scholarly journals Evaluation of Microbiological Quality of Vermicompost Prepared from Different Types of Organic Wastes using Eisenia fetida

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rachna Kapila ◽  
Geeta Verma ◽  
Aparajita Sen ◽  
Arti Nigam
Keyword(s):  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Fertilizer Value ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Rhizopus Sp

Background: Vermicomposting is the agricultural technique of conversion of organic wastes to a fertile product, which can result in better crop growth and production. However, even though earthworms are the main organisms participating in the process, the microbes associated with it also have an important role to play. These microbes degrade the waste products biochemically and are responsible of the conversion processes. Few studies are carried out on microbial diversity and related enzymes activities in the vermicompost prepared from different organic waste materials. Methods: In this paper, we isolated both bacteria and fungi from seven different types of vermicompost, using different selective media. We also studied the activity of hydrolytic enzymes that are associated with the isolated microbes.Result: It was observed that bacteria like Bacillus sp., Pseudomonas sp., Klebsiella sp., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, Micrococcus, Actinomycetes, Pigment producing Actinomycetes, Streptomyces, Azotobactor and fungi like Penicillium purpurogenum, Aspergillus sp., Alternaria alternata, Fusarium solani, Rhizopus sp., Mucor hiemalis, Myrothecium verrucaria etc. were present in our vermicompost preparations. The presence of nitrogen fixing bacteria, phosphate solubilizing microorganisms and PGPR indicated the good fertilizer value of the vermicompost samples. It was also observed that the diversity of microbes present supported significant levels of CMCase Exoglucanase, Xylanase, β-Glucosidase, Phosphatase and Urease activities.

scholarly journals Inoculation Effect of N2-Fixer and P-Solubilizer into a Mixture of Fresh Manure and Phosphate Rock Formulated as Organonitrofos Fertilizer on Bacterial and Fungal Populations

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 75
Author(s):  
Sutopo Ghani Nugroho ◽  
. Dermiyati ◽  
Jamalam Lumbanraja ◽  
Sugeng Triyono ◽  
Hanung Ismono
Keyword(s):  
Phosphate Rock ◽  
Bacterial Population ◽  
Fresh Manure ◽  
Microbial P ◽  
Fungal Populations ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
N2 Fixer

Microbial N2-fixer and P-solubilizer were innoculated in a mixture of fresh manure and phosphate rock formulated as an Organonitrophos fertilizer. The population dynamics of bacteria and fungi growing during the composting process were observed. The inoculation treatments consisted of: K = mixture of 20% phosphate rock and 80% of fresh manure + decomposers (control), N = mixture of 20% phosphate rock and 80% of fresh manure + decomposers + N2-fixer (Azotobacter and Azospirillum sp.) , P = mixture of 20% phosphate rock and 80% of fresh manure + decomposers + P-solubilizer (A. niger and P. fluorescens), and NP = mixture of 20% phosphate rock and 80% of fresh manure + decomposers + N2-fixer + P-solubilizer. The results showed that inoculation of microbial N2-fixer and combination inoculation of N2-fixer and P-solubilizer increased the total bacterial population compared to that of the control as well as the only inoculation of microbial P-solubilizer on the 14th day of observation in which the bacteria reached the highest population. On all the observation days, the population of fungi in the inoculation of microbial P-solubilizer treatment increased significantly compared to that of the control. However, there was no difference between the populations of fungi in the inoculation of N2-fixer and combination inoculation of N2-fixer and Psolubilizer. The genus of fungy identified in the compost of the mixture of fresh manure and phosphate rock were Chytridium sp., Aspergillus sp., Rhizopus sp., and Fusarium sp.[How to Cite : Nugroho SG, Dermiyati, J Lumbanraja, S Triyono, H Ismono. 2013. Inoculation Effect of N2-Fixer and P-Solubilizer into a Mixture of Fresh Manure and Phosphate Rock Formulated as Organonitrofos Fertilizer on Bacterial and Fungal Populations. J Trop Soils, 18 (1): 75-80. doi: 10.5400/jts.2013.18.1.75][Permalink/DOI: www.dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2013.18.1.75]

scholarly journals Pathogenic microorganisms of medicinal herbal drugs

2012 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatjana Stevic ◽  
Snezana Pavlovic ◽  
S. Stankovic ◽  
Katarina Savikin
Keyword(s):  
Plant Species ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Microbial Quality ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Herbal Drugs ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
High Level ◽  
And Storage

All the parts of plants (root, leaf, flower) naturally have a high level of microorganisms, bacteria and fungi, especially molds. Microbial contamination could be a result of inappropriate harvesting, cleaning of the raw plant material, unhygienic processing of the plants, unsuitable transport and storage. After examination of over 40 dried medicinal plant species, the lowest microbial quality was determined for Maydis stigma, Mentha leaf and herb, Equisetum herb, Calendula flower, Urtica leaf, Melissa leaf, Serpylli herb, Chamomilla flower etc. Although mixed infections are recorded with different types of fungus, Fusarium was observed as the most dominant genus in most of the tested drugs, followed by Aspergillus and Alternaria. In addition to these fungi species from the following genera were identified: Phoma, Cephalosporium, Nigrospora, Cladosporium, Epicoccum, Gliocladium, Myrothecium, Cercospora, Phomopsis, Verticillium, Dreschlera (=Bipolaris), Rhizoctonia, Septoria, Trichoderma, Curvularia, Stachybotrys, Trichothecium, Puccinia, Botrytis, Mucor and Rhizopus sp., depending on plant species.

scholarly journals Isolation, Characterization of Phosphatase Producing Bacteria and Fungi-Their Effect on Enhancing the Growth of Vigna radiata

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bandi Aruna ◽  
Sejal Jain
Keyword(s):  
Vigna Radiata ◽  
Shoot Length ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Fungal Isolates ◽  
Phosphate Nutrition ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Phosphate Solubilizing ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Background: Phosphate solubilizing microorganisms (PSM) are considered as most important traits associated with plant phosphate nutrition and growth. The challenge of study include identification of potent microorganisms that can be used as phosphate solubilizer.Methods: In this study during 2017-2018 study nine isolates were isolated from soil, dung, lakes, five bacterial isolates (A, B, C, D, E) identified as, Bacteroides sp, four fungal isolates Aspergillus sp (F1) and Mucor sp (F2, F3, F4). Their effect on plant (Vigna radiata) growth was studied. Maximum phosphatase production was observed by B (266 µg/ml) and F2 (297.5 µg/ml) isolates; and also phosphate by B (10.6 µg/ml) and F2 (42.6 µg/ml). Increase in shoot length and number of roots was observed in the presence of isolates.Result: The contribution of study indicate, phosphate solubilizing isolates, have probable application as biofertilizer and may help in future agricultural needs.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Activity and Toxicity of Sophorolipids Produced by Candida haemulonis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae against Some Selected Microorganisms

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
K. F. Williams ◽  
O. K. Agwa ◽  
G. O. Abu ◽  
O. Akaranta
Keyword(s):  
Saccharomyces Cerevisiae ◽  
Acute Toxicity ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Antagonistic Activity ◽  
Candida Sp ◽  
Test Organisms ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Rhizopus Sp

Sophorolipid have been identified to possess varying antagonism relationship to a number microbiota, although having been identified as being ecologically friendly. The biosafety of biologically synthesized materials has been identified as a major challenge to commercialization and scale-up. Sophorolipid was produced by Candida haemulonis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae in Palm oil mill effluent impacted soil in Emohua, Rivers State. Submerged fermentation was employed in the production of the sophorolipid while the Well-in-agar approach was employed in the antimicrobial susceptibility was conducted using 20%, 40%, 60%, 80% and 100% on both beneficial and pathogenic bacteria and fungi namely Staphylococcus sp, Nitrobacter sp, Klebsiella sp, Bacillus sp while the fungal flora were Aspergillus sp, Penicillium sp, Rhizopus sp, Candida sp, Mucor sp and Saccharomyces sp. Acute toxicity was conducted using Nitrobacter sp, Nitrosomonas sp and Thiobacillus sp. Probit based determination of acute toxicity after a 48hr and 96hr exposure to the test organisms. Antagonistic nature of the sophorolipids showed there was little or no antagonistic activity on the bacterial isolates than the fungal isolates. The sophorolipid formulation synthesized from both isolates were observed to have a zone of inhibition between 10 mm to 24 mm for Nitrosomonas sp. while to Aspergillus sp it had a range between 4.0 mm to 13.0 mm. Acute toxicity of sophorolipid produced by Candida haemulonis against Nitrosomonas sp 0.054 mg/L while to Thiobacillus sp it had an acute toxicity index of 0.107 mg/L.  This study identified that the sophorolipid produced by the yeast isolate had the potential of being employed in a number of sectors. This study has pioneered the untapped benefits in the POME-induced flora and how they can be veritable tools in the biotechnology industry.

scholarly journals Fungi That Produce Toxins in Salted Fish

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Yuli Susanti ◽  
Leka Lutpiatina ◽  
Ratih Dewi Dwiyanti
Keyword(s):  
Aspergillus Flavus ◽  
Positive Sample ◽  
Prolonged Storage ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Salted Fish ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Fusarium Sp ◽  
Aspergillus Sp ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
Descriptive Survey

Salted fish are fish that are processed through a process of salting and drying. The contamination of fungi in salted fish can be caused by prolonged storage. Storage of salted fish that is too long can cause the growth of various fungi. One of the fungi that often grows in salted fish is the fungus of Aspergillus sp. Some species of the Aspergillus sp fungi can produce aflatoxin, one of which is Aspergillus flavus. This study aims to determine the contamination of toxin-producing fungi in salted fish in the traditional Banjarbaru market in Indonesia. The type of research used is descriptive survey. Samples were taken by purposive sampling taken from 5 salted fish sellers each taken 3 different types of salted fish so that the number of samples was 15. The results were obtained from 15 samples examined, 6 positive samples contaminated with Aspergillus flavus fungi, 8 positive samples contaminated with Aspergillus fungi niger, 5 positive samples contaminated with Monilia sitophila fungi, 6 positive samples contaminated with Rhizopus sp fungi, 6 positive samples contaminated with Penicillium sp fungi, and 1 positive sample contaminated with Mucor sp fungi. Based on the results of the study, samples of salted fish contaminated with Aspergillus sp fungi were 73% (11 samples) and no samples were contaminated with Fusarium sp.

scholarly journals Microbes as Bioindicators for Contamination of Shatt Al-Arab Sediments in Basrah, Iraq

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maha K. Al-Mishrey ◽  
Raghad Shubbar Jaafar ◽  
Mustafa A. Al-Dossary
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metals ◽  
Aspergillus Terreus ◽  
Leuconostoc Mesenteroides ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Trichoderma Sp ◽  
Talaromyces Flavus ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
Penicillium Spp

Shatt Al-Arab River in Basrah, Iraq represents an important source of fresh water so the current study aimed to determine the extent of pollution of the Shatt al-Arab River with some heavy metals and hydrocarbons by measuring their concentrations in sediment samples collected from different stations along the river, as well as the adoption of biomarkers represented by bacteria and fungi in determining the extents of such pollution. The results indicate that the river is contaminated with the following metals: : Ni, Cr, Zn, Pb, Cu and Cd. The total mean concentrations of heavy metals in the exchangeable part were high with 55.23, 53.76, 40.52, 33.84, 32.70 and 14.88 µg/g, respectively. The results also indicated a high concentration of hydrocarbons where the total mean was 28.52 µg/g. Bacteria and fungi represent vital indicators of heavy metals and hydrocarbons pollution in the environment. Different types of bacteria (Sphingomonas paucimobilis, Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Streptococcus thoraltensis, Staphylococcus lentus, Leuconostoc cremoris and Leuconostoc mesenteroides) and fungi (Aspergillus terreus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Curvularia sp., Eurotium cristatus, Talaromyces flavus, Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Trichoderma sp., Dichotomomyces cejpii, and Penicillium spp.) have been isolated from the same sediment. Isolated of specific genera from bacteria and fungi like these isolated in the present study from the sediment of all studied stations reinforce the rest of the results recorded during the current study and confirms the pollution of the river with the studied pollutants.

scholarly journals Quality profile of catfoods

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. e54710112239
Author(s):  
André Gomes Faria ◽  
Alexandre José de Oliveira ◽  
Géssica Corrêa ◽  
Édina de Fátima Aguiar ◽  
Luciana Rosa Alves Rufino ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Manufacturing Process ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Quality Profile ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
The City ◽  
Penicillium Spp ◽  
Main Factor

There is a series of feeds aimed at cats in the pet market, amongst which extruded feeds stand out, because their manufacturing process goes through thermal treatment. Such process is the main factor for the reduction of microbial contamination, as well as the action of the water in the feed. This is responsible for controlling degradation by bacteria and fungi after the manufacturing process. After opening the packages, there are several ways and factors that lead to contamination in feed. This study aimed at assessing cat feeds for their microbioligical and brotmathological content.  For this, we analyzed different kinds of cat feed in the original package and traded in bulk, with different types of classification as to their quality. The assessments consisted in finding if the nutrients of the feeds were within the minimum levels required by the Manual Pet Food Brazil (2014). Analyses were performed to determine the presence of Salmonellae spp., Eschirichia coli, coliforms at 35ºC e 45ºC, Aspergillus spp e Penicillium spp; and also, for the existence of aflatoxin in the feeds. The microbiological results showed that the feeds traded unpackaged in the city of Alfenas Minas Gerais obtained results with higher levels of contamination in relation to those traded in their original packaging. This showed that the feeds exposed to the environment may compromise their microbiological quality and endanger the pets’ health. These results prove the need of greater restrictions to the trading of feeds in bulk, so that the degradation of the product is reduced, thus preserving the quality of the feed and the safety of the cats.

Associated microflora of medicinal ferns: biotechnological potentials and possible applications

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (03) ◽  
pp. 4927 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shubhi Srivastava ◽  
Paul A. K.
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Growth Promotion ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Hydrolytic Enzymes ◽  
In Vitro Production ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi

Plant associated microorganisms that colonize the upper and internal tissues of roots, stems, leaves and flowers of healthy plants without causing any visible harmful or negative effect on their host. Diversity of microbes have been extensively studied in a wide variety of vascular plants and shown to promote plant establishment, growth and development and impart resistance against pathogenic infections. Ferns and their associated microbes have also attracted the attention of the scientific communities as sources of novel bioactive secondary metabolites. The ferns and fern alleles, which are well adapted to diverse environmental conditions, produce various secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, steroids, alkaloids, phenols, triterpenoid compounds, variety of amino acids and fatty acids along with some unique metabolites as adaptive features and are traditionally used for human health and medicine. In this review attention has been focused to prepare a comprehensive account of ethnomedicinal properties of some common ferns and fern alleles. Association of bacteria and fungi in the rhizosphere, phyllosphere and endosphere of these medicinally important ferns and their interaction with the host plant has been emphasized keeping in view their possible biotechnological potentials and applications. The processes of host-microbe interaction leading to establishment and colonization of endophytes are less-well characterized in comparison to rhizospheric and phyllospheric microflora. However, the endophytes are possessing same characteristics as rhizospheric and phyllospheric to stimulate the in vivo synthesis as well as in vitro production of secondary metabolites with a wide range of biological activities such as plant growth promotion by production of phytohormones, siderophores, fixation of nitrogen, and phosphate solubilization. Synthesis of pharmaceutically important products such as anticancer compounds, antioxidants, antimicrobials, antiviral substances and hydrolytic enzymes could be some of the promising areas of research and commercial exploitation.

scholarly journals Diversity of Bacteria and Fungi Associated with Freshwater Fishes from Mijawal River, Nasarawa, Nigeria

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 1085-2020
Author(s):  
K.M. Adamu ◽  
H. Muhammad ◽  
S.U. Ahmad ◽  
M.M. Ahmad ◽  
A.M. Yakubu
Keyword(s):  
Fish Species ◽  
Terrestrial Ecosystems ◽  
Freshwater Fishes ◽  
Frequency Of Occurrence ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Tilapia Zillii ◽  
Fish Samples ◽  
Bacteria And Fungi ◽  
Rhizopus Sp ◽  
Mormyrus Rume

Understudying the presence of bacteria and fungi population on freshwater fishes, provides the knowledge and understanding of their diversity and potential roles they may play in the health of the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The present study was conducted to evaluate the diversity of bacteria and fungi species of identified fish samples from River Mijawal, Nasarawa State. The fishes were sampled from the only landing for three months (October to December, 2019) for this study. During the sampling periods, thirteen (13) different fish species were identified; they were  swabbed with sterilized swab stick from the skin surface for bacteria and fungi identification. The Dominant fish species were Tilapia zillii, Labeo senegalensis, Mormyrus rume and Mormyrus tapines. The total number of thirteen (13) bacterial and five (5) fungi species were isolated and  identified. Eight (8) of the bacteria isolates, were gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas sp, Aeromonas sp, Serratia mercescenes, Proteus sp, Salmonella spp, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella sp, and Enterobacter sp.); whilst the other five (5) were gram positive bacteria (Bacillus sp, Micrococcus sp, Staphylococcus sp, Enterococcus sp and Listeria monocytogenes).The five isolated fungi species were Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus sp, Penicillium  sp, Trichoderma viridae and Geotrichum candidum. The frequency of occurrence of the isolated bacteria indicated that Staphylococcus sp had the highest frequency of occurrence (16.67%) while Serratia mercescens had the least occurrence (2.78%). The highest number of occurrence of the isolated fungi species was observed in Rhizopus sp while the least was recorded in Geotricum candidum. It was observed that Tilapia zillii and  Mormyrus rume had the most frequent bacteria and fungi isolates. It can therefore be deduced from the results that fish samples identified from River Mijawal has high bacteria and fungi diversity that may be pathogenic to man. The occurrence of these microbes may be attributed of human  and animal faeces in the River  Keywords: Freshwater fishes, Microbes, River Mijawal, Nasarawa  

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITIES AND PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION OF FERN, LYGODIUM FLEXUOSUM (LINN) SW.

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-91
Author(s):  
Jeeshna M.V
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Polar Solvent ◽  
Antimicrobial Activities ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽  
Significant Activity ◽  
Active Constituent ◽  
Methanol Extracts ◽  
Phytochemical Investigation ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Rhizopus Sp

The present study revealed the presence of many medicinally active constituent in Lygodium flexuosum, suggesting that this species have potential to synthesize useful secondary metabolites. In this studies two different types (vegetative material and sporophyll bearing type) of this species showed the presence of secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols and glycosides. In which vegetative material showed the presence of all secondary metabolites. The low polar solvent extracts such as petroleum ether and acetone showed minimum presence of secondary metabolites. The antibacterial studies revealed that methanol extracts of sporophyll type exhibited significant activity (8.5 mm) against the bacterium, Klebsiella pneumonia. The next antibacterial activity showed by chloroform extracts of sporophyll type against the same bacteria (8.2 mm). In antifungal studies, methanol extracts of vegetative material has the highest inhibitory activity (19.3 mm) against the fungus Cladosporium sp. Next higher fungal activity was showed by same extract of sporophyll type against the fungus Rhizopus sp. (16.08 mm). The study confirms the antimicrobial potential of Lygodium flexuosum extracted using various solvents.

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