigeria.Originality/valueThe findings can be used by the policy makers to address problems facing access to electricity in Nigeria.

scholarly journals What is known about the role of rural-urban residency in relation to self-management in people affected by cancer who have completed primary treatment? A scoping review

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
David Nelson ◽  
Ian McGonagle ◽  
Christine Jackson ◽  
Ros Kane
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Primary Treatment ◽  
Self Management ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Usa

Abstract Purpose Despite wide acknowledgement of differences in levels of support and health outcomes between urban and rural areas, there is a lack of research that explicitly examines these differences in relation to self-management in people affected by cancer following treatment. This scoping review aimed to map the existing literature that examines self-management in people affected by cancer who were post-treatment from rural and urban areas. Methods Arksey and O’Malley’s framework for conducting a scoping review was utilised. Keyword searches were performed in the following: Academic Search Complete, CINAHL, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, Scopus and Web of Science. Supplementary searching activities were also conducted. Results A total of 438 articles were initially retrieved and 249 duplicates removed leaving 192 articles that were screened by title, abstract and full text. Nine met the eligibility criteria and were included in the review. They were published from 2011 to 2018 and conducted in the USA (n = 6), Australia (n = 2) and Canada (n = 1). None of the studies offered insight into self-managing cancer within a rural-urban context in the UK. Studies used qualitative (n = 4), mixed methods (n = 4) and quantitative designs (n = 1). Conclusion If rural and urban populations define their health in different ways as some of the extant literature suggests, then efforts to support self-management in both populations will need to be better informed by robust evidence given the increasing focus on patient-centred care. It is important to consider if residency can be a predictor of as well as a barrier or facilitator to self-management.

Demographic and socioeconomic factors affecting infant mortality in Egypt

1990 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hassan Y. Aly
Keyword(s):  
Infant Mortality ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Reduce Infant Mortality ◽  
Nationally Representative

SummaryThis paper analyses the relative importance of demographic and socioeconomic factors with respect to their role in reducing infant mortality in Egypt.Logit analyses of data from a nationally representative sample of Egyptian households, and for urban and rural households separately, indicate that demographic factors have more effect on infant mortality than socioeconomic factors. The results also show the need to improve housing in urban areas and sewerage systems in rural areas in order to reduce infant mortality. One of the most important policy conclusions, however, concerns the importance of providing a vigorous educational campaign to enlighten mothers and prospective mothers in both rural and urban areas on the positive effects of breast-feeding, longer birth intervals, and fewer children on the survival of infants.

Factors affecting fear of crime: a study of elderly in a district of Uttar Pradesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 217-227
Author(s):  
Avanish Bhai Patel
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fear Of Crime ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Indian Society ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban

Purpose Fear of crime is an emerging social problem in Indian society that has a significant impact on the quality of life of the elderly. In the view of this fact, the purpose of this paper is to examine the factors such as (prior victimisation, vulnerability and incivility) which contribute their role in bringing fear of crime among the elderly. Design/methodology/approach Mixed method approach has been applied in this paper. This study has been designed as an exploratory lead-in to a planned wider study into rural–urban context as possible factors in shaping the victimisation experience. The study has been conducted from October 2012 to January 2013 on a sample of 220 elderly living in both rural and urban areas of Lucknow in the state of Uttar Pradesh, India. Findings The study found that elderly have been victimised by known persons as compared to unknown persons. Further, the study found that immediate neighbourhood was swarming with loiters, unruly teenagers, gangs, beggars and alcoholic people walk in the society which have significantly impact on the elderly and give threat in neighbourhood. Originality/value This is an original work of researcher.

scholarly journals Quality of Schooling in Rural Areas

1972 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jerry G. West ◽  
Donald D. Osburn
Keyword(s):  
Rural Development ◽  
Urban Schools ◽  
Rural Schools ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Rural Poverty ◽  
Good Measure ◽  
Current Stress

The report of the President's Commission on Rural Poverty stressed the need for improvement in rural schools. Numerous studies have pointed to this need for improvement and have identified ways in which rural schools are inferior to urban schools. The current stress on rural development and improved infrastructure in rural areas further supports the importance of this topic. But what is a good measure of quality when schooling is being considered?

Acupuncture in Australian General Practice: Trends in Reimbursed Acupuncture Services from 1995 to 2011

2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Lee Wardle ◽  
Jon Adams ◽  
David William Sibbritt
Keyword(s):  
General Practice ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secondary Analysis ◽  
Medical Practitioner ◽  
Medical Practitioners ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Australian General Practice ◽  
National Patient ◽  
To Receive

Objectives To ascertain the extent of and trends in the use of acupuncture in Australian general practice and the characteristics of patients receiving publicly subsidised acupuncture services from general practitioners (GPs). Design Secondary analysis of national patient Medicare data for claims by all non-specialist medical practitioners for Medicare Benefits Schedule items for an attendance where acupuncture was performed by a medical practitioner from 1995 to 2011. Main Outcome Measures Use of acupuncture by GPs, patients’ sex and age and the socioeconomic disadvantage index of GP's practice. Results There has been a 47.7% decline in the number of acupuncture claims by GPs per 100 000 population in the period from 1995 to 2011. Acupuncture claims were made by 3.4% of GPs in 2011. Women were almost twice as likely to receive acupuncture from a GP as men, and patients in urban areas were more than twice as likely to receive acupuncture from a GP as patients in rural areas. Acupuncture claims were highest in areas that were socioeconomically advantaged. Conclusions Claims for reimbursement for acupuncture by GPs have declined significantly in Australian general practice even though the use of acupuncture by the Australian public has increased. This may be due to increased use of referrals or use of non-medical practitioners, barriers to acupuncture practice in general practice or non-specific factors affecting reimbursement for non-vocationally registered GPs.

scholarly journals Effect of population dynamics on Livelihood Security in rural Sri Lanka

2021 ◽  
pp. 45-67
Author(s):  
Thanuksha Abeywardana
Keyword(s):  
Population Dynamics ◽  
Rural Communities ◽  
Sri Lanka ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Government Expenditure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Livelihood Security ◽  
Head Count

Out of 20.82 million total population of Sri Lanka, 81.70% of the population lives in rural areas (Quandl, 2015). From 2005 to 2016 government expenditure for agriculture based actions shows the trend of decreasing while the development policy gradually changes the path from agricultural based economy to an industrial based economy over last few decades. However, poverty head count measures in 2006/2007 of Sri Lanka indicate that the percentage of people living in poverty in the rural sector is significant and the percentage of underweight children in rural areas is 38.3%, which is considerably higher than that of urban areas (29.9%). Thus, this status brought about the primary research question of how does the country achieve livelihood security. Thus, the objectives of this research are, to examine the factors affecting livelihood security and to understand the view of rural communities’ population dynamics on livelihood security. The research was carried out in mixed research design. The results show that access to livelihood resources also was not affected by gender, age, education and household income. However, in the analysis, both males and females were dissatisfied with the access to livelihood resources. Thus, in forming and implementation of development policies Sri Lanka needs to ensure community livelihood security. 

scholarly journals Contribution Factors on Congenital Malformations in Neonates in Iran

2021 ◽  
Vol In Press (In Press) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevda Riyahifar ◽  
Reza Ali Akbari Khoei ◽  
Kayvan Mirnia
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Congenital Malformations ◽  
Family Relationship ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Education Of Patients ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Hands And Feet

Background: Congenital malformations are one of the most important and common types of anomalies in infants, and they are considered as the leading causes of disability and mortality in children. These malformations impose enormous costs on families and organizations involved in the treatment, maintenance, and education of patients. Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the risk factors affecting the incidence of congenital anomalies in infants born in Iran. Methods: In this retrospective descriptive-analytical study, we registered various information of all newborns examined and their mothers, including gender, family relationship of parents, type of delivery, types of congenital malformations, anomalies of the hands and feet, and anomalies of the nervous and reproductive systems in the maternity wards of hospitals in Iran. Data were gathered using a checklist. The relationships between different factors were assessed by chi-square test, and the factors influencing congenital malformations were investigated by logistic regression using SPSS-26 software. The significance level of all tests was 0.05. Results: According to the results, 7.5% of newborns had congenital malformations. Eclampsia and diabetes mellitus increased the risk of congenital malformations by 15 and 11%, respectively. The risk of congenital malformations in rural areas was 12% higher than in urban areas. Factors such as consanguineous marriages, history of abortion, and gender also affected the risk of congenital malformations. Conclusions: Necessary measures and plans in the field of premarital counseling, regular pre-pregnancy and post-pregnancy tests and controls, especially in rural and deprived areas, are essential and effective in reducing the incidence of congenital malformations.

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