scholarly journals Pathogenesis of Aging and Age-related Comorbidities in People with HIV: Highlights from the HIV ACTION Workshop

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dana Gabuzda ◽  
Beth D. Jamieson ◽  
Ronald G. Collman ◽  
Michael M. Lederman ◽  
Tricia H. Burdo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Science Research ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Epigenetic Clock ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Research Working Group ◽  
Key Questions

People with HIV (PWH) experience accentuated biological aging, as defined by markers of inflammation, immune dysfunction, and the epigenetic clock. They also have an elevated risk of multiple age-associated comorbidities. To discuss current knowledge, research gaps, and priorities in aging and age-related comorbidities in treated HIV infection, the NIH program staff organized a workshop held in Bethesda, Maryland in September 2019. This review article describes highlights of discussions led by the Pathogenesis/Basic Science Research working group that focused on three high priority topics: immunopathogenesis; the microbiome/virome; and aging and senescence. We summarize knowledge in these fields and describe key questions for research on the pathogenesis of aging and age-related comorbidities in PWH. Understanding the drivers and mechanisms underlying accentuated biological aging is a high priority that will help identify potential therapeutic targets to improve healthspan in older PWH.

scholarly journals Exploring Epigenetic Age in Response to Intensive Relaxing Training: A Pilot Study to Slow Down Biological Age

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (17) ◽  
pp. 3074 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavanello ◽  
Campisi ◽  
Tona ◽  
Lin ◽  
Iliceto
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Age Estimation ◽  
Healthy Subjects ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Biological Age ◽  
Chronological Age ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Epigenetic Clock ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Epigenetic Age

DNA methylation (DNAm) is an emerging estimator of biological aging, i.e., the often-defined “epigenetic clock”, with a unique accuracy for chronological age estimation (DNAmAge). In this pilot longitudinal study, we examine the hypothesis that intensive relaxing training of 60 days in patients after myocardial infarction and in healthy subjects may influence leucocyte DNAmAge by turning back the epigenetic clock. Moreover, we compare DNAmAge with another mechanism of biological age, leucocyte telomere length (LTL) and telomerase. DNAmAge is reduced after training in healthy subjects (p = 0.053), but not in patients. LTL is preserved after intervention in healthy subjects, while it continues to decrease in patients (p = 0.051). The conventional negative correlation between LTL and chronological age becomes positive after training in both patients (p < 0.01) and healthy subjects (p < 0.05). In our subjects, DNAmAge is not associated with LTL. Our findings would suggest that intensive relaxing practices influence different aging molecular mechanisms, i.e., DNAmAge and LTL, with a rejuvenating effect. Our study reveals that DNAmAge may represent an accurate tool to measure the effectiveness of lifestyle-based interventions in the prevention of age-related diseases.

scholarly journals SCHIZOPHRENIA EPIGENETIC AGING PATTERNS REFLECT ALTERED MORTALITY AND CANCER RISKS

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S893-S893
Author(s):  
Albert T Higgins-Chen ◽  
Christiaan Vinkers ◽  
Marco P Boks ◽  
Morgan E Levine
Keyword(s):  
Accelerated Aging ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Mitotic Rate ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Epigenetic Clock ◽  
Medication Effects ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Associated Proteins

Abstract Schizophrenia (SZ) is associated with large increases in all-cause mortality, high smoking rates, and elevated levels of age-associated proteins—suggesting individuals with SZ may experience accelerated rates of biological aging. Yet surprisingly, multiple previous studies found no association between SZ and biological age using Horvath’s epigenetic clock, a well-recognized and validated biomarker of aging based on DNA methylation (DNAm) levels. However, numerous epigenetic clocks have been developed to date, many of which are better indicators of differential lifespan and healthspan than the original Horvath clock. Thus, we hypothesize that these epigenetic clocks may be better proxies for the presumed accelerated aging rate in SZ. Here we investigate 14 epigenetic clocks using three publicly available DNAm datasets from whole blood, comparing SZ to non-psychiatric controls (NPC). In all data sets, we find SZ age acceleration in three clocks previously shown to be most predictive of age-related morbidity and mortality risk. In contrast, two clocks developed to capture mitotic rate are decelerated in SZ, consistent with low cancer rates despite smoking observed in epidemiological studies of SZ. We use these clocks to investigate the determinants of altered aging in SZ, such as smoking, alcohol, BMI, age-associated proteins, blood cell composition, and psychotropic medications. Principal component analysis suggests mortality clock acceleration, mitotic clock deceleration, and medication effects are independent phenomena in SZ. Our study demonstrates the importance of studying the various epigenetic clocks in tandem and highlights their potential utility for understanding how mental illness influences long-term outcomes including cancer and early mortality.

scholarly journals Sex differences in biological aging with a focus on human studies

eLife ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Hägg ◽  
Juulia Jylhävä
Keyword(s):  
Sex Differences ◽  
Sex Chromosome ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Individual Variability ◽  
Human Studies ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Theories Of Aging ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Complex Biological Process ◽  
The Life Course

Aging is a complex biological process characterized by hallmark features accumulating over the life course, shaping the individual's aging trajectory and subsequent disease risks. There is substantial individual variability in the aging process between men and women. In general, women live longer than men, consistent with lower biological ages as assessed by molecular biomarkers, but there is a paradox. Women are frailer and have worse health at the end of life, while men still perform better in physical function examinations. Moreover, many age-related diseases show sex-specific patterns. In this review, we aim to summarize the current knowledge on sexual dimorphism in human studies, with support from animal research, on biological aging and illnesses. We also attempt to place it in the context of the theories of aging, as well as discuss the explanations for the sex differences, for example, the sex-chromosome linked mechanisms and hormonally driven differences.

scholarly journals Biological age is a universal marker of aging, stress, and frailty

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy V. Pyrkov ◽  
Peter O. Fedichev
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Systematic Investigation ◽  
Biological Age ◽  
Biological Aging ◽  
Physical And Mental Health ◽  
Mortality And Morbidity ◽  
Markers Of Inflammation ◽  
Biomarkers Of Aging ◽  
Age Related

SummaryWe carried out a systematic investigation of supervised learning techniques for biological age modeling. The biological aging acceleration is associated with the remaining health- and life-span. Artificial Deep Neural Networks (DNN) could be used to reduce the error of chronological age predictors, though often at the expense of the ability to distinguish health conditions. Mortality and morbidity hazards models based on survival follow-up data showed the best performance. Alternatively, logistic regression trained to identify chronic diseases was shown to be a good approximation of hazards models when data on survival follow-up times were unavailable. In all models, the biological aging acceleration was associated with disease burden in persons with diagnosed chronic age-related conditions. For healthy individuals, the same quantity was associated with molecular markers of inflammation (such as C-reactive protein), smoking, current physical, and mental health (including sleeping troubles, feeling tired or little interest in doing things). The biological age thus emerged as a universal biomarker of age, frailty and stress for applications involving large scale studies of the effects of longevity drugs on risks of diseases and quality of life.To be published as Chapter 2 in “Biomarkers of aging”, ed. A. Moskalev, Springer, 2019.

scholarly journals DNA methylation differs extensively between strains of the same geographical origin and changes with age in Daphnia magna

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Hearn ◽  
Fiona Plenderleith ◽  
Tom J. Little
Keyword(s):  
Dna Methylation ◽  
Caloric Restriction ◽  
Daphnia Magna ◽  
Single Gene ◽  
Methylation Status ◽  
Strain Differences ◽  
Life History Trait ◽  
Food Level ◽  
Epigenetic Clock ◽  
Age Related

Abstract Background Patterns of methylation influence lifespan, but methylation and lifespan may also depend on diet, or differ between genotypes. Prior to this study, interactions between diet and genotype have not been explored together to determine their influence on methylation. The invertebrate Daphnia magna is an excellent choice for testing the epigenetic response to the environment: parthenogenetic offspring are identical to their siblings (making for powerful genetic comparisons), they are relatively short lived and have well-characterised inter-strain life-history trait differences. We performed a survival analysis in response to caloric restriction and then undertook a 47-replicate experiment testing the DNA methylation response to ageing and caloric restriction of two strains of D. magna. Results Methylated cytosines (CpGs) were most prevalent in exons two to five of gene bodies. One strain exhibited a significantly increased lifespan in response to caloric restriction, but there was no effect of food-level CpG methylation status. Inter-strain differences dominated the methylation experiment with over 15,000 differently methylated CpGs. One gene, Me31b, was hypermethylated extensively in one strain and is a key regulator of embryonic expression. Sixty-one CpGs were differentially methylated between young and old individuals, including multiple CpGs within the histone H3 gene, which were hypermethylated in old individuals. Across all age-related CpGs, we identified a set that are highly correlated with chronological age. Conclusions Methylated cytosines are concentrated in early exons of gene sequences indicative of a directed, non-random, process despite the low overall DNA methylation percentage in this species. We identify no effect of caloric restriction on DNA methylation, contrary to our previous results, and established impacts of caloric restriction on phenotype and gene expression. We propose our approach here is more robust in invertebrates given genome-wide CpG distributions. For both strain and ageing, a single gene emerges as differentially methylated that for each factor could have widespread phenotypic effects. Our data showed the potential for an epigenetic clock at a subset of age positions, which is exciting but requires confirmation.

Never Trust, Always Verify: A Multivocal Literature Review on Current Knowledge and Research Gaps of Zero-trust

2021 ◽  
pp. 102436
Author(s):  
Christoph Buck ◽  
Christian Olenberger ◽  
André Schweizer ◽  
Fabiane Völter ◽  
Torsten Eymann
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Research Gaps

Colorants in plastic applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Gerhard Pfaff
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Review Article ◽  
Important Application ◽  
Processing Method ◽  
Application Systems ◽  
Plastic Type ◽  
Printing Inks ◽  
Cosmetic Formulations ◽  
Plastics Processing ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis review article is a summary of the current knowledge in the field of plastic coloring. Plastics belong as well as paints, coatings, printing inks, and cosmetic formulations to the most important application systems for colorants, both for pigments and dyes. Colorants have to meet increasing demands in plastic applications due to the growing number of polymers with specific properties. Crucial factors besides the plastic type are the processing method and the required fastness level. Among the most important polymers for coloring with pigments and dyes are polyolefins, polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, polyamide, polycarbonate, polyester, and elastomers. Different processing methods are used for coloring of the individual plastics. The coloring processes need to be coordinated in accordance with the steps of the plastics processing leading to the final product.

Depressive Illnesses in Children and Adolescents: A Review of Current Concepts

1985 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Mcconville ◽  
R.T. Bruce
Keyword(s):  
Children And Adolescents ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Considerable Progress ◽  
Childhood And Adolescence ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Developmental Age ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Made In

Considerable progress has been made in our understanding of depressive illnesses in childhood and adolescence, especially over the last several years. A number of major books on the subject have now appeared, along with a large number of individual papers. This paper attempts to summarize current knowledge, and indicates developmental, age-related and other issues which still require further study.

Aspects of the geomorphology, genesis and environmental significance of earth hummocks (thúfur, pounus): miniature cryogenic mounds

2005 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 139-155 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefan Grab
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
Environmental Research ◽  
Environmental Significance ◽  
Research Gaps ◽  
Frozen Ground ◽  
The Past ◽  
Internal Morphology ◽  
Differential Frost Heave ◽  
Made In

Miniature varieties of cryogenic mounds that are capable of forming in seasonally frozen ground are commonly referred to as earth hummocks (e.g., North America), thúfur (e.g., Greenland and Iceland) and pounus (Fennoscandia). Over the past few decades there has been a consistent interest to study earth hummocks from a variety of environmental settings. This review summarizes the current knowledge of earth hummocks, highlighting aspects on the external and internal morphology, and thermal characteristics, which may assist to explain hummock formation. Several hypotheses have been proposed for the genesis of earth hummocks, including the ‘cryoexpulsion’ of clasts, hydrostatic and cryostatic pressure, cellular circulation, and differential frost heave. These hypotheses are critically evaluated and some research gaps identified. It emerges that considerable advances have been made towards an improved understanding of earth hummock development, modification and disintegration. Much progress has been made in the application of earth hummock studies to a variety of environmental research approaches such as palaeoenvironmental reconstructions and assessing their impact on hillslope drainage.

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