scholarly journals Histopathological Studies on the Effects of Chloroform and Methanolic Extracts of Ilex kudingcha in Trypanosoma brucei Infected Albino Wistar Rats

2018 ◽  
Vol 04 ◽  
pp. 50
Author(s):  
Olajoju. T. Soniran ◽  
Kalu. K. Ngele ◽  
Christopher. O. Alisa ◽  
Damilola. A. Omoboyowa ◽  
Nnabude. H. Agu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Phytochemical Study ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Histopathological Studies

Histopathological studies of the effects of chloroform and methanolic leaf extracts of Ilex kudingcha in Trypanosoma brucei infected albino wistar rats were investigated. The toxicity and phytochemical study were also carried out using standard protocol. T. brucei infected animals were administered orally with 200 and 400 mg/kg b.w. of the extracts and 3.5 mg/kg b.w. of the standard drug (diminazene aceturate). Results on acute toxicity studies (LD50) revealed no sign of lethality up to the dose of 5,000 mg/kg body weight but the liver and kidney histology of infected animals treated with 5,000 mg/kg b.w. of I. kudingcha extracts were observed to be hepatotoxic and nephrotoxic. The methanol extracts showed appreciably high in vivo anti-trypanosomal activities compared to the reference drug. Histological examination of the organs revealed serious pathological lesions in the liver of the infected animals without treatment (negative control). In the positive control animals (infected animals administered standard drug), mild multifocal aggregate of inflammatory leucocytes was observed. In the other experimental animals, no pathological lesion was observed in the liver, kidney, brain, and heart of infected animals treated with the methanolic extract and combined methanol and chloroform extracts. The effectiveness of the methanolic extract at reducing the lesions caused by the parasite is the same compared with the standard drug. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts showed that methanol extract contained appreciable high levels of alkaloids, saponin, tannins, phenol, and glycoside while flavonoid was not detected. Hence, the curative properties of methanolic extract of I. kudingcha as observed in the organs indicate its anti-trypanosomal properties but it should be consumed at minimal doses.

scholarly journals Differential virulence of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense isolates does not influence the outcome of treatment with anti-trypanosomal drugs in the mouse model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kariuki Ndung’u ◽  
Grace Adira Murilla ◽  
John Kibuthu Thuita ◽  
Geoffrey Njuguna Ngae ◽  
Joanna Eseri Auma ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Brucei ◽  
Post Infection ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Trypanosoma Brucei Rhodesiense ◽  
Diminazene Aceturate ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Western Kenya ◽  
Biotechnology Research ◽  
Cure Rates

AbstractWe assessed the virulence and anti-trypanosomal drug sensitivity patterns of Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (Tbr) isolates in the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization-Biotechnology Research Institute (KALRO-BioRI) cryobank. Specifically, the study focused on Tbr clones originally isolated from the western Kenya/eastern Uganda focus of human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT). Twelve (12) Tbr clones were assessed for virulence using groups(n=10) of Swiss White Mice monitored for 60 days post infection (dpi). Based on survival time, four classes of virulence were identified: (a) very-acute: 0-15, (b) acute: 16-30, (c) sub-acute: 31-45 and (d) chronic: 46-60 dpi. Other virulence biomarkers identified included: prepatent period (pp), parasitaemia progression, packed cell volume (PCV) and body weight changes. The test Tbr clones together with KALRO-BioRi reference drug-resistant and drug sensitive isolates were then tested for sensitivity to melarsoprol (mel B) pentamidine, diminazene aceturate and suramin, using mice groups (n= 5) treated with single doses of each drug at 24 hours post infection. Our results showed that the clones were distributed among four classes of virulence as follows: 3/12 (very-acute), 3/12 (acute), 2/12 (sub-acute) and 4/12 (chronic) isolates. Differences in survivorship, parasitaemia progression and PCV were significant (P<0.001) and correlated. The isolate considered to be drug resistant at KALRO-BioRI, KETRI 2538, was confirmed to be resistant to melarsoprol, pentamidine and diminazene aceturate but it was not resistant to suramin. At least 80% cure rates of all the test isolates was achieved with melarsoprol (1mg/Kg and 20 mg/kg), pentamidine (5 and 20 mg/kg), diminazene aceturate (5 mg/kg) and suramin (5 mg/kg) indicating that the isolates were not resistant to any of the drugs despite the differences in virulence. This study provides evidence of variations in virulence of Tbr isolates from a single HAT focus and confirms that these variations are not a significant determinant of isolate sensitivity to anti-trypanosomal drugs.

Hepatoprotective effect of methanol seed extract of citrus tangerina on paracetamol-induced hepatotoxicity in Wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 ◽  
pp. 83-87
Author(s):  
E.G. Moke ◽  
K.K. Anachuna ◽  
K.E. Edje ◽  
M.O. Ojezele
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Liver Enzymes ◽  
Negative Control Group ◽  
Positive Control ◽  
Negative Control ◽  
Seed Extract ◽  
Hepatoprotective Effect ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Histopathological Studies

This study investigated the hepatoprotective effect of methanol seed extract of Citrus tangerina on liver damage induced by paracetamol in laboratory rats. Wistar rats were used in this study and categorized into five groups. Groups 1 and 2 received 10 ml/kg normal saline orally, groups 3 and 4 were administered 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg respectively of Citrus tangerina seed extract orally, while silymarin 100 mg/kg served as standard drug treatment for group 5. Following six (6) days of pretreatment with the extract, hepatotoxicity was induced with paracetamol 3 g/kg (orally) in all the groups except the positive control group. At the end of the experiment (24 hours after induction), blood samples were collected under diethyl ether anaesthesia for biochemical markers of liver enzymes and antioxidative stress and the liver was harvested for histopathological studies. Both doses (200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg) of Citrus tangerina seed extract significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the liver enzymes level, but significantly (p < 0.05) increased antioxidant enzymes when compared with the negative control group. Liver histology showed that the Citrus tangerina seed extract prevented hepatic injury induced by paracetamol. The methanol seed extract of Citrus tangerina possesses antioxidative and hepatoprotective effects.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND SUPPRESSION OF INFLAMMATORY TARGETS BY ADATHODA VASICA

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 162
Author(s):  
Amala Reddy ◽  
Sujatha Sundaresan
Keyword(s):  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Foot Ulcer ◽  
Significant Inhibition ◽  
Inflammatory Activity ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Membrane Stabilization ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Anti Inflammatory

 Objectives: A persistent and chronic inflammation may act as an underlying definition for many of the long-term illness such as diabetic foot ulcer, Alzheimer’s disease and rheumatoid arthritis. Folklore medicinal plants provide immense health benefits with new remedies. Active compounds from plants containing alkaloids and phenolic compounds (flavonoids and tannins) possess antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. The leaves of Adhatoda vasica are most known for its effectiveness in treating respiratory diseases such as asthma, chronic bronchitis, and other respiratory conditions. In this report, we investigated the possible action of A. vasica against inflammation.Methods: Solvents with varying polarity (Hexane, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate, and methanol) were used for the sequential extraction of leaves of A. vasica Linn (Family: Acanthaceae). The anti‐inflammatory activity was assessed using simple in vitro methods. Phenols, flavonoids, phytosterols, saponins, alkaloids, and tannins were analyzed qualitatively using standard protocols. Anti‐inflammatory activity was evaluated using albumin denaturation assay, membrane stabilization assay and proteinase inhibitory activity. Aspirin (diclofenac) was used as a standard drug for the study of anti-inflammatory activity.Results: Our results substantiated that methanolic extract of A. vasica gave a maximum yield of 12.5% and apparently all bioactive phytochemical constituents were at a higher concentration in the methanolic extract. Methanolic extract of A. vasica showed a significant inhibition of the heat-induced albumin denaturation, red blood cells membrane stabilization, and proteinase inhibitory effects with 86±1.46, 88±1.24, and 96±0.93% for 1000 μg/ml, respectively.Conclusion: The above results delineate that the bioactive components were extracted using high polar solvent are mostly flavonoids and related polyphenols. These compounds may be the active constituents to render the anti-inflammatory activity to A. vasica.

scholarly journals PRELIMINARY PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DRIED FLOWERS OF ADENIUM OBESUM

2019 ◽  
pp. 34-36
Author(s):  
SIREESHA KALVA ◽  
RAGHUNANDAN N.
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Activity ◽  
Antifungal Activity ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Inhibition Concentration ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Phytochemical Constituents

Objective: To estimate the antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract of Adenium obesum (family Apocyanaceae) in association with phytochemical analysis. Methods: The methanolic extract of the flowers of Adenium obesum was prepared and investigated for phytochemical constituents using standard methods. Antimicrobial activity of methanolic extract Adenium obesum has been carried out against one gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and one gram-negative bacteria Escherichia coli and the antifungal activity of the plant extract was evaluated on Candida albicans species. The testing was done by the disc diffusion method to visualize the zone of inhibition of methanolic extract was compared with that of standard drug i.e., Ciprofloxacin for antibacterial activity and Fluconazole for antifungal activity. The minimum inhibition concentration was determined by micro dilution method (cup-plate method). Results: The present investigation shows the phytochemical analysis confirmed the presence of alkaloids, saponin glycosides, flavonoids, phenols, proteins and amino acids, cardiac glycosides, steroids, tannin, and phenolic compounds. The anti-microbial activity of the methanolic extract of the plant showed significant results against all the three of the test organisms in compare to the standard drugs. Conclusion: The present study concluded that methanolic extract of the flowers of adenium obesum proved the existence of phytochemical constituents. The methanolic extract of the was found to possess promising antimicrobial activity when compared with the standards and it can be useful for the development of antibiotics.

scholarly journals PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS & IN-VITRO ANTI OBESITY ACTIVITY OF DIFFERENT FRACTIONS OF METHANOLIC EXTRACT OF FAGONIA CRETICA L.

2020 ◽  
pp. 282-286
Author(s):  
Divyang Patel ◽  
Vimal Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Phytochemical Study ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Aerial Parts ◽  
Phytochemical Studies

Obesity is one of the most prevalent health concerns among all age groups & populations worldwide, resulting into a significant increase in mortality and morbidity related to metabolic disorders. Targeting one or more enzymes involved in lipid metabolism can be selective for evaluation of anti obesity action of drug. The present study was aimed to evaluate in vitro anti obesity action by inhibiting pancreatic lipase & ᾳ amylase enzyme by various fractions of methanolic extract of aerial parts Fagonia cretica L. along with their phytochemical analysis. The n- hexane (HFFC), Chloroform (CFFC), Ethyl acetate (EAFFC), n-butanol (BFFC) & aqueous fractions (AQFFC) were prepared from methanolic extracts of F. cretica L & were analyzed for qualitative as well as quantitative phytochemical study using reported methods. The qualitative phytochemical studies of prepared extract & fractions showed presence of flavonoids, saponins, phenolics, alkaloids & carbohydrates. All the fractions were then examined for their in-vitro lipase inhibitory & ᾳ amylase inhibitory activities at a concentration level of 50, 100, 150 & 200µg/ml and their percentage inhibitory effects were reported. Among the analyzed samples, BFFC showed highest lipase inhibitory action i.e. 83.02 ± 2.47% as compared to other fractions. EAFFC showed significantly higher ᾳ amylase inhibitory action i.e. 80.22 ± 1.18% as compared to other fractions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the curative role, Anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activity of some dietary spices on carrageenan induced paw edema in albino Wistar rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5-s) ◽  
pp. 90-96
Author(s):  
Khaoula Bouaoud ◽  
Noreddine Menadi ◽  
Mohammed Zairi ◽  
Sofiane Bouazza ◽  
Hadjer Bekhadda ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Red Pepper ◽  
Total Phenolic ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Paw Edema ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Dietary Spices

Background: Inflammation is a major burning problem worldwide and billions of individuals are affected. Some of the spices used daily in Algerian cuisine have been known to possess major anti-inflammatory effects. Turmeric, red pepper, ginger, cinnamon and cumin  etc. are a few of the wide spectrum of spices used in Algeria. The aim of the study was to investigate the antiinflammatory effect  and anti actvity of some dietary spices in carrageenan induced models of inflammation on Wistar  rats. Methods: Albino wistar rats were divided into four groups. Inflammation was induced on the animal by injecting the right hand paw with carrageenan (0.1 ml of 1%). Group 1  was fed with food and water and  treated with carrageenan (control) whereas group 2 and  3 treated with different doses (100 and 200 mg/kg/bw) of aqueous extract of some dietary spices with carrageenan, respectively. Group 4  treated with standard drug diclofenac sodium (10 mg/kg b.w., reference drug for inflammation), once for 24 hrs. Results: The content of total phenolic was 137.2±21.6 mg/g and flavonoids 122.3±5.8 mg/g. After 60, 120, 180, 240 and 300 min, the data indicate that  some dietary spices 100 and 200 mg/kg was significantly effective reducing paw edema volumes induced by carrageenan compared to control (p <0.01). The levels of serum pro-inflammatory white blood cells, neutrophile, lymphocyte, monocyte,  eosinophile, total protein and protein c reactive and total cephalin KADIN  and platelts in the control group were significantly increased by carrageenan injection compared with the normal group. The rats pretreated with some spices 100 and 200 mg/kg had significantly lower levels of pro-inflammatory to compare control group. The paw edema in carrageenan-induced rats was considerably reduced by treating with 100 and 200  mg/kg aqueous extract of some dietary spices when compared to the untreated  rats (p<0.001). Conclusion : The present results clearly demonstarted that carrageenan significantly increased paw edema whereas some dietary treated rats significantly decreased the paw edema. The study underlines the importance of some of the frequently used spices (Turmeric, red pepper, ginger, cinnamon and cumin)  in the treatment of inflammation.

scholarly journals Anti-inflammatory potential of dichloromethane leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus (Labill) and Senna didymobotrya (Fresenius) in mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 397-409
Author(s):  
Joseph Kiambi Mworia ◽  
Cromwell Mwiti Kibiti ◽  
Joseph JN Ngeranwa ◽  
Mathew Piero Ngugi
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Leaf Extracts ◽  
Traditional Use ◽  
Reference Drug ◽  
Similar Dose ◽  
Anti Inflammatory ◽  
Positive Controls

Background: Inflammation is an immune response characterized by swelling, redness, pain and heat. Inflammation is main- ly managed using conventional medicines that are associated with many side effects. Plant-based remedies are considerably better alternative therapies for they have fewer side effects. Objective: This study aimed at determining the anti-inflammatory potential of dichloromethane (DCM) leaf extracts of Eucalyptus globulus and Senna didymobotrya in mice. Methods: Fresh leaves of these plants were harvested from Embu County, Kenya. Quantitative phytochemical analysis was done using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Anti-inflammatory test comprised nine groups of five animals each: normal, negative, positive controls and 6 experimental groups. Inflammation was induced with Carrageenan. One hour post-treatment, the different groups were intraperitoneally administered with the reference drug, diclofenac, 3% DMSO and six DCM leaf extracts at doses of 25, 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250mg/kgbw. Results: GC-MS results revealed α-phellandrene, camphene, terpinolene, and limonene among others. Anti-inflammatory effects showed that extract doses of 100,150,200 and 250mg/kg bw significantly reduced the inflamed paw. Doses of 200 and 250mg/kgbw in both plants were more potent and compared with diclofenac. E. globulus extract dose of 250mg kg bw reduced inflamed paw in the 1st , 2nd, 3rd and 4th hours, by 2.27,6.52,9.09 and 10.90% respectively while S.didymobotrya at similar dose ranges, inflamed paw reduced by 2.41, 5.43, 8.31 and 9.05% respectively. Conclusion: E. globulus and S. didymobotrya have potent anti-inflammatory activities, attributed to their constituent phyto- chemicals. This study confirms the traditional use of these plants in treating inflammation. Keywords: Eucalyptus globulus; Senna didymobtrya; inflammation; phytochemicals.

scholarly journals Nephroprotective Effect of Cissampelos owariensis Extract on Renal Histomorphology of Wistar Rats during Exposure to Carbon Tetrachloride- induced Nephropathy

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Dayo Rotimi Omotoso ◽  
Olayinka Simbiat Lawal ◽  
Oluwasegun Davies Olatomide ◽  
Itohan Grace Okojie
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Treatment Group ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Kidney Tissue ◽  
Antioxidant Property ◽  
The Body ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Histopathological Changes

To assess nephroprotective potency of methanolic extract of C. owariensis on renal histomorphology of Wistar rats during exposure to nephropathic activity of CCl4. Twenty eight (28) albino Wistar rats divided into four groups which include normal control group administered with vehicles -distilled water (1 ml/kg b.w.) and olive oil (3 ml/kg b.w.), experimental control group administered with CCl4 (3 ml/kg b.w.) twice a week, first treatment group administered with CCl4 (3 ml/kg b.w.) twice a week + methanolic extract of C. owariensis (100 mg/kg b.w.) daily and second treatment group administered with CCl4 (3 ml/kg b.w.) twice a week + methanolic extract of C. owariensis (300 mg/kg b.w.) daily for twenty eight (28) days. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of C. owariensis was carried out using GC-MS. The body weight of study animals was measure at days 0, 7, 14, 21 and 28 of study. Then, kidney tissue of study animals was collected, weighed and processed for histopathological study. Tissue sections were stained using H & E, examined under microscope, photomicrographs were generated and observable histopathological changes were quantified using image-J software. Phytochemical analysis of methanolic extract of C. owariensis showed abundance of phenolic compounds which may in turn confer antioxidant property on the extract. Results of this study also showed that treatment with extract helped to reduce body and tissue weight loss that follows exposure to CCl4. Also, treatment with the extract helped to reduce significantly (p < 0.05) renal histopathological changes following exposure to CCl4. The methanolic extract of C. owariensis contains abundant phenolic compounds which confer antioxidant property that in turn mediate the nephroprotective potency of the extract against nephropathic effect of CCl4.

Comparing the Neuroprotective Effects of Aqueous and Methanolic Extracts of Vernonia Amygdalina on the Cerebellum of Adult Male Wistar Rats

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 145-159
Author(s):  
Ugochukwu Samuel Aguwa ◽  
Somadina M Okeke ◽  
Chijioke M Okeke ◽  
Chinyere S Eze ◽  
Benedict Nzube Obinwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Extract ◽  
Adult Male ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Methanolic Extract ◽  
Mercury Chloride ◽  
Phytochemical Analysis ◽  
Vernonia Amygdalina ◽  
Orthodox Medicine ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Male Wistar Rats

The solvent of extraction determines the type and amount of phytochemicals extractible from a plant material. Reports have shown that numerous African herbs are rich is potent phytochemicals which have been used in folkloric and orthodox medicine in the prevention and treatment of ailments. This research is geared towards comparing the neuroprotective potency of the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina on the cerebellum of mercury chloride intoxicated Wistar rats. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into 6 groups of 5 rats each. Group A was the negative control and had food and water only. Group B was the positive control and was exposed to mercury chloride without treatment. Groups C1 and C2 received 200mg/kg bw of aqueous and methanolic extracts respectively while groups D1 and D2 received 400mg/kg bw of aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina respectively. Result of phytochemical analysis shows that water extracted more flavonoids while methanol extracted more phenols. The results of antioxidant studies show that the methanolic extract conferred more protection against oxidative stress than the aqueous extract. Histological results show that aqueous extract conferred more protection than the methanolic extract. We therefore conclude from our report that both the aqueous and methanolic extracts of Vernonia amygdalina confer neuroprotection on the cerebellum of Wistar rats.

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