Engineering properties of cotton stalks (Gossypium hirsitum L.)

2015 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gagandeep Kaur Sidhu ◽  
Sandhya
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
True Density ◽  
Cotton Stalk ◽  
Cotton Stalks ◽  
The Mean

Different physical and thermal properties of chaffed and ground cotton stalks were evaluated. The moisture content of chaffed and ground cotton stalk was 10.01 and 12.31% respectively. The size of chaffed cotton stalk was 40.3 mm, whereas the equivalent diameter of chaffed and ground cotton stalk was estimated as 30.5 and 4.5 mm respectively. The mean value of bulk density of chaffed and ground cotton stalks was 206.16 and 217.30 kg/m<sup>3</sup>, whereas true density varied between 727.70 and 313.60 kg/m<sup>3</sup>. The porosity of chaffed cotton stalks was estimated to be greater than ground cotton stalks. Angles of repose for chaffed and ground cotton stalks were 43.18 and 34.35<sup>o</sup> respectively. The coefficient of internal friction for ground cotton stalks was 0.85, whereas coefficient of external friction for chaffed and ground cotton stalks was estimated to be 0.54 and 0 .68 respectively. The calorific value of chaffed and ground cotton stalks came out to be 16.70, 16.79MJ/kg respectively. Ash content of both chaffed and ground cotton stalks were almost same i.e. 6.93 and 6.87 % respectively.

scholarly journals Characterization of Refuse Derived Fuel Production from Municipal Solid Waste: The Case Studies in Latvia and Lithuania

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 112-118
Author(s):  
Dace Âriņa ◽  
Rūta Bendere ◽  
Gintaras Denafas ◽  
Jānis Kalnačs ◽  
Mait Kriipsalu
Keyword(s):  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fuel Production ◽  
Heating Value ◽  
Refuse Derived Fuel ◽  
Morphological Composition ◽  
The Mean

AbstractThe authors determined the morphological composition of refuse derived fuel (RDF) produced in Latvia and Lithuania by manually sorting. The parameters of RDF (moisture, net calorific value, ash content, carbon, nitrogen, hydrogen, sulphur, chlorine, metals) was determined using the EN standards. Comparing obtained results with data from literature, authors have found that the content of plastic is higher but paper and cardboard is lower than typical values. Results also show that the mean parameters for RDF can be classified with the class codes: Net heating value (3); chlorine (3); mercury (1), and responds to limits stated for 3rd class of solid recovered fuel. It is recommended to separate biological waste at source to lower moisture and ash content and increase heating value for potential fuel production from waste.

scholarly journals Flow and Thermal Properties of Stevia Powder

2018 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ajit K. Mahapatra ◽  
Agnes J. Kapsoiyo ◽  
Sierra C. Birmingham ◽  
Daniel Ekefre ◽  
Bipul K. Biswas
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Internal Friction ◽  
Polynomial Regression ◽  
Stevia Rebaudiana ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Flow Index ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Mean Flow ◽  
Angle Of Internal Friction ◽  
The Mean

Abstract Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana Bertoni) has recently received a lot of attention as a sweetener due to its taste and low calorific value. Flow and thermal properties of foods play a significant role in the quantitative analysis of unit operations in the food industry. However, there are no published data available on flow and thermal properties of stevia powder. Powder Flow Tester and KD2 Pro Thermal Properties Analyzer were used to determine the flow and thermal properties of stevia powder, respectively, at different moisture contents (4.96%, 9.68%, 13.99%, 20.08%, and 25.79%, w.b.). Mean angle of internal friction of stevia powder ranged from 41.13° to 46.3°. The mean effective angle of internal friction ranged from 47.8° to 52.5° and the mean flow index ranged from 0.27 to 0.48. Mean thermal conductivity of stevia powder ranged from 0.091 W·m-2·K-1 to 0.115 W·m-2·K-1. Mean thermal diffusivity ranged from 0.103 mm2·s-1 to 0.121 mm2·s-1 and mean volumetric specific heat ranged from 0.865 MJ·m-3·K-1 to 1.019 MJ·m-3·K-1. Polynomial regression models were developed to predict flow and thermal properties of stevia powder using moisture content of stevia powder.

scholarly journals Physiochemical Properties of Cotton Stalk Biomass from Aricultural Residues

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 343-349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dobariya Umesh ◽  
P Sarsavadiya ◽  
Krishna Vaja ◽  
Khardiwar Mahadeo
Keyword(s):  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Proximate Analysis ◽  
Agricultural Residues ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Cotton Stalk ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Physiochemical Properties ◽  
Feed Stock ◽  
Energy Conversion Process

The study was undertaken to investigate the properties of cotton stalk fuel from the agricultural residues. The whole cotton stalk plant is converted into shredded material with the help of cotton stalk shredder. The capacity of cotton stalk shredder machine is 218 kg/h. The proximate analysis of the shredded cotton stalk in terms of bulk density 34.92 kg / m3 moisture content 13.63 %, volatile matter 74.52 %, ash content (4.95 %, fixed carbon 20.53 % and calorific value of cotton stalk biomass (3827 cal/g) respectively. were showed that agricultural residues are the most potential and their quantitative availability, Since the aim by using shredded cotton stalk as feed stock for energy conversion process of the developed gasifier.

scholarly journals Effect of Pyrolysis Temperature and Residence Time on Bio-char Obtained from Pyrolysis of Shredded Cotton Stalk

2020 ◽  
pp. 10-28
Author(s):  
J. M. Makavana ◽  
P. N. Sarsavadia ◽  
P. M. Chauhan
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Pyrolysis Temperature ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Volatile Matter ◽  
Quality Parameters ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Cotton Stalk ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Heating Value

Bio-char is carbon-rich product generated from biomass through batch type slow pyrolysis. In this study, the effects of pyrolysis temperature and residence time on the yield and properties of bio-chars obtained from shredded cotton stalks were investigated. Safely said that the quality of bio-char of shredded cotton stalk obtained at 500°C temperature and 240 min is best out of the all experimental levels of variables of temperature and residence time. At this temperature and residence time, the quality of bio-char in terms higher heating value (8101.3cal /g or 33.89 MJ/kg), nitrogen (1.56%), Carbon (79.30%), and C/N ratio (50.83) respectively. The quality of bio-char for various applications is discussed along with different quality parameters. The bio-char could be used for the production of activated carbon, in fuel applications, and water purification processes. Average bulk density of whole cotton stalk and shredded cotton stalk was found as 29.90 kg/m3 and 147.02 kg/m3 respectively. Thus density was increased by 3.91 times. The value of pH, EC and CEC of shredded cotton stalk biomass was found as 5.59, 0.03 dS/m and 38.84 cmol/kg respectively. Minimum and maximum values pH, EC and CEC of its bio-char was found as 5.85 to9.86, 0.04 to 0.10 dS/m and 38.02 to 24.39 cmol/kg at 200°C and 60 min and; 500°C and 240 min temperature and residence time respectively. Moisture content, ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon of shredded cotton stalk biomass were found as, 12.5, 5.27, 80.22, and 14.51 (%, d.b) respectively. The minimum and maximum value of bio-char in terms of ash content, volatile matter and fixed carbon of bio-char were found as 5.5 to 15.56, 48.02 to 79.48 and 15.02 to 36.40 (%, d.b) respectively. Calorific value of cotton stalk biomass was found as 3685.3 cal /g. The minimum and maximum higher heating value of its bio-char was found as 4622.0 cal/ g and 8101.3 cal/g at 200°C and 60 min and; 500˚C and 240 min temperature and residence time.

scholarly journals Investigation of effect of maize varieties on selected physical properties

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 8-16
Author(s):  
Idowu D. O ◽  
◽  
Onifade T. B. ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Geometric Mean ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Unit Weight ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
True Density ◽  
Processing Equipment ◽  
Maize Varieties

The engineering properties of some selected variety of maize (SM39, SM40 and Oba Super 6) which is needed in the design and development of a functional handling and processing equipment for the crop was studied. The seeds were bought from the Agricultural settlements in Ogbomoso South-Western Nigeria. The selected properties are size, shape, weight, true density, and bulk density, angle of repose, coefficient of friction, and moisture content. The results of the experiments showed that the mean length was between 8.7 and 9.78 mm; width, 7.69 and 8.26 mm; thickness, 4.11 and 4.60 mm; geometric mean diameter, 7.17 and 7.78 mm; equivalent diameter, 6.62 and 6.62 mm; unit weight, 0.22 and 0.24 g; true density, 954.25 and 1245 kg/m3; bulk density, 734.45 and 752.23 kg/m3, and angle of repose of the three varieties are between 29.20 and 36.60. While the average values of static coefficient of friction measured was between 0.39 and 0.49. The results from this experiment showed that the effect of varieties is significant on the engineering properties of maize. The results obtained from these studies will be useful for the design and manufacturing of operating system for handling and processing of different varieties of maize. Keywords: Engineering properties, design, processing equipment, manufacturing, varities.

scholarly journals Seasonal Changes in the Composition and Thermal Properties of Municipal Solid Waste: A Case Study of the City of Perm, Russia

2020 ◽  
Vol 76 (2) ◽  
pp. 54-64
Author(s):  
Natalia Sliusar ◽  
Stepan Polygalov ◽  
Galina Ilinykh Ilinykh ◽  
Vladimir Korotaev ◽  
Yakov Vaisman ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Waste Management ◽  
Municipal Solid Waste ◽  
Solid Waste ◽  
Seasonal Changes ◽  
Organic Waste ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Different Seasons

The paper presents experimental studies of municipal solid waste (MSW) composition and its thermal properties (moisture and ash content). Measurements were taken to track seasonal changes in the composition of MSW. For example, in spring, the content of organic waste was 17.0% and, in autumn, it reached 31.5% due to considerable consumption of seasonal vegetables and fruits. The share of paper in MSW changed from 21.4% in spring to 9.7% in autumn. More paper in spring is due to discarded student notebooks at the end of a school year, as well as spring household cleaning. These data indicate significant changes in waste composition during the year, which should be taken into account when planning technologies for waste management. Laboratory studies of moisture and ash content by season allowed the range of these changes to be determined. In autumn for instance, the moisture and ash content of organic waste was about 82% and 14%, respectively, while in winter, it was approximately 73% and 22%, respectively. These figures can be explained by the organic waste origin: autumn organic waste often comes from fruit pulp and, for example, watermelon peels, and winter organic waste tends to consist mostly of dry vegetable peels such as potato peelings. The low calorific value of certain components is based on their composition and the level of moisture and ash in different seasons. Therefore, it is important to take into account the moisture and ash content of individual components, not average values, in order to calculate the waste calorific value. MSW thermal characteristics change significantly over the seasons: the MSW moisture content is the highest in autumn (about 49%) and the lowest in winter (32%). The ash content in MSW ranges from 20% in spring and autumn to 27% in summer. The lowest calorific value per working mass in different seasons varies from 7 to 10 MJ/kg, which must be taken into consideration when developing waste management systems in general and when designing specific energy recovery facilities.

Investigation of Engineering Properties of Paddy Grown in the Coastal Climate of Eastern India

2015 ◽  
Vol 813-814 ◽  
pp. 1098-1103
Author(s):  
Binayak Pattanayak ◽  
Siba Shankar Mohapatra ◽  
Umakanta Patel ◽  
Harish Chandra Das
Keyword(s):  
Average Length ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Equivalent Diameter ◽  
Eastern India ◽  
Length Width ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Convection Dryer ◽  
Grain Surface

The objective of the present study is to investigate the engineering properties of paddy (One-thousand-one) grown in the coastal region of Odisha (India). The average length, width and thickness of paddy are measured as 8.80 mm, 2.65 mm and 1.91 mm respectively at moisture content of 28% (wb). The mean bulk density and true density of the particular variety of paddy are measured to be 0.61 g/cc and 1.47 g/cc. Properties like equivalent diameter, sphericity, grain volume, grain surface area, aspect ratio and porosity are calculated to be 3.58 mm, 0.40, 24.00 mm3, 35.66 mm2, 0.30, 58.24% respectively. The angle of repose and angle of friction of the paddy grains are determined to be 37.73o and 0.43o, 0.25o, 0.30o with plywood, glass and galvanized iron respectively. These engineering properties are useful in design of forced convection dryer for the drying and processing of paddy.

The variability of fly-round catches in field studies of Glossina.

1961 ◽  
Vol 51 (4) ◽  
pp. 781-788 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Glasgow
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Field Studies ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Random Errors ◽  
True Density ◽  
Change In The Mean ◽  
The Mean ◽  
True Population

In an attempt at some assessment of the errors to which fly-round data obtained for the study of populations of Glossina are subject, three fly-rounds at Shinyanga, Tanganyika, were worked every weekday for four weeks. The species studied was G. swynnertoni Aust. One of the rounds was a ‘transect fly-round ’, the others, the older type, divided into a few long sections according to the vegetation. The catches showed no obvious trend during the experiment, suggesting that the true population had not altered in the period, but in all three rounds there were considerable day-to-day variations in catch and, in this respect, the transect fly-round did not differ from the older method. An analysis of variance of the transect fly-round data showed that the variance between days was greater than could be accounted for by random errorsBy considering separately the data collected on certain days of the week, it is concluded that a 7,500-yd. fly-round done once a week could not detect less than a five-fold change in the mean catch. To detect a two-fold change, a 15,000-yd. fly-round done twice a week would be necessary.The relation between fly-round catch and true density is discussed. This relation is usually termed ‘ availability ’. Earlier workers have shown that its mean value, over periods of about one month, is not necessarily constant; the present work shows that it varies in one place from day to day.

scholarly journals Thermal Analyses of Briquette Fuels Produced from Coal Dust and Groundnut Husk

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Ikelle I. Ikelle ◽  
Nworu J. Sunday ◽  
Nworie F. Sunday ◽  
Jedidiah John ◽  
Ogbuagu J. Okechukwu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Compressive Strength ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Burning Rate ◽  
Coal Dust ◽  
Ignition Time ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Ash Content ◽  
Fixed Carbon ◽  
Water Boiling Test

AbstractThis work involved the production and thermal characterization of biomass briquettes produced by blending a major agricultural waste with coal dust. In the work, nine different compositions of coal dust/groundnut husk briquettes were produced using starch as the binder while Ca(OH2) was incorporated as the de-sulphurizing agent. The ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon, moisture content, compressive strength, ignition time, calorific value, water boiling test and burning rate were carried out to determine the physical, mechanical and thermal properties of the briquettes produced. The results showed that moisture content values are in the range 2.43 - 6.44%, for compressive strength 7.72 - 10.85 N/mm3, for ash content 24.18 - 29.15 %, for calorific value 21714.17 - 25027.18 kJ/kg, for fixed carbon 16.77-53.22 %, for ignition time 22.23-45.20 s, for water boiling test 1.50-4.99 min and burning rate 16.10-28.32 g/min. These are appreciable values for the thermal properties of the bio-briquettes. Therefore, the agro-wastes briquettes are beneficial for heating purposes rather than open incineration of the wastes.

scholarly journals Study of Mechanical Properties of Popular Paddy Varieties of Tamil Nadu Relevant to Development of Mini Paddy Thresher

2013 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
P Dhananchezhiyan ◽  
S Parveen ◽  
Ravindra Naik
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
Mean Value ◽  
Angle Of Repose ◽  
True Density ◽  
Thousand Grain Weight ◽  
Maximum Weight ◽  
Grain Damage ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Crop Parameters

The most popular varieties of Tamil Nadu such as ASD18, ADT36 and IR20 were selected to investigate the influence of crop parameters on mechanical threshing of grains. The length of the paddy varieties ranged from 19.40 to 23.35 cm. The mean length of ASD18, ADT36 and IR20 were found to be 21.81, 21.80 and 22.50 cm, respectively. Among the varieties studied IR20 recorded maximum weight of grains per panicle of 2.90 g while the corresponding values for ASD18 and ADT36 were found to be 2.46 and 2.34 g, respectively. The maximum mean length and thickness and breadth were recorded by ASD18 and IR20, respectively whereas ADT36 recorded minimum values. The average thousand-grain weight of ASD18, ADT36 and IR20 varieties were found to be 21.86, 20.61 and 18.97 g, respectively. The variety ASD18 recorded the maximum bulk density of 590.6 kg m-3 followed by ADT36 (583.4 kg m-3). It is observed that the mean value of true density varies from 1128 to 1158 kg m-3 for the varieties and ASD18 recorded higher. The mean value of angle of repose varies from 31.7 degree to 38.0 degree. It is lower for ASD18, (31.7 degree) and higher for IR20, (38.0 degree). Based on these results, Rasp bar thresher was developed and their performances were studied. The overall dimension of the mini paddy thresher is 1500 × 900 × 1140 mm and its output capacity, threshing efficiency and grain damage are 248 kg h-1, 99 per cent and 1.73 per cent, respectively. The analysis of variance revealed that all the above discussed properties were significantly influenced (p<0.01) by the paddy varieties.

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