scholarly journals THE COST OF NON-COMMUNICABLE DISEASES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION; A FUTURE PROJECTION

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Désirée Vandenberghe ◽  
Johan Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Future Projection ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Cost

scholarly journals How to tackle the growing problem of type 2 diabetes in the European Union?

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
N M Mahrouseh ◽  
D W Njuguna ◽  
O A Varga
Keyword(s):  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
European Union ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health Determinants ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Member States ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Background There is an alerting increase in the population affected by type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the European Union (EU) with significant socioeconomic burden. According to an estimation by the International Diabetes Federation, by 2030, the total number of diabetic patients will be 38 million in EU. The “screen and treat” strategies that predominantly applied in policies to prevent T2DM have not achieved significant success, as reported by a large systematic review and meta-analysis published in 2017. Although the member states of the EU have almost full responsibilities for actions in the field of health, the EU has to tackle non-communicable diseases by targeting health determinants and lifestyle mostly through non-binding policies. The goal of this work is to review the T2DM prevention policies in the EU and compare with tobacco policies, from a legal perspective. Methods Following the systematic search and screening of policies from EUR-lex, a content analysis was carried out by using MonQcle as publicly available legal text document analysis platform, by two coders. The search was limited for regulations, directives and white papers. Results Our data collection consisted of 19 documents including 10 regulations, 6 directives and 3 white papers with relevance to T2DM, covering the following topics: health infrastructure and services, informational policies, economic policies, environmental policies, command and control and social policies. The identified policies covered the time frame of 1972 to 2020. Diabetes was targeted as part of non-communicable diseases. None of the policies was legally binding addressing T2DM directly which is in sharp contrast to the tobacco control policies in the EU. Conclusions T2DM, in fact, is largely preventable. EU institutions should consider to reframe T2DM prevention strategies and consider applying a wide range of population-level legislative and innovative actions to prevent T2DM e.g. taxes on unhealthy food products. Key messages T2DM is a largely preventable disease, effective legal tools should be created and applied matching the scale of such public health problem. T2DM policies of the EU may be subject to change due to additional value of actions taken by the EU compared to that could have been achieved by member states alone.

scholarly journals The financial burden of non-communicable diseases in the European Union: a systematic review

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 833-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Désirée Vandenberghe ◽  
Johan Albrecht
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Systematic Review ◽  
Health Care ◽  
European Union ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Health Policies ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Public Health Policies ◽  
The Eu

Abstract Background Non-communicable diseases (NCDs) impose a significant and growing burden on the health care system and overall economy of developed (and developing) countries. Nevertheless, an up-to-date assessment of this cost for the European Union (EU) is missing from the literature. Such an analysis could however have an important impact by motivating policymakers and by informing effective public health policies. Methods Following the PRISMA protocol, we conduct a systematic review of electronic databases (PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science Core Collection) and collect scientific articles that assess the direct (health care-related) and indirect (economic) costs of four major NCDs (cardiovascular disease, cancer, type-2 diabetes mellitus and chronic respiratory disease) in the EU, between 2008 and 2018. Data quality was assessed through the Newcastle–Ottawa Scale. Results We find 28 studies that match our criteria for further analysis. From our review, we conclude that the four major NCDs in the EU claim a significant share of the total health care budget (at least 25% of health spending) and they impose an important economic loss (almost 2% of gross domestic product). Conclusion The NCD burden forms a public health risk with a high financial impact; it puts significant pressure on current health care and economic systems, as shown by our analysis. We identify a further need for cost analyses of NCDs, in particular on the impact of comorbidities and other complications. Aside from cost estimations, future research should focus on assessing the mix of public health policies that will be most effective in tackling the NCD burden.

Lobbying against sugar taxation in the European Union: Analysing the lobbying arguments and tactics of stakeholders in the food and drink industries

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (5) ◽  
pp. 565-575 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arsenios Tselengidis ◽  
Per-Olof Östergren
Keyword(s):  
Trade Unions ◽  
Tobacco Industry ◽  
Qualitative Content Analysis ◽  
Stakeholder Analysis ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Political Activity ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Corporate Political Activity ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Food And Drink

Aims: This study investigates the lobbying actors of the food and drink industry (FDI), their web lobbying arguments used in the sugar taxation debate and the tactics deployed when facing legislative restrictions on their products to curb the burden of non-communicable diseases in Europe. Methods: A stakeholder analysis was performed to identify the FDI’s actors lobbying against sugar taxation within the EU Platform for Action on Diet, Physical Activity and Health during December 2015. Qualitative content analysis was applied to assess the FDI’s web lobbying claims related to three main concepts (sugar as a product, sugar’s association with non-communicable diseases and sugar taxation), guided by a framework for corporate political activity. Results: The web site content of a front organization and six FDI lobbyists was analysed. Some new strategies emerged alongside known corporate strategies (‘questioning the effectiveness of regulation and promoting benefits of a withdrawal’, ‘promoting sugar’s good traits and shift the blame away from it’ and ‘establishing relationships with trade unions’). The lobby tactics were similar to those previously applied by the tobacco industry in Europe, although the argument that sugar is a natural ingredient in many foods was unique to the FDI. Conclusions: The observed tactics and arguments presented by the FDI in opposition to sugar taxation have striking similarities with those previously used by the tobacco industry. An improved understanding of the stakeholders’ mandate and resources and their most important tactics will strengthen the position of public health experts when debating sugar taxation with the FDI, which may contribute to improving population health.

scholarly journals Cost of care of chronic non-communicable diseases in Jamaican patients: the role of obesity

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 81-95
Author(s):  
Christine M. Fray-Aiken ◽  
Rainford J. Wilks ◽  
Abdullahi O. Abdulkadri ◽  
Affette M. McCaw-Binns
Keyword(s):  
Cost Of Illness ◽  
Hospital Setting ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Cost Of Care ◽  
Total Direct Cost ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Cost

OBJECTIVE: To estimate the economic cost of Chronic Non-Communicable Diseases (CNCDs) and the portion attributable to obesity among patients in Jamaica.METHODS: The cost-of-illness approach was used to estimate the cost of care in a hospital setting in Jamaica for type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, coronary heart disease, stroke, gallbladder disease, breast cancer, colon cancer, osteoarthritis, and high cholesterol. Cost and service utilization data were collected from the hospital records of all patients with these diseases who visited the University Hospital of the West Indies (UHWI) during 2006. Patients were included in the study if they were between15 and 74 years of age and if female, were not pregnant during that year. Costs were categorized as direct or indirect. Direct costs included costs for prescription drugs, consultation visits (emergency and clinic visits), hospitalizations, allied health services, diagnostic and treatment procedures. Indirect costs included costs attributed to premature mortality, disability (permanent and temporary), and absenteeism. Indirect costs were discounted at 3% rate.RESULTS: The sample consisted of 554 patients (40%) males (60%) females. The economic burden of the nine diseases was estimated at US$ 5,672,618 (males 37%; females 63%) and the portion attributable to obesity amounted to US$ 1,157,173 (males 23%; females 77%). Total direct cost was estimated at US$ 3,740,377 with female patients accounting for 69.9% of this cost. Total indirect cost was estimated at US$ 1,932,241 with female patients accounting for 50.6% of this cost. The greater cost among women was not found to be statistically significant. Overall, on a per capita basis, males and females accrued similar costs-of-illness (US$ 9,451.75 vs. US$ 10,758.18).CONCLUSIONS: In a country with per capita GDP of less than US$ 5,300, a per capita annual cost of illness of US$ 10,239 for CNCDs is excessive and has detrimental implications for the health and development of Jamaica.

scholarly journals STUDY OF TARIFFS FOR TRANSPORT SERVICES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES AND THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION

2021 ◽  
pp. 39-45
Author(s):  
Z. A. Kapelyuk ◽  
Y. V. Popova
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Railway Transportation ◽  
Tariff Policy ◽  
Transportation Services ◽  
Transport Services ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The article analyzes the experience of tariff regulation of the cost of passenger railway transportation services in the European Union and the Russian Federation. The features of tariff regulation are disclosed and eleven countries are classified according to the main categories. Tariff policy for transport services is used to ensure the consistency of economic interests of consumers and is a problematic segment for all types of transport. The article deals with tariff regulation of the cost of services provided by the railway infrastructure. Comparison of domestic and foreign experience in pricing of transport services for further development of Russian Railways is carried out. The setting of tariffs and available discounts, as well as benefits for the purchase of tickets for trains in the countries of the European Union and Russia are considered. The indexation of tariffs for transportation services of Russian Railways depending on the period of the trip and the comfort of the car is analyzed. Conclusions on the impact of mobile tariffs on economic efficiency, as well as the need to improve the tariff policy in the Russian Federation by involving foreign transport companies in implementation.

Health interregionalism in combating communicable diseases

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-160
Author(s):  
Vincent Rollet
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Global Health ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Added Value ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Regional Health ◽  
Health Governance ◽  
Regional Organizations ◽  
Health Initiatives

This last decade, regional organizations progressively became unavoidable actors of regional health governance and have been supported by some global health actors to strengthen such a role. Among these actors, the European Union (EU) is the only regional organization that implements health initiatives in cooperation with its regional counterparts. This article focuses on such “health interregionalism” toward Southeast Asia and Africa and in the field of communicable diseases, with the main objective of assessing its nature and identifying its main functions. It concludes that although appreciated and needed, the EU’s health interregionalism should better reflect the EU’s experience in regional health governance in order to represent a unique instrument of development aid and an added value for regional organizations

scholarly journals The Relative Effects of Economic Growth, Environmental Pollution and Non-Communicable Diseases on Health Expenditures in European Union Countries

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (24) ◽  
pp. 5115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Badulescu ◽  
Ramona Simut ◽  
Alina Badulescu ◽  
Andrei-Vlad Badulescu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
European Union ◽  
Environmental Pollution ◽  
Health Expenditure ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Health Expenditures ◽  
Communicable Diseases ◽  
Non Communicable Diseases ◽  
European Union Countries ◽  
Short Run

National and global health policies are increasingly recognizing the key role of the environment in human health development, which is related to its economic and social determinants, such as income level, technical progress, education, quality of jobs, inequality, education or lifestyle. Research has shown that the increase of GDP (Gross Domestic Product) per capita can provide additional funds for health but also for environmental protection. However, often, economic growth is associated with the accelerated degradation of the environment, and this in turn will result in an exponential increase in harmful emissions and will implicitly determine the increasing occurrence of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), mainly cardiovascular diseases, cancers and respiratory diseases. In this paper, we investigate the role and effects of economic growth, environmental pollution and non-communicable diseases on health expenditures, for the case of EU (European Union) countries during 2000–2014. In order to investigate the long-term and the short-term relationship between them, we have employed the Panel Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) method. Using the Pedroni-Johansen cointegration methods, we found that the variables are cointegrated. The findings of this study show that economic growth is one of the most important factors influencing the health expenditures both in the long- and short-run in all the 28 EU countries. With regards to the influence of CO2 emissions on health expenditure, we have found a negative impact in the short-run and a positive impact on the long-run. We have also introduced an interaction between NCDs and environmental expenditure as independent variable, a product variable. Finally, we have found that in all the three estimated models, the variation in environmental expenditure produces changes in NCDs’ effect on health expenditure.

scholarly journals CONTRIBUTION OF LIGNITE IN THE GREEK ECONOMY

2017 ◽  
Vol 43 (5) ◽  
pp. 2229
Author(s):  
D. E. Karageorgiou ◽  
A. Metaxas ◽  
D. Dimitriou ◽  
E. Arapogiannis ◽  
G. Varvarousis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Mineral Exploration ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Current Form ◽  
Greek Economy ◽  
Domestic Use ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Of Greece ◽  
Lignite Deposits

The objective of the present work is the assessment of the lignite contribution to the energy balance of Greece, according to the creation processes and the chronological classification. The lignite deposits known so far in Greece have been discovered and researched from the scientists of IGME in the course of evolution since 1948 (Greek Geological Survey), 1950 (Institute of Geology and Surface Research), 1973 (National Institute of Geological and Mineral Exploration) and finally in its current form in 1976 (Institute of Geology and Mineral Exploration) and are divided into (a) “productive”, (b) future “productive” and (c) no financial interest in power generation. A project, co-financed by the Greek Government and the European Union, is currently implemented, aiming at the recovery of the latter in non-electrical purposes with very good results in the first stage of research. According to the works carried out so far it has been observed that lignite formation started in Greece during Eocene and continued to date. From 1950 until today there is an upward trend in lignite reserves. Lignite generates electricity at a rate 63% today with higher rates 79.3%, during 1994. In Greece 41% of lignite deposits were created during Miocene. However, only 13% of these deposits that contribute to electricity generation derive from economically exploitable reserves. In Greece, due mainly to use of lignite for electricity production, the cost of Kw/h for both domestic use and for industrial is below the European Union average.

scholarly journals MILK PRICES IN THE EUROPEAN UNION BY 2025 AND PROJECTION OF THE PROFITABILITY OF MILK PRODUCTION IN POLAND IN 2020

AGROFOR ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Aldona SKARŻYNSKA ◽  
Konrad JABŁOŃSKI
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Percentage Points ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Eu

In Europe, more than 70% of milk production falls on the European Unioncountries. Among the largest milk producers in the EU, Poland ranks fourth. Theabolition of quotas for milk production and increase in supply to the marketcontributed to the decline in milk prices. The aim of the study is to determine theimpact of the rate of change in prices of agricultural inputs and changes in milkyield of cows and milk prices on the profitability of milk production in Polandprojected for 2020. The sample consisted of 169 farms which in 2014-2015 kept anaverage of 27 cows. In 2015, the index of the profitability of milk productionamounted to 130.7%, and in comparison to 2014 it decreased by 18.4 percentagepoint. The results projection for 2020 show an improvement in milk yield of cows(by 12.4%) and milk prices (by 15.4%). Stronger growth in the revenues (by29.1%) than the cost of keeping cows (by 15.5%) will stimulate the improvementof economic results. The index of the profitability of milk production will increaseby 15.4 percentage points, and income per cow by 73.3%. This means that it willbe at a level similar to 2014. Research shows that fluctuations in selling prices ofmilk are possible (+/-8.7%). Despite this, the milk production will continue to beprofitable. Results of this study are consistent with the projection of the EuropeanCommission, which provides for an increase in milk prices and milk production inthe EU.

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