scholarly journals „Wspomnienia” Nadieżdy Mandelsztam jako forma reprezentacji pamięci

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 207-215
Author(s):  
Aurelia Kotkiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Creative Process ◽  
Moral Obligation ◽  
Russian Literature ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
The Past ◽  
Literary Devices ◽  
Bear Witness

Nadezhda Mandelstam’s Hope against Hope: A Memoir as a form of representation of memoryNadezhda Mandelstam’s Hope Against Hope: a Memoir must be regarded as one of the most important accounts of the gradual subjugation of Russian literature in Stalin’s Soviet Union. The purpose of my article is to examine the literary devices employed by the author in her attempt to describe her traumatic experiences, as well as the strategies she uses in order to ‘tame the past’ at a more personal, generational, and historical plan concerning such experiences as loneliness, entrapment, solitude, homelessness, suffering, fear, and death. Her memoir enables her to relieve the trauma caused by the tragic fate of her husband, the poet Osip Mandelstam, as well as to recreate the final years of his life and work. In a broader context, the book offers thoughts and insights into the moral state of humanity. Together with such novels as Vasily Grossman’s Everything Flows…, Lydia Chukovskaya’s Sofia Petrovna, and Anna Akhmatova’s Requiem, Nadezhda Mandelstam’s writings are a shattering account of life in a totalitarian regime, marked by an ideologically driven process of distorting and erasing memory. She identified creative process not only with the struggle to keep her husband’s name alive but also with a moral obligation to bear witness to the inhumanity of her time.Воспоминания Надежды Мандельштам как форма репрезентации памятиВоспоминания Надежды Мандель­штам — это одно из самых выдающихся свидетельств процесса порабощения русской литера­туры в период сталинского террора. Целью статьи является анализ механизмов репрезентации личного травматического опыта Надежды Мандельштам, а также применяемых стратегий ос­ваивания прошлого в личном, общественном и историческом контекстах одиночество, от­чужденность, бездомность, страдание, страх, смерть. Рядом с такими произведениями как Все течет... Василия Гроссмана, Софья Петровна Лидии Чуковской, Реквием Анны Ахматовой, Воспоминания Надежды Мандельштам являются потрясающей записью гибели русской интел­лигенции, а также идеологически управляемого процесса искажения и стирания памяти о про­шлом. Творческий процесс Надежда Мандельштам отождествляет с борьбой за память о поэте Осипе Мандельштаме, его поэтическом наследии, но также с моральной ответсвенностью дать свидетельство времени.

scholarly journals The Oral history jako szczególny rodzaj dialogu. Etyczne aspekty nagrań ze świadkami historii.

Etyka ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maciag
Keyword(s):  
Oral History ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Social Order ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bear Witness

Understanding the role that a researcher recording oral history biographical testimonies performs during a conversation (who they become to the narrator, and what boundaries and ethics they need), are a condition of a well-done recording. Due to specifics of the XX century history, the oralists often deal with people whose lives have been marked by some kind of trauma A social order to remember the past means an order to bear witness to the tragic or traumatic experiences. This is a difficult task not only for the narrator but also for the researcher, who are usually not psychologists but sociologists, historians or anthropologists. In the article, the author confronts the theory regulating the ethics of oral histor recordings with empirical research.

scholarly journals Trauma, memory, testimony: phenomenological, psychological, and ethical perspectives

1970 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 104-133 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Welz
Keyword(s):  
Social Context ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Philosophical Tradition ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
The Past ◽  
Trauma Memory ◽  
Bear Witness ◽  
Ethical Perspectives

How can severely traumatized persons re-present the past and its impact on the present if (due to blackout, repression, or dissociation) they could not witness what they went through, or can hardly recall it? Drawing on Holocaust testimonies, this article explores the crisis of witnessing constituted by the Shoah and, more generally, problems of integrating and communicating traumatic experiences. Phenomenological, psychological, and ethical perspectives contribute to a systematic investigation of the relation between trauma, memory and testimony. I will argue that preserving personal continuity across the gap between past and present presupposes not only an ‘inner witness’ – which can, according to a long philosophical tradition, be identified with a person’s conscience – but also a social context in which one is addressed and can respond. An attentive listener can bear witness to the witness by accepting the assignation of responsibility implied in testimonial interaction, and thereby support the dialogic restitution of memory and identity. 

Collective Memory: Between Values and Historical Knowledge

2020 ◽  
pp. 124-142
Author(s):  
VICTOR BURLACHUK
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Collective Memory ◽  
Rapid Change ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Main Element ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

At the end of the twentieth century, questions of a secondary nature suddenly became topical: what do we remember and who owns the memory? Memory as one of the mental characteristics of an individual’s activity is complemented by the concept of collective memory, which requires a different method of analysis than the activity of a separate individual. In the 1970s, a situation arose that gave rise to the so-called "historical politics" or "memory politics." If philosophical studies of memory problems of the 30’s and 40’s of the twentieth century were focused mainly on the peculiarities of perception of the past in the individual and collective consciousness and did not go beyond scientific discussions, then half a century later the situation has changed dramatically. The problem of memory has found its political sound: historians and sociologists, politicians and representatives of the media have entered the discourse on memory. Modern society, including all social, ethnic and family groups, has undergone a profound change in the traditional attitude towards the past, which has been associated with changes in the structure of government. In connection with the discrediting of the Soviet Union, the rapid decline of the Communist Party and its ideology, there was a collapse of Marxism, which provided for a certain model of time and history. The end of the revolutionary idea, a powerful vector that indicated the direction of historical time into the future, inevitably led to a rapid change in perception of the past. Three models of the future, which, according to Pierre Nora, defined the face of the past (the future as a restoration of the past, the future as progress and the future as a revolution) that existed until recently, have now lost their relevance. Today, absolute uncertainty hangs over the future. The inability to predict the future poses certain challenges to the present. The end of any teleology of history imposes on the present a debt of memory. Features of the life of memory, the specifics of its state and functioning directly affect the state of identity, both personal and collective. Distortion of memory, its incorrect work, and its ideological manipulation can give rise to an identity crisis. The memorial phenomenon is a certain political resource in a situation of severe socio-political breaks and changes. In the conditions of the economic crisis and in the absence of a real and clear program for future development, the state often seeks to turn memory into the main element of national consolidation.

scholarly journals ​Chemistry, Nutritional Properties and Application of Mare’s Milk: A Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaikh Adil ◽  
B.M. Mehta ◽  
Atanu H. Jana
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Former Soviet Union ◽  
Nutritional Value ◽  
Mammal Species ◽  
Nutritional Properties ◽  
Southern States ◽  
The Past ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Therapeutic Properties

Mare’s milk has long been considered to have special nutritive and therapeutic properties in Mongolia and southern states of the former Soviet Union. It is now gaining popularity in some parts in Europe also. Mares’ milk is characterized by their unique nutritional profile. Therefore, interest has increased in the use of mare’s milk for human nutrition in the past several years, especially in France and Germany. As compared to many other mammal species, mare’s milk is highly appreciated for similarity to human milk in terms of chemical composition allowing its use as a substitute for mother’s milk in infant feeding. Mare’s milk also has been used for the treatment of certain human pathologies such as hepatitis, chronic ulcer and tuberculosis. This review dwells on the chemical composition, nutritional value and various health-promoting properties of mare’s milk.

scholarly journals ABSTRACT OF PRACTICAL ACTIVITY OF A WORKGROUP ON «DECOMMUNIZATION» OF PUBLIC AREA OF THE TOWN OF VINNYTSIA: HISTORIAN’S VIEW

2017 ◽  
pp. 196-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Karoyeva
Keyword(s):  
Group Activity ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Totalitarian Regime ◽  
Practical Activity ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Past ◽  
Public Area ◽  
Totalitarian Regimes ◽  
The Town ◽  
Selection Of

The article deals with practical activity of the workgroup created in order toadminister the Law of Ukraine «On condemnation of totalitarian regimes inUkraine and prohibition of propaganda of their insignia» within the town ofVinnytsia. The workgroup had to reveal objects containing communist andSoviet insignia that exists in the public urban area, to work out advice andpropositions as to replacing town toponyms containing insignia of communistthe totalitarian regime with new names.The article content is arranged in the following blocks: a) creation of theworkgroup; b) decision-making algorithm (from historians’ point of view);c) scientific grounds of historian group activity; d) selection of objects forfurther discussion; e) procedure of discussion of proposed new toponyms.Six historians residing in Vinnytsia were introduced into the workgroup.They belong to various generations and represent both governmental andpublic organizations. The following principles have been defined for organizingof the historian group activity: - toleration (provides for respectful attitude towards various canons ofhistoric memory except for Soviet-communist one);- historicism (due regard to be paid not only to the past but to currenttendencies and challenges of the future as well);- education (the activity has to promote dialogs between various socialgroups and formation of unified collective memory);- local topicality with a view to the formation of unified image/brand of thetown.Several approaches to practical activity on replacing of toponyms havebeen developed in order to ensure smooth work process. They were intendedto be used simultaneously or in sequence depending on the actual situation butevery proposal was concerned from the proposed standpoints in line with allthe following approaches:- historicity (provides for restoration of historical names of places andimplementation of historical and urban practical methods of representationof the town history in toponymy);- commemoration (this approach traditionally provides for drawing attentionto the formation of ethnic and national identity and cultural matrixof the nation, but in the course of solving of nation-wide problems Vinnytsiahistorian group strived to be oriented to the identity of local urbancommunity);- locality (conformity of toponyms to peculiarities of nature, history,economics and culture of Vinnytsia, Bratslavshchyna, and Podillia regions);- concreteness (provides for conformity of a toponym to its actual local(in line with toponym’s scale) circumstances (geographical, biological,industrial, cultural, religious, personological etc.);- actualization (due regard to be paid to the necessity of drawing attentionto certain events and persons that, as a rule, are not of the nationwidescale).Out of total 836 town place names, 147 toponyms (85 names) have beenreplaced with new ones and reasoning for 5 names (12 toponyms) has beenchanged. Thus decommunization encompassed 19% of the town toponymicalsystem.

scholarly journals Rola języka w uwalnianiu się z dziedzicznych traum

Politeja ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (2(65)) ◽  
pp. 189-204
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Marcol
Keyword(s):  
Collective Memory ◽  
Cultural Memory ◽  
Social Position ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Social ◽  
The World ◽  
The 19Th Century ◽  
The Village

The Role of Language in Releasing from Inherited Traumas. Negotiations of the Social Position of the Silesian Minority in Serbian Banat The aim of the paper is to show the dependence between language, collective memory (also post-memory) and sense of identity. This issue is analysed using the example of an ethnic minority living in the village of Ostojićevo (Banat, Serbia) called ‘Toutowie.’ Their ancestors came in the 19th century from Wisła (Silesian Cieszyn, Poland); they left their homes because of great hunger and were looking for jobs in Banat. Narratives about the past contain traumatic experiences of the past generations transmitted in the Silesian dialect and constituting communicative memory. At the same time, a new Polish national identity is being constructed, supported by institutions and authorities; it carries a new image of the world and creates a new cultural memory. This new identity – shaped on the basis of national categories – leads to changes of its self-identification and gives the opportunity to raise its social position in the multi-ethnic Banat community.

scholarly journals The Anthropology of Plague: Insights from Bioarcheological Analyses of Epidemic Cemeteries

2015 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-123
Author(s):  
Sharon N. Dewitte
Keyword(s):  
Historical Record ◽  
Skeletal Remains ◽  
Black Death ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
The Past ◽  
Bear Witness

Most research on historic plague has relied on documentary evidence, but recently researchers have examined the remains of plague victims to produce a deeper understanding of the disease. Bioarcheological analysis allows the skeletal remains of epidemic victims to bear witness to the contexts of their deaths. This is important for our understanding of the experiences of the vast majority of people who lived in the past, who are not typically included in the historical record. This paper summarizes bioarcheological research on plague, primarily investigations of the Black Death in London (1349–50), emphasizing what anthropology uniquely contributes to plague studies.

scholarly journals The language of wounds and scars in Edwige Danticat's "The Dew Breaker" : a case in trauma symptoms and the recovery process

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aitor Ibarrola-Armendáriz
Keyword(s):  
Short Stories ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Traumatic Experiences ◽  
Trauma Symptoms ◽  
American Writer ◽  
The Past ◽  
Difficult Time ◽  
Haitian American ◽  
To Come

This article examines the representation of a violent and traumatizing past in Edwidge Danticat’s The Dew Breaker (2004), a collection of short stories that depicts the effects of a torturer’s atrocious crimes on the lives of his victims and their descendants. The contribution argues that this work of fiction by the Haitian-American writer is structured upon the principle that traumatic experiences can only become intelligible – and, therefore, “representable” – by considering the severe psychical wounds and scars they leave on the victims. These scars habitually take the form of paranoia, nightmares, ghostly presences, schizophrenia, and “dead spots” that have a very difficult time finding their place in the protagonists’ consciousness and language. In spite of the fragmented and discontinuous character of these representations, the writer manages to unveil the kind of psychological and social dysfunctions that often surface when people have not fully accepted or assimilated aspects of the past that keep itching in their unconscious. However, despite the prevailingly bleak tone of the stories, Danticat still leaves some room for hope and recovery, as many of the victims find ways to come to terms with and overcome those individual and collective dysfunctions.

scholarly journals The Sentimentalism of W. Godwin’s Early Novels

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-127
Author(s):  
М.А. Серегина
Keyword(s):  
Common Sense ◽  
Writing Style ◽  
Aesthetic Value ◽  
Political Ideas ◽  
The Creation ◽  
Literary Devices ◽  
Bear Witness

В статье рассматриваются ранние малоизученные романы английского писателя, журналиста и философа Уильяма Годвина «Деймон и Делия», «Имоджен» и «Итальянские письма». Цель данного исследования — выделение их сентиментальной основы, осознание ее эстетической значимости в художественной структуре произведений. Анализ ранних романов позволяет выделить в них характерные для сентиментализма особенности: преобладание естественного чувства над разумом, мотивы любования природой, возвышенным и прекрасным, восхищение искусством и сентиментальной поэзией, определившие характер героев и специфику сюжетно-мотивного комплекса. У. Годвин активно обращается к сентименталистской стилистике, используя как традиционные, так и оригинальные художественно-выразительные средства, которые основываются на контрасте как главном способе воздействия на читателя. Автор статьи приходит к выводу, что на раннем этапе творчества писателя происходит становление стиля и особого способа художественного выражения его философских и политических идей, тем самым опровергается широко распространенное мнение о том, что ранние романы У. Годвина не содержат каких-либо важных для его философии идей. Кроме того, анализируемые романы исходя из их жанрово-стилевой специфики можно отнести к типично сентиментальным произведениям. Данное исследование и его результаты могут быть использованы для дальнейшего анализа и изучения раннего творчества У. Годвина и для создания более полной панорамы его работ. The article treats an English writer, journalist and philosopher William Godwin’s previously underinvestigated novels “Damon and Delia”, “Imogen”, and “Italian Letters”. The aim of the research is to explore the sentimental aspects lying at the basis of the novels and to assess their aesthetic value. The analysis of W. Godwin’s early works enables one to trace in them some features characteristic of sentimental novels, such as prevalence of sentiment over common sense, fascination with nature, admiration for exquisite beauty, appreciation of art and sentimental poetry. All these characteristics account for the choice of personages and narrative devices. W. Godwin’s works abound with sentimentalism. The writer employs both traditional and unique stylistic devices, whose essence lies in contrast as the main means of affecting the reader. The author of the article concludes that W. Godwin’s early works bear witness to the evolution of W. Godwin’s writing style and to his search of literary devices which enable him to express his philosophical and political ideas. Therefore, the author of the article underlines that, contrary to widespread opinion, W. Godwin’s early works are not devoid of philosophical ideas. The author maintains that, judging by their genre characteristics, the analyzed novels can be classified as sentimental ones. The research can be used for further analysis of W. Godwin’s early novels and for the creation of a wider panorama of his works.

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