scholarly journals Comparative Review of Aerobic and Anaerobic Composting for the Reduction of Organic Waste

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Immani Mckenzie ◽  
Seecharran Diana ◽  
Sirpaul Jaikishun ◽  
Abdullah Ansari
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
General Public ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Self Heating ◽  
Comparative Review ◽  
Productivity Rate ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Waste Food

Composting is a self-heating, aerobic, bio-decomposition process of organic waste that has advantages over other disposal strategies since it reduces waste volume by 40-50% and kills pathogens by the heat generated during the thermophilic phase. This process uses organic waste (food scraps, grass chipping, etc.), water, soil (for added microbes) and either incorporation of air by turning the compost (aerobic) or lack of air within the compost (anaerobic). This study is designed to comparatively assess aerobic and anaerobic composting mechanisms on the productivity rate and analyse the different variables influencing the process. Based on the results obtained the time taken to completely compost the organic materials might not always be the same, because composting time is dependent on the percentage of microorganisms, water content, temperature and C:N ratio present in the pile at the said time along with the amount of material to be composted. Finally, this study will not only help farmers but also the general public in choosing a cost-effective and environmentally friendly way of reducing organic waste from landfills and reduction of greenhouse gases in the ozone layer.

Monitoring of the process of composting of kitchen waste in an institutional scale worm farm

2005 ◽  
Vol 51 (10) ◽  
pp. 171-177 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Kristiana ◽  
J. Nair ◽  
M. Anda ◽  
K. Mathew
Keyword(s):  
Organic Waste ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Lumbricus Rubellus ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Cow Manure ◽  
Horse Manure ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Bedding Materials

Vermicomposting provides an alternative method of managing waste that is ecofriendly and cost-effective. The Environmental Technology Centre (ETC) at Murdoch University and St. John of God Hospital (SJOG) signed a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) to install a vermiculture system in SJOG to treat some of the organic waste generated by the on site kitchen facility. This is an effort made by SJOG to reduce the amount of organic waste sent to landfill each year and to treat the waste on site as part of a recycling/reuse program. The study is aimed at scientifically monitoring vermicomposting process and to understand the optimum management requirements to improve the operation of an institutional scale worm farm. In addition, an experiment was conducted to investigate the suitability of bedding materials: horse manure, cow manure, peat coir, and natural bedding (vermicast). The species of earthworms used in this experiment were Red (Lumbricus rubellus), Tiger (Eisenia fetida), and Blue (Lumbricus excavatus). The pH, temperature, worm population and quality of castings were tested in different beds. Results indicated that vermicast was the best bedding for vermicomposting, and there were no significant difference between the performances of the other three beds. However, it can be concluded that the bedding material of horse manure, cow manure, and peat coir were successfully established well within the experimental period of eight weeks, and cow manure with the lowest C:N ratio produced the best quality bedding. As using vermicast for the initial bedding creates a very high capital cost these organic substrates provide cost-effective alternative. Therefore they would be quite appropriate to initiate an institutional scale worm farm.

scholarly journals A Pioneering Tactic for Sustainable Waste Management: Design of a Cost-Effective Recycling Machine

2018 ◽  
Vol 172 ◽  
pp. 03003
Author(s):  
A. Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
General Public ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Force Analysis ◽  
Mechanical Advantage ◽  
Vital Importance ◽  
Project Study ◽  
Original Size ◽  
Assembly Operations

In this paper we discussed the new design, fabrication and testing of a mechanical can crusher taking into deliberation the force analysis and ergonomic factors that will enable people to use this mechanical can crusher especially in Botswana rural areas. The process of crushing cans is of vital importance as it saves a percentage of space for can disposal and also makes it easier for these cans to be transported to recycling centers or landfill areas. The methods and processes used to bring this project to life include welding, cutting, bending, drilling and assembly operations. This project study is mainly about generating a new concept of a mechanical can crusher that is compact to transport from one location to another and makes can crushing easy and fascinating to the general public so as to promote people buy into crushing in Sub-Sahara market. Even though there are numerous sorts of the mechanical would crusher be able to as of now in presence, this model provides a more practical usage than previous one with the desired mechanical advantage of 10, machinability to crush the entire cans to 25% of their original size and 100% efficiency for the entire rounds.

scholarly journals Potential of bio-drying applied to exhausted grape marc

Wine Studies ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 2 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elena Cristina Rada ◽  
Marco Ragazzi
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Moisture Level ◽  
Drying Process ◽  
Self Heating ◽  
Grape Marc ◽  
Thermal Drying ◽  
Energy Options ◽  
Potential Rate

In the present work, experimentation was carried out to study the behavior of exhausted grape marc during the bio-drying process. This process was chosen as an alternative to the typical grape marc thermal drying approach. The aim was to reduce the moisture level thanks to the biological exothermal reactions, and to increase the energy content in the biodried grape marc. The target was the generation of a product interesting for energy options. For the development of the research, a biological pilot reactor and a respirometric apparatus were used. Results demonstrated that bio-drying can decrease the water content saving the original energy content. The final material could be assumed like a solid recovered fuel, class 5:1:1 with a very low potential rate of microbial self-heating.

scholarly journals Sustainable Management of Organic Wastes in Sharjah, UAE through Co-Composting

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (4) ◽  
pp. 76
Author(s):  
Md Maruf Mortula ◽  
Aqeel Ahmed ◽  
Kazi Parvez Fattah ◽  
Ghina Zannerni ◽  
Syed A. Shah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Sustainable Management ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Organic Wastes ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Green Areas ◽  
High Nutrient ◽  
Minimal Treatment

Daily human activities and vast green areas produce substantial amounts of organic wastes that end up in landfills with minimal treatment. In addition to the problems associated with landfills, disposal through this method is unsustainable in the long run and does not allow recovering materials from the waste. This paper focuses on the co-composting of different organic wastes produced in The Emirate of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates (UAE), to optimize mixing proportions of three different kinds of wastes—sewage sludge (SS), green waste (GW), and food waste (FW). All three organic wastes were analyzed to determine their chemical composition and the mixing proportions. Ten different mixing proportions as a function of carbon:nitrogen (C:N ratios) were determined and mixed in a NatureMill composter. Compost samples were tested for pH, salinity, conductivity, moisture content, organic matter, organic carbon, phosphorus, total nitrogen, and final C:N ratio after 6 weeks. Results indicate that a period of 5–6 weeks is sufficient for the compost to stabilize. The varying mixing proportions produced a good-quality compost (C:N up to 20:1) with high nutrient content. The study reaffirms that co-composting can be a potential sustainable organic waste management option for the United Arab Emirates.

Evanescent Fiber Sensor for Determining Water Content in Polar Organic Solvents

2013 ◽  
Vol 756-759 ◽  
pp. 724-727
Author(s):  
Yi Ping Wang ◽  
Fei Bing Xiong ◽  
Wen Zhang Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Water Content ◽  
Organic Solvents ◽  
Water Concentration ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Fiber Sensor ◽  
Infrared Range ◽  
Fiber Sensors ◽  
Polar Organic Solvents ◽  
On Line ◽  
Sapphire Fiber

The feasibility of sapphire fiber sensors based on evanescent absorption spectroscopy in the infrared range for determination of water content in polar organic solvents has been investigated. Evanescent absorption spectra of sapphire fiber sensors in glycerol, ethanol and glycol with different volume concentrations were recorded and analyzed, respectively. Evanescent absorbance around 2.7μm of fiber sensors in those organic solvents has been utilized to implement for in situ monitoring water concentration in organic solvents. The evanescent fiber sensors for monitoring water concentrations in those organic solvents are acceptably accurate, cost-effective and reliable. Overall results demonstrate that the sapphire fiber sensor based on evanescent absorption is a promising candidate for prediction of water content in polar organic solvents in on-line and remote situation.

Fighting the SARS CoV-2 (COVID-19) Pandemic with Soap

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Narendra Kumar Chaudhary ◽  
Nabina Chaudhary ◽  
Manis Dahal ◽  
Biswash Guragain ◽  
Sumie Rai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
General Public ◽  
Preventive Measures ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
World Health ◽  
Potential Effectiveness ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Unique Chemical

Today, the entire globe is struggling to deal with the greatest pandemic of the century, COVID-19. With no clinically approved treatments available, we are left with no options other than following the preventive measures issued by the World Health Organization (WHO). Among many others, hand washing with soap and water has been emphasized the most because it is cost-effective and easily accessible to the general public. Various studies have reported that soaps offer unique chemical properties that can disinfect the virus as a whole. However, there is still ambiguity in the general public about whether soaps can really shield us from this highly contagious disease. In an attempt to help eliminate the ambiguity, we analyzed the mechanisms underlying the efficacy of soap and its prospect for preventing the spread of COVID-19. In this paper, we have provided an overview of the history and characteristics of SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19), the detailed mechanisms of the deactivation of viruses by soaps, and the potential effectiveness of soap in eliminating coronaviruses including SARS-CoV-2.

The heterocysts of blue-green algae. III. Differentiation and nitrogenase activity

1972 ◽  
Vol 181 (1063) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogenase Activity ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Free Medium ◽  
Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Blue Green Algae ◽  
Ammonium N ◽  
Storage Granules ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic ◽  
Aerobic And Anaerobic Conditions ◽  
Heterocyst Development

The course of heterocyst development in Anabacna cylindrica was studied in relation to the ability to fix nitrogen. When non-differentiated filaments, grown in the presence of ammonium-N, were transferred into a medium free from combined nitrogen and incubated under photosynthetic conditions, the cellular C:N ratio increased from 4.5:1 to 8:1 before the percentage heterocyst frequency and nitrogenase activity reached a steady value. The initial stages of differentiation were observed 24 h after transfer into nitrogen-free medium, but nitrogenase activity was only detected when the formation of the first heterocysts was completed. The transformation of a vegetative cell into a heterocyst is characterized by the dissolution of storage granules, the deposition of a multilayered envelope, the breakdown of photosynthetic thylakoids and the formation of new membraneous structures. The latter appear to develop by the coalescence of small newly formed vesicles arising in regions of pre-existing thylakoids. The course of heterocyst development was paralleled by that of nitrogenase activity both under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Anaerobic incubation enhanced heterocyst production as well as nitrogenase activity. The results suggest that nitrogenase synthesis in Anabaena cylindrica is associated with heterocyst formation and that the primary factor which may regulate both processes is the cellular C:N balance of the alga.

scholarly journals Evaluating Marine Debris Trends and the Potential of Incineration in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic in Southern Bali, Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 190
Author(s):  
I Wayan Koko Suryawan ◽  
Ariyanti Sarwono ◽  
Iva Yenis Septiariva ◽  
Chun-Hung Lee
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Marine Debris ◽  
Caloric Value ◽  
Global Environmental Issue ◽  
Natural Beauty

Highlight Research:The potential calorific value of marine debris obtained from calculating the total waste is 12.05 MJ/kg, which still falls within the incinerator application's standard criteria. AbstractMarine debris, a global environmental issue today, is a major threat to Bali’s seas which are famous for its natural beauty and aggravated by the spread of COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to determine the characteristics of marine debris in Bali Island, especially in the southern region and to analyze the feasibility of incineration as one of the waste treatment processes. This research was conducted by utilizing secondary data and literature reviews from related previous studies. Water content and caloric value were measured directly using the ASTM E 790-15 and ASTM D 5865-11a standards. Marine debris generation from 2013 to 2019 tends to decrease from 1.22 kg/km.day to 0.46 kg/km.day. Organic waste (59.4%) comprised the largest marine debris followed by plastic waste (13.4%) and diapers (11.9%). Thermal technology such as incineration can be introduced to treat marine debris. The standard application of incinerator technology is moisture content and caloric value. The water content of marine debris is reportedly 54.56%, therefore, further preliminary processing is needed, especially for waste with high moisture content, such as diapers and organic waste. The potential calorific value of marine debris during the COVID-19 pandemic obtained from calculating the total waste was 12.05 MJ/kg which still did not meet the incinerator application's standard criteria.

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