scholarly journals Antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from children in Moscow before and after the introduction of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccination

2020 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 216-222
Author(s):  
Natalia M. Alyabyeva ◽  
Ekaterina A. Brzhozovskaya ◽  
Olga A. Ponomarenko ◽  
Anna V. Lazareva ◽  
Andrey P. Fisenko
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Pneumococcal Serotypes ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
National Medical ◽  
Before And After ◽  
High Level

Introduction. The formation and spread of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates is a concern. After the thirteen-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was added to the children’s immunization program in Russia in 2014, an important task is to monitor the resistance level to antimicrobials and the spectrum of circulating antibiotic-resistant pneumococcal serotypes. Materials and methods. The study included 708 nasopharyngeal pneumococcal isolates from children patients under 5 years who recovered from 2010 to 2018, received inpatient and outpatient care at the National Medical Research Center for Children’s Health (Moscow). The determination of sensitivity to antimicrobials was performed by the disk diffusion method. The MICs of penicillin, amoxicillin, and erythromycin were determined using the E-test method. Evaluation of the results was carried out according to the EUCAST-2019 criteria. Results. In total, 33 different serotypes were identified in the S. pneumoniae collection. Six predominant serotypes accounted for 68.6% of the total distribution and included serotypes: 19F, 6B, 23F, 14, 15B/C, 6A. In general, antimicrobial resistance ranged from 3.5% to chloramphenicol to 54.8% to tetracycline. The level of resistance to oxacillin, erythromycin, and clindamycin increased by 15-20% between 2010 and 2018. However, since 2016, there has established a prevalence level of 40-46%, this process is offset by an increase in the proportion of non-vaccine pneumococcal serotypes. Conclusion. A high level of resistance to penicillin and erythromycin remains. Monitoring the resistance level to antibiotics and the epidemiology of serotypes, clarifying the laws of formation of resistance, and its spread in a dynamically changing pneumococcal population is an important area of microbiology.

scholarly journals Molecular Detection and Antibiotyping of Multidrug-Resistant Salmonella Isolated from Houseflies in a Fish Market

Pathogens ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 191 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sobur ◽  
Hasan ◽  
Haque ◽  
Mridul ◽  
Noreddin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Detection ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Salmonella Spp ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Fish Market ◽  
Pcr Method ◽  
High Level

Houseflies (Musca domestica) are well-known mechanical vectors for spreading multidrug-resistant bacteria. Fish sold in open markets are exposed to houseflies. The present study investigated the prevalence and antibiotypes of multidrug-resistant (MDR) Salmonella spp. in houseflies captured from a fish market. Direct interviews with fish vendors and consumers were also performed to draw their perceptions about the role of flies in spreading antibiotic-resistant bacteria. A total of 60 houseflies were captured from a local fish market in Bangladesh. The presence of Salmonella spp. was confirmed using PCR method. Antibiogram was determined by the disk diffusion method, followed by the detection of tetA, tetB, and qnrA resistance genes by PCR. From the interview, it was found that most of the consumers and vendors were not aware of antibiotic resistance, but reported that flies can carry pathogens. Salmonella spp. were identified from the surface of 34 (56.7%) houseflies, of which 31 (91.2%) were found to be MDR. This study revealed 25 antibiotypes among the isolated Salmonella spp. All tested isolates were found to be resistant to tetracycline. tetA and tetB were detected in 100% and 47.1% of the isolates, respectively. Among the 10 isolates phenotypically found resistant to ciprofloxacin, six (60%) were found to be positive for qnrA gene. As far as we know, this is the first study from Bangladesh to report and describe the molecular detection of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp. in houseflies in a fish market facility. The occurrence of a high level of MDR Salmonella in houseflies in the fish market is of great public health concerns.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF ANTIBIOTIC RESISTANCE OF K. PNEUMONIAE STRAINS ISOLATED IN A MULTIDISCIPLINARY HOSPITAL

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-35
Author(s):  
E. G. Antonova ◽  
◽  
I. V. Zhyltsou ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Clinical Isolates ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Antimicrobial Drugs ◽  
Resistance Level ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Actual Problem ◽  
Causative Agents ◽  
High Level

Background. The prevalence of infections caused by multiple resistant K. pneumoniae strains is an actual problem. Purpose. To investigate antibacterial resistance of hospital strains of K. pneumoniae – causative agents of purulent septic infections, to determine the resistance level of carbapenem-resistant strains of K. pneumoniae to polymyxins, to analyze their main profiles of antibiotic sensitivity. Material and methods. Antibiotic susceptibility of 146 clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae was determined using the disk diffusion method. The method of sequential microdilutions in broth with determination of MIC was used for isolates resistant to carbapenems. Results. For the majority of clinical isolates of K. pneumoniae (85.2%), only 3 antibiotics (colistin, tigecycline and amikacin) showed acceptable activity in vitro. For one strain resistance to all tested antimicrobial drugs was revealed. Conclusion. The data on extremely high resistance of K. pneumoniae to carbapenems, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides were confirmed. A high level of colistin resistance was also identified.

scholarly journals Streptococcus pneumoniae carriage and antibiotic susceptibility among Indonesian pilgrims during the Hajj pilgrimage in 2015

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. e0246122
Author(s):  
Kuntjoro Harimurti ◽  
Siti Rizny Fitriana Saldi ◽  
Esthika Dewiasty ◽  
Thafsin Alfarizi ◽  
Melzan Dharmayuli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Streptococcus Pneumoniae ◽  
Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
P Value ◽  
Elderly Adults ◽  
Senior Adults ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
The World ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Treatment Policies

The Hajj is an annual pilgrimage to Mecca and one of the largest gathering of people in the world. Most Indonesian pilgrims are senior adults and elderly adults, who are more prone to acquire infections during the Hajj ritual. The aims of this study are to investigate the dynamics of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization and to investigate antibiotic susceptibility of pneumococcal strains in Indonesian pilgrims. This was a prospective multi-site longitudinal study in Indonesian hajj pilgrims aged >18 years old in the year 2015. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from the same subject before departure and upon arrival at the airport. S. pneumoniae was identified using conventional and molecular approach, while antibiotic susceptibility was determined using a disk diffusion method. Among 813 Hajj pilgrims who were enrolled from five sites in this study, the prevalence of S. pneumoniae carriage rates before- and after-the Hajj were 8.6% (95% CI 6.7–10.5%) and 8.2% (95% CI 6.4–10.1%), (p value: 0.844) respectively. Serotype 16F, 6A/6B, 3, 18, and 23F were the five most prevalent serotypes before Hajj, whereas serotypes 3, 34, 13, 4, and 23F were the most prevalent serotypes after Hajj. Serotype 3 was identified as most acquired serotype during Hajj in Indonesian pilgrim. There was an increase in the percentage of isolates susceptible to co-trimoxazole after Hajj (42.9% versus 57.4%). The study provided an overview of the change of dynamics of S. pneumoniae serotype acquisition in Indonesian Hajj Pilgrims. Along with data of vaccination serotypes coverage and antimicrobial susceptibility, these findings may contribute to recommendation of vaccination and treatment policies in the future.

scholarly journals Antibiogram and genetic relatedness of clinical isolates of Enterococcus spp. in Mangalore, India

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (11) ◽  
pp. 985-990
Author(s):  
Prathvi P Nayak ◽  
Dhanashree Biranthabail ◽  
Shalini Shenoy ◽  
Shashidhar M Kotian
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Relatedness ◽  
Clinical Problem ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Resistant Genes ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
High Level

Introduction: Drug-resistant Enterococcus species is a persisting clinical problem and may serve as a reservoir of resistant genes. The present study was undertaken in Mangalore, India to know the antibiogram and genetic relatedness of Enterococcus spp. isolated from clinical samples. Methodology: A total of 150 non–repetitive Enterococcus spp. isolated from clinical samples were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing by Kirby Bauer disk diffusion method. Molecular typing of the isolates was done by Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD). Results: Among the 150 isolates, 79 were from urine, 68 from pus and three from blood samples. Of this 58.7 % were E. faecalis and the remaining were E. faecium. Urinary isolates of E. faecium showed a higher percentage of antibiotic resistance when compared to E. faecium isolates from pus (p < 0.001). E. faecium from blood samples were resistant to ampicillin, penicillin, ciprofloxacin and were sensitive to vancomycin and teicoplanin. E. faecalis blood isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, penicillin, and erythromycin. 73% of Enterococcus isolates from pus were resistant to erythromycin. All the Enterococcus spp. were sensitive to vancomycin. Among the total Enterococcus isolates 44 were high-level aminoglycoside resistant (HLAR) by disc diffusion method which corresponded to MIC of > 500 µg/mL for gentamicin and > 1000 µg/mL for streptomycin. These isolates were subjected to RAPD, which showed similarity and differences in the banding patterns. Conclusions: Our study showed a baseline resistance among Enterococcus spp. in our area, which poses a challenge to the treating physicians and a reservoir for transmission of antibiotic resistant genes.

scholarly journals The frequency of resistance to antibiotics of most frequently isolated bacteria from blood cultures during the period 1997-2002

2004 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 391-397
Author(s):  
Veljko Mirovic ◽  
Branka Tomanovic ◽  
Sonja Konstantinovic
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
Blood Cultures ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
National Committee ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactamases ◽  
Resistance To Antibiotics ◽  
Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽  
High Level

The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of resistance to antibiotics of the most frequently isolated bacteria from blood cultures of hospitalized patients during the period 1997-2002. The resistance to antibiotics was determined by disk diffusion method according to National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards procedures. The majority of staphylococci isolates were resistant to methicillin, and the proportion of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was stable (76.8-81.6%), during the follow-up period. None of the staphylococci isolates were resistant to vancomycin, but there was a very high incidence of high-level resistance of enterococci to aminoglycosides (47.2-72.2%). In 1998, only one strain among enterococci was resistant to vancomycin (Enterococcus faecium, VanA fenotype). Enterococcus spp isolates expressed variable frequency of resistance to ampicillin (15-40.1%) during the follow-up period. Among Enterobacteriaceae there were no isolates resistant to imipenem, but dramatic increase of the resistance to ceftriaxone was found from 35.9% in 1997 to 95.9% in 2002 (p<0.001). Extended spectrum beta-lactamases production was found in all the species of enterobacteria isolates. Resistance to imipenem was observed in Acinetobacter spp isolates in 2002 for the first time. Pseudomonas spp isolates expressed high and very variable resistance to all antibiotics tested during the follow-up period.

scholarly journals Detection of pathogenic bacteria associated with earphones used by students of Stamford University Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Omor Ahmed Chowdhury ◽  
Md Raihan Ahmed ◽  
Md Raihan Dipu ◽  
Md Aftab Uddin
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Bacterial Isolates ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Staphylococcus Spp

The use of earphones has increased in recent times throughout the world especially among the different level of students such as school, college or university who have a higher tendency of sharing these among them. Unlike airline headsets, headphones and stethoscope ear-pieces, ear phones are often shared by multiple users and can be a potential medium for transmission of pathogens, which can give rise to various ear related infections. The objective of this study was to detect the pathogenic bacteria from the ear-phones used by the students of Stamford University Bangladesh. A total of 16 ear-phone swabs were collected by sterile cotton swabs. The swabs were inoculated onto blood agar and incubated aerobically overnight at 37oC. Microscopic observation and standard biochemical tests were performed to confirm the identification of all the bacterial isolates. Six presumptively identified Staphylococcus spp. (38%) were tested against six different types of antibiotics following Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Isolates were found to be 84% resistant against Cotrimoxazole and demonstrated 100% sensitivity to Vancomycin and Ciprorofloxacin. The findings of this study suggest the users to disinfect their respective ear phones and not to exchange them as they may act as a potential source to transfer pathogenic and antibiotic resistant bacteria among the ear phone users. Stamford Journal of Microbiology, Vol.10 (1) 2020: 1-4

Assessment of Mupirocin Resistance among Clinical Isolates of Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus

2021 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 109-114
Author(s):  
Nancy M. Attia ◽  
Abeer Abd El Rahim Ghazal ◽  
Omnia M. Khaleel ◽  
Ahmed Gaballah
Keyword(s):  
Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Methicillin Resistant ◽  
Mupirocin Resistance ◽  
High Level ◽  
Research Institute Hospital ◽  
Low Prevalence ◽  
Mrsa Colonization

Background: Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization is considered a major risk factor for nosocomial infections and its decolonization has reduced these infections. Mupirocin (MUP) is the topical antibiotic of choice for decolonization. MUP decolonization failure is attributed to MUP resistance. Objective: The aim of the current study is to assess MUP resistance among MRSA isolates phenotypically and genotypically. Methodology: Fifty MRSA isolates were identified in Microbiology Department in the Medical Research Institute hospital, Alexandria University. Antibiotic susceptibility to different classes of antibiotics by disk diffusion method was done. MUP minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined phenotypically by MUP Ezy MIC™ Strips. MUP resistance was determined genetically by multiplex PCR detection of mupA and mupB. Results: Of all MRSA isolates, 6% exhibited high level and none showed low level MUP resistance. Only mupA was detected in all resistant isolates. Conclusion: Despite low prevalence of MUP resistance, it is appropriate to test MUP resistance prior nasal decolonization

scholarly journals Vancomycin and high-level aminoglycoside resistance in Enterococcus species

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Seyda Ozarslan Kurtgoz ◽  
Burcin Ozer ◽  
Melek Inci ◽  
Nizami Duran ◽  
Erkan Yula
Keyword(s):  
Vancomycin Resistance ◽  
Automated System ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Beta Lactamase ◽  
Aminoglycoside Resistance ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Gradient Diffusion ◽  
Gentamicin Resistance ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
High Level

The aim of the study was to investigate vancomycin and high-level aminoglycoside resistance (HLAR) in <em>Enterococcus</em> species by phenotypic and genotypic methods. A hundred <em>Enterococcus</em> strains were included in the study. Antimicrobial susceptibilities of strains were investigated by automated system, betalactamase production was investigated by nitrocefin disks, vancomycin resistance and HLAR were investigated by gradient diffusion method (GDM) and disk diffusion method, respectively. For detection of vancomycin and high-level gentamicin resistance (HLGR) genes, polymerase chain reaction was used. Teicoplanin linezolid, vancomycin, ampicillin, penicillin are the most susceptible antibiotics and strains were detected not to produce beta lactamase. Vancomycin resistance was detected in ten isolates by automated system and in only five isolates by GDM. Five isolates carrying <em>VanA</em> gene were determined. The ratio of HLGR and high-level streptomycin resistance was found 40 and 63% respectively. <em>aac (6’)-1eaph (2’’)-1a</em> gene was detected in 58% of strains. <em>E. faecium</em> strains were found more resistant to the antibiotics than the other species. Beta lactamase was detected in none of strains. The automated system detected vancomycin resistance in more strains than GDM. Therefore it is concluded that strains, which were detected to be resistant to vancomycin, should be confirmed by GDM. The ratio of <em>VanA</em> gene in strains is consistent with other studies. The HLAR ratio was found in about half of strains. The ratio of<em> aac(6’)-1e-aph(2’’)-1a</em> gene, which is the most reported gene in our country and other countries and one of the HLGR genes investigated in our study, was detected 58%.

Antibiotic Resistance of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated from Fresh Fruits and Vegetables and Characterization of their AmpC β-Lactamases

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (11) ◽  
pp. 1857-1863 ◽  
Author(s):  
ZAHRA S. AL-KHAROUSI ◽  
NEJIB GUIZANI ◽  
ABDULLAH M. AL-SADI ◽  
ISMAIL M. AL-BULUSHI
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Clinically Significant ◽  
Enterobacter Asburiae

ABSTRACT Enterobacteria may gain antibiotic resistance and be potent pathogens wherever they are present, including in fresh fruits and vegetables. This study tested the antibiotic resistance of enterobacteria isolated from 13 types of local and imported fresh fruits and vegetables (n = 105), using the standard Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Phenotypic and genotypic characterizations of AmpC β-lactamases were determined in cefoxitin-resistant isolates. Ten percent of the enterobacteria tested (n = 88) were pansusceptible, 74% were resistant to at least one antibiotic, and 16% were multidrug resistant. Enterobacteria isolates showed the highest antibiotic resistance against ampicillin (66%), cephalothin (57%), amoxicillin–clavulanic acid (33%), cefoxitin (31%), tetracycline (9%), nalidixic acid (7%), trimethoprim (6%), and kanamycin (5%). Three isolates showed intermediate resistance to the clinically important antibiotic imipenem. Escherichia coli isolated from lettuce exhibited multidrug resistance against five antibiotics. Fifteen isolates were confirmed to have AmpC β-lactamase, using the inhibitor-based test and the antagonism test; the latter test confirmed that the enzyme was an inducible type. Four types of ampC β-lactamase genes (CIT, EBC, FOX, and MOX) were detected in eight isolates: four Enterobacter cloacae isolates and one isolate each of Citrobacter freundii, Enterobacter asburiae, Enterobacter hormaechei, and Enterobacter ludwigii. It was concluded that fresh fruits and vegetables might play a role as a source or vehicle for transferring antibiotic-resistant bacteria that might spread to other countries through exportation. The clinically significant AmpC β-lactamase was rarely documented in the literature on bacteria isolated from fruits and vegetables, and to our knowledge, this is the first report on the detection of an inducible type in such commodities.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Profiles of Escherichia coli from Diarrheic Weaned Piglets after the Ban on Antibiotic Growth Promoters in Feed

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (11) ◽  
pp. 755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Do Kyung-Hyo ◽  
Byun Jae-Won ◽  
Lee Wan-Kyu
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Growth Promoters ◽  
Disk Diffusion Method ◽  
Pathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Amoxicillin Clavulanic Acid ◽  
Antibiotic Growth Promoters ◽  
Polymerase Chain

This study aimed to survey the antimicrobial resistance profiles of 690 pathogenic Escherichia coli isolates obtained from Korean pigs with symptoms of enteric colibacillosis between 2007 and 2017, while assessing the change in antimicrobial resistance profiles before and after the ban on antibiotic growth promoters (AGPs). Following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines, the antimicrobial resistance phenotype was analyzed through the disk diffusion method, and the genotype was analyzed by the polymerase chain reaction. After the ban on AGPs, resistance to gentamicin (from 68.8% to 39.0%), neomycin (from 84.9% to 57.8%), ciprofloxacin (from 49.5% to 39.6%), norfloxacin (from 46.8% to 37.3%), and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (from 40.8% to 23.5%) decreased compared to before the ban. However, resistance to cephalothin (from 51.4% to 66.5%), cefepime (from 0.0% to 2.4%), and colistin (from 7.3% to 11.0%) had increased. We confirmed a high percentage of multidrug resistance before (95.0%) and after (96.6%) the ban on AGPs. The AmpC gene was the most prevalent from 2007 to 2017 (60.0%), followed by the blaTEM gene (55.5%). The blaTEM was prevalent before (2007–2011, 69.3%) and after (2012–2017, 49.2%) the ban on AGPs. These results provide data that can be used for the prevention and treatment of enteric colibacillosis.

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