scholarly journals The Shintoization of Mazu in Tokugawa Japan

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wai-ming Ng
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Tokugawa Period ◽  
Folk Religions ◽  
Local Officials ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Different Parts

Mazu was a Chinese sea goddess worshiped by fishermen, villagers, maritime merchants, and local officials in the Sinic world including Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and the Ryūkyū Kingdom. In a sense, the Chinese cultural sphere was also the “sphere of Mazu belief.” Compared with China’s other neighboring nations, Japan settled at a deeper level of localization, turning Mazu into a Shinto deity, worshiping the Chinese goddess in the Shinto way, and enshrining her along with other Shinto deities. In the Tokugawa period, Mazu was worshiped by the Japanese as the manifestation of different Shinto deities. Based on Japanese primary sources, this study investigates the Shintoization of Mazu in Tokugawa Japan using Funadama belief among seafarers and shipbuilders, Noma Gongen belief in the Satsuma domain, and Ototachibanahime belief in the Mito domain as the main points of reference. Mazu was associated with Funadama, the Japanese protector god of seafarers, in different parts of Japan. In the Satsuma and Mito domains, Mazu belief differed tremendously from that in China in terms of religious titles, festival dates, forms of worship, and functions. This research aims to deepen our understanding of how Chinese folk religions were incorporated into the Shinto framework of Tokugawa Japan and the nature of the popularization of Chinese culture in Japan through the lens of localization.

scholarly journals On the Possibilities of Researching the Marriage Policies of the Rurikids: The Case of Mstislav Fyodor Vladimirovich Monomakhovich

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 91-110
Author(s):  
Dariusz Dąbrowski
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Source Material ◽  
The Other ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Basic Question ◽  
The Political ◽  
Know How ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The One

The main goal of the article is to present the possibilities and methods of research on the Rurikid’s matrimonial policy in the Middle Ages on the example of a selected group of princes. As the subject of studies were chosen Mstislav Vladimirovich and his children. In total, 12 matrimonial relationships were included. The analysis of the source material revealed very unfavorable phenomena from the perspective of the topic under study. The Rus’ primary sources gave information on the conclusion of just four marriages out of twelve. The next four matrimonial arrangement inform foreign sources (Scandinavian and Norman). It should be emphasized particularly strongly that – save for two exceptions of Scandinavian provenance – the sources convey no information whatsoever as regards the political aims behind this or that marriage agreement. It appears, then, that the chroniclers of the period and cultural sphere in question did not regard details concerning marriages (such as their circumstances or the reasons behind them) as “information notable enough to be worth preserving”. Truth be told, even the very fact of the marriage did not always belong to this category. Due to the state of preservation of primary sources the basic question arises as to whether it is possible to study the Rurikids’ matrimonial policy? In spite of the mercilessly sparse source material, it is by all means possible to conduct feasible research on the Rurikids’ marriage policy. One must know how to do it right, however. Thus, such studies must on the one hand be rooted in a deep knowledge of the relevant sources (not only of Rus’ provenance) as well as the ability to subject them to astute analysis; on the other hand, they must adhere to the specially developed methodology, presented in the first part of the article.

Nirañjanī Sampradāy

Hinduism ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tyler Williams
Keyword(s):  
18Th Century ◽  
17Th Century ◽  
River Valley ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Northern India ◽  
15Th Century ◽  
Narmada River ◽  
Original Works ◽  
Female Saints ◽  
Different Parts

Believed to have been founded by the saint-poet Svāmī Haridās (d. 1601?) in the late 16th or early 17th century, the Nirañjanī Sampradāy is one of the bhakti communities associated with the so-called nirguṇ sant movement that began in northern India sometime in the 15th century. The Sampradāy, which consists of both monastic initiates and lay followers, flourished during the 17th and 18th centuries in what is now Rajasthan, during which time it also established monastic outposts at locations as distant as Aurangabad and the Narmada River valley. Nirañjanī hagiographical traditions acknowledge the community’s early connections with the Nāth Sampradāya and with the Dādū Panth, another nirguṇ sant tradition that arose at roughly the same time as the Nirañjanī Sampradāy. These close connections are also reflected in the literature, theology, and practices of the sect, which combine Vaishnava bhakti with aspects of yoga as well as elements adapted from Sufi traditions. After the passing of Haridās, the monastic order expanded quickly in a decentralized fashion, with several of Haridās’s direct disciples founding monastic centers and lineages in different parts of Rajasthan (and eventually in Hyderabad as well). Among the later monastic disciples were several prominent saint-poets, including Santadās, Turasīdās, Manoharadās, Bhagavānadās, Dhyānadās, and Harirāmadās. Importantly, the Nirañjanīs also give prominence to Pannājī, an 18th-century female saint, and recognize several other female saints as being part of the tradition. Although the Nirañjanīs themselves were prolific writers, very little material by or about the Nirañjanīs is available in published form. This article lists the few original works of scholarship that have been produced on the Sampradāy in Hindi and in English along with any relevant primary sources that have been published.

Women and family

2020 ◽  
pp. 220-273
Author(s):  
Alice Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Urban Context ◽  
The Public ◽  
Private Correspondence ◽  
Self Worth ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
The Public Sphere ◽  
Education Culture ◽  
The Town ◽  
Insight Into

Using primary sources including diaries and letters, this chapter sheds considerable light on the female intellectual and cultural sphere. A wide-ranging discussion of middle-class women living in an Irish urban context is offered here. Although Victorian elite women left a much lighter record than that of men, private correspondence from the large Workman family and Mary Watts’ diary and biography provide a fascinating insight into the female sphere as it existed in the town. Women’s experience of education, culture, singleness, courtship, marriage, motherhood and philanthropy are all discussed in this chapter, raising questions about levels of female independence, self-worth and participation in the public sphere. Fatherhood and childhood are also discussed in this chapter.

scholarly journals GENDER STEREOTYPES OF CHINESE LINGUOCULTURE

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 870-877
Author(s):  
Fatimabibi Daulet ◽  
Zhunisbek Gulnaz ◽  
Farida Orazakynkyzy ◽  
Gaukhar Dauletova ◽  
Anuar Saule ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gender Stereotypes ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Chinese Speakers ◽  
Gender Culture ◽  
Modern Chinese ◽  
General Linguistic ◽  
Linguistic Units ◽  
Semantic Definition

Purpose of the study: The article discusses the national-cultural characteristics of the Chinese gender culture and methods of its implementation in linguistic units: words, phraseological units, euphemisms, proverbs, and sayings. This research also examines the nominative system of the Chinese language, the lexicon, as well as what ratings are attributed to men and women and in what semantic areas they are most clearly expressed.  Methodology: In order to describe the internal form of gender vocabulary, the authors used the following methods common for studies: description, semantic definition, classification, and linguistic interpretation, and the statistical method (quantitative calculations). The etymological approach used to identify primary sources of gender vocabulary. Main Findings:  A study of linguistic facts shows that the gender stereotypes of Chinese culture possess not only general cultural, but also general linguistic properties, which are fixed by different kinds of language units. Gender stereotypes in modern Chinese are objectified by an extensive and well-structured lexical and phraseological field, proverbs and sayings, case-texts (discourse) and other language units, which indicates its communicative relevance to Chinese linguistic consciousness. Applications/Implications of the study: The results of the study can be used in the further researches of gender stereotypes and its linguistic objectification in both related and genetically distant languages, in various types of discourse. The results of the work can also be used in the teaching of Chinese, as well as in courses on the theory and practice of translation, regional studies. The authors believe that the results of the study will help to better understand the native Chinese speakers, which can help increase the effectiveness of intercultural communication. Novelty/Originality of the study: In this article, the author first showed that gender stereotypes in modern Chinese are objectified by an extensive and well-structured lexico-phraseological field, proverbs and sayings, and other linguistic units, which testifies to its communicative relevance to Chinese linguistic consciousness. It is one of the first studies analyzed the language objectification of the gender code of Chinese culture.

Triassic formations of Mountain ous Crimea: the first resust of U–Pb dating of detrital zircons

2020 ◽  
pp. 18-33
Author(s):  
A. M. Nikishin ◽  
T. V. Romanyuk ◽  
D. V. Moskovskiy ◽  
N. B. Kuznetsov ◽  
A. A. Kolesnikova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sedimentary Basin ◽  
Upper Triassic ◽  
Detrital Zircons ◽  
Ukrainian Shield ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Two Samples ◽  
Primary Relationships ◽  
First Results ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Mountainous Crimea

The first results of U-Pb dating of detrital zircons (dZr) from two samples characterizing the Taurica and Eski-Orda Groups of the Cimmerian structural complex of the Mountainous Crimea are presented. The strong similarity of the sets of ages of dZr from the Lower Taurica Formation of the Taurica Group and the Salgir strata of the Eski-Orda Group confirms the facial character of the primary relationships of these Groups. The studied Upper Triassic sandstones had a common feeding province and were formed, most likely, in different parts of the same sedimentary basin. It is most likely that this sedimentary basin was part of a continental margin of Baltica. The presence in samples of a significant number of dZr with very ancient ages >3.0 Ga (including 3 the oldest dZr grains with ages of ~3.9 Ga) makes the crystalline complexes represented in the present-day structure of the Ukrainian Shield as the very possible primary sources of these zircons. Crystalline complexes with such ancient ages are extremely rare over the world, but are widely represented in the Podolian and Cis-Azov blocks of the Ukrainian shield.

Opening Up the Chinese Socio-cultural Sphere

2018 ◽  
pp. 63-96
Author(s):  
Wu-Ling Chong
Keyword(s):  
Local Governments ◽  
Chinese Culture ◽  
Chinese Language ◽  
Active Role ◽  
Cultural Identities ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Business Connections ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
Opening Up

This chapter examines the opening up of the Chinese socio-cultural sphere in post-Suharto Medan and Surabaya. Chinese Indonesians who strongly support Chinese ethnic and cultural identities have made use of the more liberal environment to establish Chinese-based organisations and Chinese-language newspapers. In general, these organisations and newspapers have made use of intra-ethnic linkages to safeguard Chinese ethnic and cultural identities, thus contributing to multiculturalism in post-Suharto Indonesia. The rise of China as an economic power has also prompted leaders of some Chinese organisations to utilise their intra-ethnic linkages and social networks in China to assist local governments in establishing cultural and business connections with China. Many indigenous Indonesians, however, perceive that the active role of Chinese organisations in promoting Chinese culture indicates an insistence upon separateness. At the same time, there are Chinese Indonesians who favour the integration of the Chinese into the wider Indonesian society and who have established non-ethnic-based socio-cultural organisations to promote cross-ethnic understanding and solidarity. On the whole, however, the socio-cultural activities and endeavours of Chinese organisations and Chinese-language newspapers have reproduced and perpetuated stereotypes of the Chinese as insular, opportunistic, and oriented towards China instead of Indonesia.

scholarly journals THE ART OF NOVELLA BY IHARA SAIKAKU (TRADITIONS AND NATIONAL SPECIFICITY)

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 824-831
Author(s):  
Gulnorakhon Bakhtiyorjon Qizi Qosimova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Chinese Literature ◽  
Japanese Literature ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The Past ◽  
Artistic Representations ◽  
Literary Sources ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Cultural Sphere

Literature, as any type of panhuman activity, has its own canons and patterns that have been mastered and expanded by the classic writers of all nations of the worldover the centuries.In particular, Japanese literature is characterized by reliance on traditions, the active use of historical experience of previous periods literature and redefinition of the past, as well as an original and innovative point of view on reality.It is known that in the East the role of traditions has always been very important. Social behavior, the need to adhere to national traditions in the formation of the consciousness of each individual. Undoubtedly, this also applies to the cultural sphere of Japanese life, especially the work of writers. Direct references to past sources in the creative process were considered as important criteria in assessing the value of the work, and for a long time it was an indicator of the author’s level and extensive knowledge. The paper covers the role of literature traditions, the principles of interpretations classical Japanese and Chinese literary sources in the works of a talented representative of Japanese literature of the seventeenthcentury Ihara Saikaku. For this purpose, a selection of the interpreted works of the author and their analysis with a number of classical primary sources of Japanese and Chinese literature has been made. Through the analysis, the principles of redefinition, an innovative interpretation of examples of Japanese and Chinese literature of the past, as well as shifts in the system of artistic representations of that time have been revealed.

Affirmation and denial: Extreme right black metal and the Holocaust

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 375-393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martin Langebach ◽  
Christoph Schulze
Keyword(s):  
Primary Sources ◽  
Western World ◽  
Right Wing ◽  
Extreme Right ◽  
Black Metal ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Song Lyrics

The article examines how the Holocaust is addressed in the extreme right wing sections of the larger black metal culture. Drawing from an extensive pool of primary sources the authors analyse how the Holocaust features in song lyrics, album artworks and interviews with artists. They argue that references to the Holocaust in extreme right wing black metal follow the logic of the culture’s aesthetics, which regularly employ symbols of fantastic or factual atrocities in order to express statements of misanthrophy, hatred and male strength. At the same time, the references are non-metaphorical and in that sense political. The artists often do not attempt to minimize the magnitude of the Holocaust but they celebrate the event exactly for the brutality it represents. In other instances, the idea of Holocaust is approved while its factuality is denied. Historic denialism and affirmation of the Holocaust can go hand in hand. While crass antisemitic statements can be found in other extreme right wing cultural realms, extreme right black metal might be the cultural sphere in the contemporary western world that articulates the harshest type of antisemitism.

scholarly journals Contribution of the Yugoslav Sokol organizations to the interwar sphere of music

Muzikologija ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107-133
Author(s):  
Ivana Vesic
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Musical Life ◽  
Important Place ◽  
Cultural Sphere ◽  
Instrumental Ensembles ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas ◽  
Individual Sports ◽  
Different Parts ◽  
Musical Activities

In this article part of musical activities of two federal Sokol organizations (JSS and SSKJ) in interwar Yugoslavia will be thoroughly examined. Despite the fact that these organizations were primarily focused on development of gymnastics and certain individual sports, cultural advancement of its members as well as of Yugoslav population also occupied an important place, particularly in the 1930s. As a result of broadening of Sokol?s work, musical amateurism started to gain prominence in Sokol legions, societies and parishes (zupe). This was reflected in the proliferation of Sokol vocal and instrumental ensembles, as well as their performances in various Sokol units, both in urban and rural areas. The flourishing of musical activities among Sokols from different parts of the country led to the change of circumstances in the cultural sphere of these regions, particularly in the undeveloped ones. Among other things, this included giving an impetus to the preservation and popularization of tamburitza orchestras and epic singing to the accompaniment of the gusle, promotion of national and Slavic music repertoire and enrichment and diversification of musical life.

scholarly journals Factors Influencing County Commissioners’ Decisions about Burn Bans in the Southern Plains, USA

Land ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 686
Author(s):  
Thomas W. McDaniel ◽  
Carissa L. Wonkka ◽  
Morgan L. Treadwell ◽  
Urs P. Kreuter
Keyword(s):  
Prescribed Fire ◽  
Woody Plant ◽  
Emergency Services ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
Management Tool ◽  
Fire Departments ◽  
Woody Plant Encroachment ◽  
Southern Plains ◽  
County Commissioners ◽  
Local Officials

Woody plant encroachment in North American rangelands has led to calls for greater use of prescribed fire to reduce fuel loads and restore grazing productivity and grassland biodiversity. However, the use of prescribed fire during periods when woody plant mortality is maximized has often been limited by temporary restrictions on outdoor burning enacted by regional or local governmental entities. This study reports the results of a survey assessing the familiarity with and attitudes toward prescribed fire in Texas and Oklahoma, USA, of officials tasked with implementing restrictions on outdoor burning and how these attitudes influence their decisions. Most responding officials considered prescribed fire to be a safe and beneficial land management tool that should be used more frequently. Self-reported familiarity with prescribed fire was the most significant explanatory variable for this attitude. Further, familiarity with prescribed fire was influenced by respondent participation in or being invited to participate in a prescribed fire. Such invitations came mostly from private landowners. Landowners wishing to use prescribed fire may benefit from building trust with local officials by demonstrating they are qualified to conduct such fires safely. This could help reduce the frequency of burn restrictions and may increase the likelihood that officials will grant burn ban exemptions to qualified burn managers. Additionally, because officials’ primary sources of prescribed fire information were reported to be local fire departments and emergency services, educating those entities about the benefits of prescribed fire for reducing wildfire risks could help reduce pressure on officials to enact or maintain burning restrictions. These findings highlight opportunities for reducing the frequency of burning restrictions, increasing opportunities for land managers to effectively halt or reverse woody plant encroachment.

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