Dilemma of customary land policy in Indonesia

Indonesia’s policy of customary land regulation does not eradicate the problems faced by indigenous people. Disputes over customary land proprietary rights continue to occur even in this current era of decentralization and democracy. Departing from empirical phenomena, this study aims to uncover customary land policy dilemmas and explore strategies to reconstruct customary land policies in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach to literature study methods. This study was conducted in Indonesia and uses various cases of customary land policy from the provinces of Riau, East Kalimantan, and Papua. The data collected in this study is derived from books, documents, journals, research results, and news in electronic media. The results of the study show that Indonesia has a policy dilemma in the regulation of customary land for a number of reasons. First, customary land policies governed by customary law and national law often result in disputes. Second, in relation to natural resources management, there is no synchronization and harmony between sectoral laws and the Basic Principles of Agrarian Law (UUPA). Third, the government is yet to create policies at the local level regarding the protection and recognition of customary land. Therefore, the ideal strategy of policy reconstruction is to create a synergy between government institutions and all stakeholders in the policymaking process of customary land regulation. The conclusion of this study is that the policy dilemma of customary land in Indonesia will continue to occur if the government does not involve the participation of indigenous people and groups of interest in the policymaking process of customary land regulation.

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EKSISTENSI MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DAN LEMBAGA-LEMBAGA ADAT DI ACEH DALAM PENYELENGGARAAN KEISTIMEWAAN DAN OTONOMI KHUSUS DI ACEH

Yustisia Jurnal Hukum ◽

10.20961/yustisia.v1i3.10084 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Kurniawan

Keyword(s):

Indigenous People ◽

Local Community ◽

Community Life ◽

Literature Study ◽

Legal Research ◽

Technical Approach ◽

Applicable Law ◽

Traditional Institution ◽

Traditional Institutions ◽

The Government

AbstractThis study aims to explain the existence of indigenous people and traditional institutions in Aceh in the administration the Aceh’s special autonomy. In addition, it explains the duties, functions and authority of traditional institutions in Aceh nowadays. This study is normative legal research. This study examines library materials that acquired through literature study. The technical/ approach used is the statute ap- proach, by using deductive analysis. The results of the study indicate that the existence indigenous people and traditional institutions in Aceh have shown their role in local community life in Aceh. This is caused by the community in Aceh has fulfilled the requirements of indigenous people as stated by the applicable law. The existence of traditional institutions in Aceh essentially has the function and role as a vehicle for public participation in the administration of the Government of Aceh provincial level and the Regency/municipality level in the area of security, peace, harmony, and public order. In addition, those traditional institutions also have some number of authorities as mandated by Article 4 Qanun Aceh No. 10 of 2008 concerning traditional Institution.Keywords: Indigenous People, Traditional Institution, Aceh’s Special AutonomyAbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan menjelaskan eksistensi (kedudukan) masyarakat hukum adat dan lembaga-lembaga adat di Aceh dalam penyelenggaraan Keistimewaan dan Otonomi Khusus Aceh. Selain itu, menjelaskan tugas, fungsi, dan wewenang lembaga-lembaga adat yang ada di Aceh saat ini. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum normatif (legal research). Kajian ini menelaah bahan pustaka yang diperoleh melalui studi pustaka. pendekatan yang digunakan ialah pendekatan peraturan perundang-undangan (statute approach), dengan menggunakan penalaran deduktif. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa keberadaan (eksistensi) masyarakat hukum adat dan kelembagaan adat di Aceh telah menunjukkan kiprahnya dalam tata kehidupan masyarakat di Aceh. Hal tersebut disebabkan oleh karena masyarakat hukum di Aceh telah memenuhi syarat-syarat masyarakat hukum adat sebagaimana yang disebutkan dalam peraturan perundang-undangan yang berlaku. Keberadaan lembaga-lembaga adat di Aceh hakikatnya memiliki fungsi dan peran sebagai wahana partisipasi masyarakat dalam penyelenggaraan Pemerintahan Aceh dan Pemerintahan Kabupaten/Kota di bidang keamanan, ketenteraman, kerukunan, dan ketertiban masyarakat. Selain itu, lembaga-lembaga adat tersebut juga memiliki sejumlah kewenangan sebagaimana yang diamanatkan Pasal 4 Qanun Aceh Nomor 10 Tahun 2008 tentang Lembaga Adat.Kata kunci: Masyarakat Hukum Adat, Lembaga Adat, Otonomi Khusus Aceh.

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IMPLEMENTASI PERATURAN DAERAH KHUSUS (PERDASUS) PROVINSI PAPUA NOMOR 23 TAHUN 2008 TENTANG HAK ULAYAT MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT DAN HAK PERORANGAN WARGA MASYARAKAT ADAT ATAS TANAH (STUDI KASUS KOTA JAYAPURA DAN KABUPATEN BIAK NUMFOR)

Gema Kampus IISIP YAPIS Biak ◽

10.52049/gemakampus.v11i2.27 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 40-59

Author(s):

Ayu Kurnia Utami

Keyword(s):

Conflict Resolution ◽

Indigenous People ◽

Civil Law ◽

Qualitative Approach ◽

Customary Law ◽

Land Conflict ◽

Local Regulation ◽

The People ◽

The Government

This study discusses Perdasus 23 Year 2008 about individual and communal rights of customary law society over the land through a case study in Jayapura and Biak Numfor. The special local regulation (Perdasus) is a part of the efforts to secure the customary society or the indigenous people of Papua. The aim of this study is to identify how far Perdasus 23 Year 2008 has been implemented in Jayapura and Biak Numfor. The study applies qualitative approach which data is collected through observations, interviews, and content analysis of related documents. The result of this study shows that Perdasus 23 Year 2008 is not implemented thoroughly. Although the regulation is not normatively implemented, it has been practically implemented through the initiatives of Jayapura and Biak Numfor government to carry out conflict resolution program in each region. In doing so, the government of Jayapura has done the communal right mapping of Port Numbay people, while the government of Biak Numfor issues a local regulation (Perbup) about the strategy of land conflict resolution by encouraging of the involvement of customary role and legitimation in the region. Eventhough these activities are not conducted in accordance with Perdasus 23 Year 2008, Jayapura has performed four substances of the “Perdasus”: research, mapping, management and identification, and land conflict resolution. Meanwhile, Biak Numfor regency has performed two substances: communal land management and land conflict resolution though they only fulfill some aspects of these substances when performing research and mapping. There are three aspects affecting the implementation of Perdasus in Jayapura and Biak Numfor. First, ineffective communication both from the policy maker to the policy implementer and from policy implementer to the people that causes confusion to the society regarding the policy. Second, the existing paradigm of local people who still believe that customary law is more powerful than civil law. Last but not the least is Government’s initiative to do an activity to protect the communal right of indigenous people of Papua.

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EKSISTENSI MASYARAKAT ADAT TERGERUS OLEH KEBUTUHAN ZAMAN Studi Analisis Konflik Masyarakat Adat Sunda Wiwitan di Kuningan yang Terusir dari Tanah Adatnya Sendiri dengan Teori Identitas

Jurnal Kolaborasi Resolusi Konflik ◽

10.24198/jkrk.v1i1.20892 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 44

Author(s):

Rachel Farakhiyah ◽

Maulana Irfan

Keyword(s):

Conflict Resolution ◽

Indigenous Peoples ◽

Customary Law ◽

District Court ◽

Court Ruling ◽

Land Disputes ◽

Customary Rights ◽

The Government ◽

Customary Land ◽

Privately Owned

Pengakuan pemerintah terhadap hukum adat masih setengah hati. Padahal, eksistensi hukum adat memiliki landasan konstitusional yang kuat dalam Pasal 18B ayat (2) UUD 1945. Tubrukan antara proyeksi pembangunan dari pemerintah, kepentingan masyarakat umum, beserta hak ulayat dari masyarakat adat, telah menimbulkan gesekan yang sangat rentan akan timbulnya konflik. Seperti halnya yang memicu terjadinya konflik yang memanas di dalam masyarakat sunda wiwitan atas sengketa lahan. Yang mana perlakuan Jaka yang mengklaim tanah adat menjadi tanah milik pribadi sebagai bentuk pelanggaran hukum adat dan kemudian ditambah dengan putusan PN Kuningan yang memanangkan permintaan Jaka atas hak milih tanah adat seluas 224 m2. Putusan PN tersebut dinilai cacat hukum dan tidak memperhatikan asal usul sejarah. Maka hal tersebut menimbulkan berbagai aksi perlawanan dari pihak kubu masyarakat adat Sunda Wiwitan untuk berusaha memperoleh kembali haknya atas tanah adat mereka. Tujuan penulisan artikel ini yaitu untuk menjelaskan latarbelakang terjadinya konflik dan pemicu terjadinya konflik dengan menggunakan teori identitas yang nantinya dapat dirumuskan resolusi konflik yang efektif. Metode yang digunakan dalam penulisan artikel ini yaitu menggunakan studi litelatur yang diperoleh dari jurnal,buku, dan berbagai macam berita. Hingga saat ini konflik yang bergulir belum menemukan kejelasan karena belum terdapat resolusi konflik yang jelas dan masih sampai kepada tahap digagalkannya proses eksekusi tanah adat seluas 224 m2oleh Pengadilan Negri Kuningan. Government recognition of customary law is still half-hearted. In fact, the existence of customary law has a strong constitutional foundation in Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution. Collisions between projected development from the government, the interests of the general public, along with customary rights from indigenous peoples, have created a very vulnerable friction in the emergence of conflict. As is the case that triggered a heated conflict in Sunda Wiwitan society over land disputes. Which is the treatment of Jaka who claimed customary land to be privately owned as a form of violation of customary law and then added with the Kuningan District Court decision to adopt Jaka's request for customary land rights of 225 m2. The Kuningan District Court ruling was deemed legally flawed and did not pay attention to the origin of history. So this caused various acts of resistance from the sides of the Sunda Wiwitan indigenous people to try to regain their rights to their customary lands. The purpose of writing this article is to explain the background of the occurrence of the conflict and the trigger for the occurrence of conflict by using identity theory which can later be formulated effective conflict resolution. The method used in writing this article is to use litelatur studies obtained from journals, books, and various kinds of news. Until now the rolling conflict has not yet found clarity because there is no clear conflict resolution and is still up to the stage where the process of execution of customary land of 225 m2 was thwarted by the Kuningan District Court.

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CULTURAL IMPLICATIONS OF DAYAK TOMUN INDIGENOUS PEOPLES IN THE MANAGEMENT LAND RIGHTS: A CASE STUDY OF LAMANDAU, CENTRAL KALIMANTAN, INDONESIA

Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews ◽

10.18510/hssr.2020.8452 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (4) ◽

pp. 530-536

Author(s):

Achmadi ◽

Khudzaifah Dimyati ◽

Absori ◽

Arief Budiono

Keyword(s):

Indigenous People ◽

Research Method ◽

Local Community ◽

Land Rights ◽

Human Interactions ◽

Management Procedures ◽

Cultural Implications ◽

Symbolic Reality ◽

The Government ◽

Customary Land

Purpose of the study: This research aimed at highlighting the cultural implications in the context of the Dayak Tomun community in maintaining the management of land rights based on the customary in Lamandau, Indonesia. Methodology: This study used a quantitative doctrinal research method to look at the macro problems in legislation products and a qualitative non-doctrinal research method to look at the problems conceptualized at the level of microanalysis as a symbolic reality. Main Findings: This research revealed that the cultural approach perspective of the local indigenous people had an important role in the management of land rights. This study discovered the procedures for managing the people's customary land rights, which were simple and based on the local wisdom of the local community, which implied a philosophical meaning of belom behadat (living in traditions, obeying customs), human nature in protecting the realm from destruction. Applications of this study: The findings of this study may be useful for the government in Indonesia since the findings reveal information as regards the management of land rights viewed from not only the rules and laws, but also a form of behavior, actions, and actual and potential human interactions that will be patterned in the management of land rights of Dayak Tomun indigenous people. The cultural implications of the Dayak Tomun indigenous people in managing local land rights based on local wisdom are sacred. Novelty: Indigenous people's background has management procedures, which can be seen from the characteristics of traditional lands, such as the presence of planting and family tree. Meanwhile, the term in the management of land rights is a hereditary habit and contains legal values derived from beliefs (religion), customs, and social culture.

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Penetapan Wilayah Adat dan Masyarakat Hukum Adat Desa Penyengat Kecamatan Sungai Apit Kabupaten Siak

Jurnal Hukum Respublica ◽

10.31849/respublica.v19i2.5671 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (2) ◽

pp. 12-28

Author(s):

Wahyu Damon Prakoso

Keyword(s):

Data Collection ◽

Literature Review ◽

Indigenous People ◽

Indigenous Peoples ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Customary Law ◽

Primary Data ◽

Data Source ◽

Customary Land

The problem that occurs is how the indigenous people of swamps interpret the lack of management territory, the loss of livelihood resources and organize themselves to seize opportunities for management rights. The problem of customary land and indigenous peoples above, the researchers felt the need to study more deeply on the Determination of Indigenous Areas and Customary Law Communities in Penyengat Village, Sungai Apit Subdistrict, Siak Regency, Based on the Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 52 of 2014 concerning Guidelines for the Recognition and Protection of Indigenous Peoples. This type of research is sociological, so the data source used is primary data from interviews, secondary data from libraries and tertiary data from dictionaries, media, and encyclopedias. Data collection techniques are done by observation, interviews, and literature review.

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PERAN DESA ADAT BALI DALAM MELANCARKAN KEBIJAKAN PENANGGULANGAN PANDEMI COVID-19

Journal Publicuho ◽

10.35817/jpu.v4i1.15993 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

I Made Chandra Mandira ◽

Cokorda Krisna Yudha

Keyword(s):

Indigenous People ◽

Task Force ◽

Social Groups ◽

Regional Government ◽

Literature Study ◽

Community Activities ◽

Legal Legitimacy ◽

Generic Strategy ◽

Low Costs ◽

The Government

Traditional villages have become the spearhead of community activities, especially in Bali. Regional Regulation (Perda) No.4 of 2019 concerning Traditional Villages is a breath of fresh air for indigenous people in Bali because it has legal legitimacy and recognition. Traditional villages played an important role during the covid-19 pandemic in Bali because they were at the forefront of protecting their territories, from securing the area to distributing social assistance. This study aims to analyze the strategies carried out by the government through customary villages to launch policies during the Covid-19 pandemic. The method used in this research is a literature study, where the data obtained will be compiled, analyzed, and concluded which will lead to conclusions about the literature study of Balinese traditional villages as a strategy in launching policies during the pandemic. This study found that customary villages are a team that embodies effectiveness in efforts to tackle Covid-19 starting from the context, composition, and process in it to solidarity with social groups derived from local wisdom values. The welfare of members of customary villages, especially those assigned to the task force for handling Covid-19, must be considered and the regional government should not use a generic strategy to archive low costs and broad differentiation in implementing policies

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TINJAUAN HUKUM PELEPASAN TANAH ULAYAT

Mimbar Keadilan ◽

10.30996/mk.v13i1.3040 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (1) ◽

pp. 108-119

Author(s):

Happy Trizna Wijaya

Keyword(s):

Land Tenure ◽

Land Rights ◽

Customary Law ◽

Land Acquisition ◽

The Public ◽

Personal Rights ◽

Presidential Decree ◽

The Government ◽

Customary Land ◽

Ownership Rights

Since September 24, 1960 Law No. 5/1960 was stipulated regarding Basic Regulations on Agrarian Principles or often referred to as the Basic Agrarian Law (UUPA), adopting legal unification and based on customary law. Customary land law is original law, has a unique characteristic, where individual rights to land are personal rights but in it contain togetherness. Land controlled by customary law communities is known as ulayat rights. Although customary law is the basis of the LoGA, problems with ownership rights to customary land often occur due to unclear land boundaries and customary land tenure by the government without any release of land. The results of this study revealed that the procedure for controlling customary land by the local government through the mechanism of land acquisition as stipulated in Permendagri No. 15 of 1975 provides more opportunities for the Government to control land rights, while the owner / holder of land rights has a very weak position because many rights to land are neglected so that it violates the human rights of land rights holders. With the issuance of Presidential Decree No. 55 of 1993 concerning Land Procurement for the Implementation of Development for the Public Interest in lieu of Permendagri No. 15 of 1975, which provides a protection to holders of land rights to be able to defend their rights. This is also the case with Perpres No. 36 of 2005 Jo Perpres No. 65 of 2006 issued as a substitute for Presidential Decree No. 55 of 1993, far more provide protection to the community to defend their rights, while the government is increasingly limited in obtaining land. So Perpres No. 65 of 2006 provides a guarantee of legal certainty to holders of land rights to be able to defend their rights.Sejak 24 September 1960 ditetapkan Undang-undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1960 tentang Peraturan Dasar Pokok-pokok Agraria atau sering disebut Undang-undang Pokok Agraria (UUPA), menganut unifikasi hukum dan berdasarkan hukum adat. Hukum tanah adat merupakan hukum asli, mempunyai sifat yang khas, dimana hak-hak perorangan atas tanah merupakan hak pribadi akan tetapi didalamnya mengandung unsur kebersamaan. Tanah-tanah yang dikuasai oleh masyarakat hukum adat dikenal dengan sebutan hak ulayat. Walaupun hukum adat merupakan dasar dari UUPA tetapi permasalahan terhadap hak kepemilikan atas tanah adat seringkali terjadi karena penentuan batas tanah hak ulayat yang tidak jelas, maupun karena penguasaan hak atas tanah adat oleh pemerintah tanpa ada pelepasan tanah. Hasil penelitian ini mengungkapkan bahwa Prosedur penguasaan tanah ulayat oleh Pemda melalui mekanisme pembebasan tanah yang tertuang dalam Permendagri No. 15 Tahun 1975 lebih memberikan kesempatan kepada pihak Pemerintah untuk menguasai hak atas tanah, sedangkan pemilik/pemegang hak atas tanah mempunyai kedudukan yang sangat lemah karena banyak hak atas tanah yang diabaikan sehingga sangat melanggar hak asasi pemegang hak atas tanah. Dengan diterbitkannya Kepres No. 55 Tahun 1993 mengenai Pengadaan Tanah Bagi Pelaksanaan Pembangunan Untuk Kepentingan Umum sebagai pengganti Permendagri No. 15 Tahun 1975, yang memberikan suatu perlindungan kepada pemegang hak atas tanah untuk dapat mempertahankan haknya. Begitu juga halnya dengan Perpres No. 36 Tahun 2005 Jo Perpres No. 65 Tahun 2006 yang dikeluarkan sebagai pengganti Kepres No. 55 Tahun 1993, jauh lebih memberikan perlindungan kepada pihak masyarakat untuk membela haknya, sedangkan pihak pemerintah semakin terbatas dalam memperoleh tanah. Sehingga Perpres No. 65 Tahun 2006 memberikan suatu jaminan kepastian hukum kepada pemegang hak atas tanah untuk dapat mempertahankan haknya.

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KEDUDUKAN HAK ATAS TANAH MASYARAKAT HUKUM ADAT UNTUK KEPENTINGAN UMUM

DiH Jurnal Ilmu Hukum ◽

10.30996/dih.v13i25.2223 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 13 (25) ◽

pp. 69-84

Author(s):

Jhon A Mebri

Keyword(s):

Indigenous Peoples ◽

Public Interest ◽

Human Life ◽

Land Rights ◽

Close Correlation ◽

Customary Law ◽

Economic Resource ◽

Customary Rights ◽

The Government ◽

Customary Land

Land has a very important meaning in human life, because most of human life depends on the land. There is a close correlation between man and the land and there is no human in this world who does not need the land. The land is not only understood as an economic resource, but for others it sees the land as sacred and one of the indigenous peoples of Papua must preserve. So with the government policy to allocate land for public interest often conflict with the interest of indigenous people of Papua. Related to the procurement of land is regulated in Law No. 2 of 2012 on Land Procurement for Development for Public Interest. The focus of this research is how to recognize and regulate land rights of indigenous and tribal peoples for the public interest in Papua and how are the legal effects on customary land rights for indigenous and tribal peoples in Papua? By using normative research methods it can be concluded that the recognition and regulation of indigenous peoples' rights to land as customary rights in accordance with the provisions of the Basic Agrarian Law, the Law on Special Autonomy and Law No. 6 of 2014 on Villages, is recognized Of its existence and use in accordance with applicable provisions in indigenous and tribal peoples. However, in practice it is often not in accordance with the provisions in force in Indonesia, so as not to provide justice and legal certainty.The legal consequences of customary law community land acquisition for public interest are the form of indemnity for indigenous and tribal peoples through the agreed mechanism and the transfer of land rights of customary law community to the government.

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STRENGTHENING THE POSITION OF INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THE MANAGEMENT OF THE FOREST BY SUBSQUENT OF THE CONSTITUTIONAL COURT DECISION OF REPUBLIK INDONESIA NO.35/PUU-X/2012 TO SUPPORT OF REDD+ INDONESIA

Yustisia Jurnal Hukum ◽

10.20961/yustisia.v6i2.12866 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

Author(s):

Anti Mayastuti

Keyword(s):

Indigenous People ◽

Local Community ◽

Forest Degradation ◽

Land Ownership ◽

Forest Resources ◽

Customary Law ◽

Access To Justice ◽

Constitutional Court ◽

Reduce Emissions ◽

The Government

The problems of disputes over land ownership of forest between the government (in this case is the state) and the community, has been occured tens of years ago, but the increase was higher along with just an era of reform. A possession of forest resources has been dominated by large employers with the strength of their capital, while the local community (in this case of indigenous people) who rely on forest resources for generations before this country stood, their fate was even more marginalized. In fact, the existence of indigenous people with local wisdom value, plays an important role in forest management, as recognized in Act No.41 of 1999 about Forestry. Inequality of distribution of forest resources this mastery was seen as a base for real social conflict happens in the life of the community law. Furthermore it was published constitutional court’s verdict of RI No.35/PUU-X/2012 to provid e access to justice for indigenous people over the mastery of the forest. This recognition is strengthened by the existence of a REDD + Program aims to reduce emissions from deforestation and forest degradation that requires the existence of a customary law society active participation through the empowerment of local wisdom values.

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‘We Owned the Land Before the State Was Established’: The State, Traditional Authorities, and Land Policy in Africa

10.1007/978-981-16-4725-3_3 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 41-64

Author(s):

Horman Chitonge

Keyword(s):

Population Growth ◽

Policy Reform ◽

The State ◽

Land Policy ◽

Policy Reforms ◽

Traditional Leaders ◽

Increasing Demand ◽

Traditional Authorities ◽

Customary Land ◽

Land Policies

AbstractThis chapter looks at the land policy reform challenges in Africa, focusing on the struggle between the state and traditional leaders over the control of customary land. The governance of customary land is one of the most contentious land issues in Africa. As many African governments seek to reform land policies in order to respond to the challenges of population growth and urbanisation leading to the increasing demand for land, the proposed reforms are often challenged by traditional leaders who see the reforms as a ploy to undermine their authority over customary land. It is argued in this chapter that, while the state sometimes attempts to co-opt traditional leaders into cooperating with it, this alliance often does not hold for long, especially when traditional leaders sense that their interests are being undermined by proposed land policy reforms. Drawing from the Zambian experience, the chapter shows that although the state, as a sovereign entity, has the authority over all land under its territory, the situation is complicated by the fact that traditional leaders also assert authority over customary land. This situation sometimes leads to contestations that often frustrate the formulation and implementation of land policy reforms.

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