The Effectiveness of Cough Etiquette Counseling among People with Presumptive and Confirmed Tuberculosis

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the most severe global health problems. The World Health Organization recommends the application of and compliance with infection control measures, one of which is cough etiquette to prevent transmission of pathogenic droplets. Purpose: The aim of the current research was to determine the effectiveness of cough etiquette counseling on changes in the knowledge, behavior, and awareness of patients with confirmed and suspected TB at Public Health Center (PHC) of C in K city. Methods: This research was designed as a pre-experimental study and was conducted in July 2018. The target population of the research comprised TB patients who were being treated in PHC of C in K city. The inclusion criteria were patients at PHC of C in K city with confirmed TB recorded between January and June 2018 and those with suspected TB reported between May and June 2018. This research was analyze based on univariable and bivariable analysis using T-testing and Wilcoxon testing. Results: There were significant differences in knowledge changes before and after cough etiquette counseling (mean difference = 3.72; p < 0.00). There was a significant difference in behavior before and after counseling (mean difference = 1.12; p = 0.04). There was also a significant difference in awareness before and after counseling (mean difference = 5.89; p < 0.00). Conclusion: Changes in knowledge, behavior, and awareness were observed in confirmed and suspected TB patients after cough etiquette counseling.

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Knowledge and awareness on usage of mouth masks among dental fraternity during this pandemic COVID-19: A cross-sectional study

Asian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.3126/ajms.v11i6.30706 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (6) ◽

pp. 9-14

Author(s):

Ravichandra Ravi ◽

Srividya Athkuri ◽

Charishma Chowdary Ponugubati ◽

Roopesh Borugadda ◽

Sahithi Pamidimukkala ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Infection Control ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Control Measures ◽

World Health ◽

Global Public Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

Background: The pandemic caused by novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in Wuhan, China, in December 2019 is a highly infectious disease. The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared the outbreak of Corona Virus Diseases (COVID 19) as a global public health emergency. Currently, research on novel coronaviruses is still in the primary stage. Aims and Objective: The aim of this study is to assess knowledge and awareness on the usage of mouth masks among dental fraternity during this pandemic COVID-19. Materials and Methods: A total of 507 dentists from the Andhra Pradesh (India) region completed a questionnaire-based survey on knowledge, awareness, and infection control measures, such as usage of mouth masks during the pandemic COVID -19. The questionnaire was tailored from the guidance and the information provided for healthcare workers issued by the US Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). A suitable sampling method was used for the collection of data, and the distribution of responses was presented as percentages. Explanatory statistics were performed for all groups based on the percentage of correct responses. Results: A total of 530 participated in the survey, out of which 507 dentists completely answered the survey, and the response rate was 95.6%. Among the respondents, general practitioners and postgraduates accounted for 58.8% and 41.2%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference for all the questions solicited among the respondents. General or private practitioners seem to be more aware than postgraduates, as they have answered correctly (>65%) for almost all the questions. Conclusion: The inputs from the study help us to throw some light and fill up space where required. There is a specific and strong need to implement periodic educational programmes and training sessions on infection control practices for COVID-19 among dentists in particular.

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Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Emerging and Future Challenges for Dental and Oral Medicine

Journal of Dental Research ◽

10.1177/0022034520914246 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 99 (5) ◽

pp. 481-487 ◽

Cited By ~ 364

Author(s):

L. Meng ◽

F. Hua ◽

Z. Bian

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Infection Control ◽

Control Measures ◽

World Health ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Dental Practitioners ◽

The World ◽

Essential Knowledge ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization

The epidemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), originating in Wuhan, China, has become a major public health challenge for not only China but also countries around the world. The World Health Organization announced that the outbreaks of the novel coronavirus have constituted a public health emergency of international concern. As of February 26, 2020, COVID-19 has been recognized in 34 countries, with a total of 80,239 laboratory-confirmed cases and 2,700 deaths. Infection control measures are necessary to prevent the virus from further spreading and to help control the epidemic situation. Due to the characteristics of dental settings, the risk of cross infection can be high between patients and dental practitioners. For dental practices and hospitals in areas that are (potentially) affected with COVID-19, strict and effective infection control protocols are urgently needed. This article, based on our experience and relevant guidelines and research, introduces essential knowledge about COVID-19 and nosocomial infection in dental settings and provides recommended management protocols for dental practitioners and students in (potentially) affected areas.

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Peter Chew Formular for calculate Covid-19 Vaccine efficiency

10.21203/rs.3.rs-564631/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Peter chew

Keyword(s):

Relative Risk ◽

New England ◽

Target Population ◽

World Health ◽

Medical Worker ◽

The Public ◽

1 Peter ◽

The World ◽

Before And After ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) said the situation in India was a "devastating reminder" of what the coronavirus could do. India shifts from mass vaccine exporter to importer, worrying the world. Every country needs to vaccinate its citizens faster, vaccination can reduce viral load. This results in vaccination that can reduce transmission, preventing serious illness and death'. Therefore, Countries with higher levels of vaccination can prevent them from becoming "Second India".Preprint study, Vaccination Education App (1). [Peter Chew, 2021] shows that most people do not take the covid-19 vaccine because they question the safety and effectiveness of the vaccine. Therefore, it is important to create a simple formula for calculate the efficiency of the covid-19 vaccine. The purpose of creating this calculation formula is to allow the public to calculate the efficiency of the covid-19 vaccine by themselves, so that they can understand the effectiveness of the vaccine and decide to take the vaccine. This helps to get a high response to COVID vaccinationMethods: Use the Data publish at The New England JOURNAL of MEDICINE, Safety and Efficacy of the BNT162b2 mRNA Covid-19 Vaccine [Fernando P. Polack et all , 2020]. Calculate of Pfizer BioNTech’s COVID-19 vaccine efficiency by using normal formular and Peter Chew Formular , show that the same result are obtain, which is 95.0599 %. In addition, By using public news information, the public can use the Peter Chew formula to easily calculate Covid-19 vaccine efficacy. This is to ensure public can do the calculation themselves. A calculation of relative risk is also provided to provide more information to persuade the public to take the vaccine.Results: The efficiency of Pfizer BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine for Malaysian medical worker calculated by using the Peter Chew formula is 95.0599 %. In addition, the calculation of Peter Chew's formula also shows that before the vaccination, about 12 medical staff were infected every day, but after the full vaccination, only about one medical worker was infected every two days. The calculation of relative risk can also make it easier for the public to know that people who are not vaccinated with Pfizer BioNTech's COVID-19 vaccine are 22 times more likely to be infected than people who are fully vaccinated. The above results can convince those who easily question the effectiveness of vaccination.Conclusions: Peter Chew Formular easy to calculate, and the data required for the Peter Chew Formular calculation easy to obtain from public news. This is to ensure that the public can calculate the efficacy of the vaccine by themselves. The information on the calculation can let public compare the average target group get infected every day before and after fully vaccination is also an advantage to let public know the effectiveness of vaccination. One of the advantage of Peter Chew formulator is that we can assume a high target population of vaccination with k = 100, such as the medical worker group When k = 100, the Peter Chew formular calculation becomes very simple. The Proof of Peter Chew Formular must also be shown.

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Clinical Application of Interferon-γ Release Assays for the Prevention of Tuberculosis in Countries with Low Incidence

Pathogens and Immunity ◽

10.20411/pai.v1i2.173 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 1 (2) ◽

pp. 308 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Christoph Lange ◽

Anna M. Mandalakas ◽

Barbara Kalsdorf ◽

Claudia M. Denkinger ◽

Martina Sester

Keyword(s):

Predictive Ability ◽

Interferon Γ ◽

Control Measures ◽

Screening Tools ◽

World Health ◽

Preventive Chemotherapy ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Number Of Patients ◽

Low Incidence ◽

Health Organization

Despite global efforts to control tuberculosis (TB) the estimated number of people who developed TB worldwide increased to an all-time record of more than 10 million in 2015. The goal of the World Health Organization (WHO) to reduce the global incidence of TB to less than 100 cases per million by 2035, cannot be reached unless TB prevention is markedly improved. There is a need for an improved vaccine that better protects individuals who are exposed to Mycobacterium tuberculosis from infection and active disease compared to the current M. bovis Bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) vaccine. In the absence of such a vaccine, prevention relies on infection control measures and preventive chemotherapy for people with latent infection with M. tuberculosis (LTBI), who have the highest risk of progression to active TB. During the past decade, interferon-γ release assays (IGRAs) have increasingly replaced the tuberculin skin test as screening tools for the diagnosis of LTBI in countries with a low incidence of TB. Despite recent WHO guidelines on the management of LTBI, the definition of groups at risk for TB remains controversial, and the role of IGRAs for TB prevention in low-incidence countries remains uncertain. We reviewed the scientific literature and provide recommendations for the use of IGRAs for LTBI diagnosis in low-incidence countries. These recommendations are based on the number of patients needing treatment in order to prevent one case of TB. As the positive predictive value of IGRAs for the development of TB is sub-optimal, research must focus on the identification of alternative biomarkers that offer better predictive ability in order to substantially reduce the number needing treatment while improving the prevention of TB and improving the effectiveness of targeted preventive chemotherapy.

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Clinical and ultrasound findings before and after praziquantel treatment among Venezuelan schistosomiasis patients

Revista da Sociedade Brasileira de Medicina Tropical ◽

10.1590/s0037-86822007000500003 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 40 (5) ◽

pp. 505-511 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

Raiza Ruiz-Guevara ◽

Belkisyolé Alarcón de Noya ◽

Sharon Kay Valero ◽

Pablo Lecuna ◽

Miguel Garassini ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Abdominal Ultrasound ◽

Clinical Findings ◽

Control Measures ◽

World Health ◽

Periportal Fibrosis ◽

Praziquantel Treatment ◽

Before And After ◽

Complete Reversal ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact

Abdominal ultrasound can be a useful tool for diagnosing periportal fibrosis related to Schistosoma mansoni infection, and also for planning and monitoring the evolution of hepatic morbidity following control measures. We evaluated the standardized ultrasound methodology proposed by the World Health Organization for detecting periportal fibrosis and portal hypertension, among patients from an endemic area in Venezuela, and the impact of praziquantel treatment 3-5 years later. After chemotherapy, complete reversal of periportal lesions was observed in 28.2% of the cases and progression of the disease in 5.1%. Improvement in the hepatic disease started with a reduction in the periportal thickening followed by a decrease in the size of the left hepatic lobe, spleen and mesenteric and spleen veins. Ultrasound confirmed the clinical findings after chemotherapy among the patients with reversal of the disease. However, in patients with more advanced disease, these findings were contradictory. There was no correlation between evolution of the disease seen on ultrasound and age, intensity of infection or serological findings.

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IMPACT OF KNOWLEDGE AND PRACTICE OF HAND HYGIENE IN HEALTH CARE WORKERS TOWARD INFECTION CONTROL MEASURES IN A TERTIARY CARE HOSPITAL IN INDIA

10.36106/6820406 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 69-71

Author(s):

Ruby Naz ◽

Akil Hussain ◽

Sameena Khan

Keyword(s):

Health Workers ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Public Hospitals ◽

Control Measures ◽

World Health ◽

Care Hospital ◽

Indirect Contact ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Health Organization ◽

Hospital Acquired

Hospital acquired infections (HAIs) are a major concern in the intensive care units (ICU)and postoperative wards. HAIs prolonged the stay of patient in hospital and increase the cost of treatment and morbidity. In ICU, stroke unit, neurosurgery ward burn unit patients are prone to have a variety of nosocomial infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) has described HAIs as one of the infectious diseases which have a huge economic impact on health industry. (1). many health workers like Staff Nurses, resident doctors and housekeeping are in direct or indirect contact with the Patients and surrounding in wards around the clock. These HCW play major role in preventing and controlling HAIs. In overpopulated country like India majority of public hospitals are overcrowded.

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Gastrointestinal tract imaging findings in confirmed COVID-19 patients: a non-comparative observational study

Egyptian Journal of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine ◽

10.1186/s43055-021-00433-0 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 52 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Mohsen Ahmed Abdelmohsen ◽

Buthaina M. Alkandari ◽

Vikash K. Gupta ◽

Nermeen Elsebaie

Keyword(s):

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Virus Disease ◽

Systemic Disease ◽

Public Health Problem ◽

Control Measures ◽

World Health ◽

Imaging Features ◽

Thoracic Imaging ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Health Organization

Abstract Background Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic—as declared by the World Health Organization—is a major threatening public health problem. At the time of writing, more than 60,000,000 patients and more than 1,500,000 deaths were recorded worldwide. Besides the classical chest symptoms, gastrointestinal tract-related symptoms were noted, like diarrhea, abdominal distention, and hematochezia, adding more difficulties in the diagnosis of the disease. Although there are many publications evaluated, the thoracic imaging signs and complications of COVID-19, there are few articles—to the best of our knowledge—that evaluated the gastrointestinal tract imaging features and complications related to COVID-19. Results In this retrospective study, positive COVID-19 patients who underwent diagnostic computed tomography (CT) for abdominal complaints along a 3-month duration in a large isolation hospital were evaluated. Strict infection control measures were taken during the CT examinations. The data were reviewed on picture archiving and communications systems with clinical data and laboratory result correlation. Thirty patients (30%) showed gastrointestinal (GI) findings, and 70 patients showed unremarkable or non-related GI findings. The 30 patients were classified into four groups: the ischemic group including 10 patients (10/30: 33.33%), the bleeding group included six patients (6/30: 20%), the inflammatory group included nine patients (9/30: 30%), and fluid-filled bowel group included five patients (5/30: 16.6%). Conclusions COVID-19 should be evaluated as a systemic disease with extra pulmonary highlights. GI imaging should be considered for COVID-19 patients with related suspicious symptoms. Ischemic GI complications were the most common GI findings.

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Respiratory Consequences of N95 Mask during Covid-19 Pandemic- An Observational Study

International Journal of Health Sciences and Research ◽

10.52403/ijhsr.20210407 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 55-61

Author(s):

Rajesh Prabhakar Gaikwad ◽

Akshaya Bhupesh Banodkar ◽

Vaibhavi Pandurang Nandgaonkar

Keyword(s):

Oxygen Saturation ◽

Saturation Level ◽

World Health ◽

Blood Oxygen ◽

Blood Oxygen Saturation ◽

Oxygen Saturation Level ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Before And After ◽

Precautionary Measures ◽

Health Organization

Background: Outbreak of novel corona virus has led World Health Organization (WHO) to come up with healthcare guidelines which includes wearing of N95 mask. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether blood oxygen saturation level is affected by wearing of N95 mask for the duration of 4 hours. Materials and Methods: A total of 90 exam going students were included in this study, who were instructed to wear N95 mask. Blood oxygen saturation level (SpO2) was checked both before and after wearing of N95 mask for a period of 4 hours. Results: It was observed that, before wearing N95 mask at 9 am, SpO2 values were 96.64±0.196 while at 1 pm after removing N95 mask, the saturation values were 95.68±0.235 (p=0.000) among all the students. There was a statistically highly significant difference seen for the values between the time intervals (p<0.01) with higher values at 9 am and lesser at 1pm. On comparing the SpO2 levels among males and females, a statistically nonsignificant difference was seen. Thus, reduction in blood oxygen saturation level can be a major parameter to evaluate the respiratory consequences of N95 mask. Conclusion: Various adverse effects of N95 mask were quoted in literature but respiratory consequences due to reduction in blood oxygen saturation level can be harmful. Thus, to avoid such consequences, precautionary measures are advised to be taken. Key words: N95 mask, SpO2, Blood oxygen saturation, COVID-19.

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COVID-19 eye infection: recommendations for ophthalmologist and patients

Journal of Community Empowerment for Health ◽

10.22146/jcoemph.57095 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (2) ◽

pp. 141

Author(s):

Datu Respatika ◽

Indra Tri Mahayana ◽

Dwi Puspita ◽

Guiddo Ilyasa ◽

Agus Supartoto

Keyword(s):

Close Contact ◽

Control Measures ◽

World Health ◽

Lacrimal Duct ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Patient Interaction ◽

Care Workers ◽

Eye Infection ◽

Health Organization ◽

The Impact

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a public health emergency of international concern as declared by the World Health Organization on 30 January 2020. Currently, COVID-19 is spreading rapidly worldwide, with no proven treatment nor vaccination, thus infection control measures are paramount. The severity of the majority of COVID-19 cases is mild to moderate, with fever as its most common symptoms, followed by dry cough and fatigue. COVID-19 initially reported to be transmitted from bats but then evolved into human-to-human via droplets. Coronavirus has been detected in tears and conjunctival secretions, but there is still a controversy about whether the virus can be transmitted through tears. However, the ocular transmission might be transported through a lacrimal duct to nasopharyngeal mucosa and then cause an infection. Because the nature of close contact in doctor-patient interaction during ophthalmologic practice, strict measures must be taken to minimize the impact both on the patients and health care workers.

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Just the Facts: Recommendations on point-of-care ultrasound use and machine infection control during the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic

CJEM ◽

10.1017/cem.2020.364 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 445-449 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Daniel J. Kim ◽

Tomislav Jelic ◽

Michael Y. Woo ◽

Claire Heslop ◽

Paul Olszynski

Keyword(s):

Infection Control ◽

Point Of Care ◽

Control Measures ◽

World Health ◽

Point Of Care Ultrasound ◽

The Novel ◽

Infection Control Measures ◽

Novel Coronavirus ◽

Health Organization ◽

Widespread Interest

The World Health Organization declared the novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) to be a pandemic on March 11, 2020, and, currently, there are over 10,000 confirmed cases in Canada, with this number expected to grow exponentially. There has been widespread interest in the use of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) in the management of patients with suspected COVID-19. The CAEP Emergency Ultrasound Committee has developed recommendations on the use of POCUS in these patients, with an emphasis on machine infection control measures.

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