scholarly journals Rural Non Farm Employment in Assam: Trends and Issues

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chandrama Goswami ◽  
Manisha Bhattacharya
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Inclusive Growth ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Farm Sector ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Land Holdings ◽  
Education And Employment

This study explores the rural labour market in Assam. The Work Participation Rates (WPR) for males has increased during the period 1993-94 to 2009-10, whereas the same for females has been fluctuating around a lower level of 15 to 20 per cent. Thus, unemployment rates for females have been higher than males. A sector-wise distribution of workers shows that the proportion of males employed in the farm sector has been declining in favour of the Non-Farm Sector (NFS), while the females are more concentrated in the farm sector. Thus, females stand in a more disadvantageous situation in the rural labour market as indicated by their low WPR, higher unemployment rates and low level of diversification into NFS. However, gender equality is necessary for growth. This is more so with regard to education and employment. India has introduced the concept of inclusive growth in the Eleventh Five Year Plan. Inclusive growth ensures opportunities for all sections of the population, with a special emphasis on the poor, particularly women and young people, who are most likely to be marginalised. A rapidly growing population in India has not only increased the size of the rural labour force but has also led to fragmentation of land holdings. Thus, this sector alone cannot create additional employment opportunities, even in high growth agriculture states of India. This has led to the growth of a vibrant non-farm sector. The study comes up with the suggestion that the NFS, with its greater potential of employment generation, can not only solve the unemployment problem, but can also lead to the increased access of women to resources and employment opportunities.

Unemployment in South Africa

2021 ◽  
pp. 134-156
Author(s):  
James Heintz ◽  
Karmen Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Employment Outcomes ◽  
Institutional Factors ◽  
Trade Policies ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
Policy Choices

South Africa has exhibited sustained high rates of open unemployment since the end of apartheid, when reliable statistical measurements became available. The lack of decent employment opportunities contributes to ongoing social and economic inequalities. This chapter examines the reasons behind the country’s high unemployment rates. After a brief analysis of unemployment trends and patterns, it discusses alternative explanations of South Africa’s employment problems, with a focus on structural causes arising from historical and institutional factors. The chapter also examines how policy choices post-apartheid have affected employment outcomes, including macroeconomic policies, trade policies, and labour market policies.

scholarly journals How trade diversification and economic growth affect gender inequality in female labour market participation? The case of India

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudeshna Ghosh
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Developing Country ◽  
Gender Inequality ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Labour Force Participation ◽  
Series Data ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Female Labour ◽  
Content Type

PurposeThe author attempts to investigate through empirical exercise how the chances of female employment opportunities rise in a developing country like India, against the backdrop of changes in institutions that are associated with globalization. Following Dreher et al. (2012), the author measures how institutional arrangements proxied by political, cultural and social globalization impact women's labour force participation.Design/methodology/approachThe relation between female labour force participation, economic growth and further export diversification are quite complex. The paper develops a simultaneous equation model through a growth equation, gender equation and globalization equation to identify the factors impacting female labour market opportunities in India, based on annual time series data 1991–2019.FindingsThe major results of this study are summarized as: (1) it is social globalization that positively impacts gender equality in employment opportunities apart from economic growth and trade diversification. (2) Evidence of “feminization of labour force” in the context of trade diversification is found and (3) equal gender opportunities reflect in equalizing outcomes in the labour market.Originality/valueThe present study contributes to the literature on gender inequality and economic growth in three major ways. First, it focuses upon a set of factors that explain gender inequality in opportunities that may impede economic growth. The study tries to explore how the persistence of gender inequality in the labour market influences negatively economic growth. Further how economic growth and trade diversification create pathways to impact gender inequality in the labour market. Second, the study tries to show how the male–female gap in employment opportunities constrains trade diversification. Third, trade diversification can induce modifications in the structure of production across sectors which can have a positive or negative impact on gender inequality. The actual impact is a matter of empirical exploration which this study has attempted. The author has shown in this study that gender inequality in a developing country like India reduces trade diversification directly through gender gaps in opportunity and indirectly by impeding economic growth which adversely impacts trade diversification.

Factors that affect discouragement: A South African labour market analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 90-90
Author(s):  
Precious Mncayi ◽  
Jacques de Jongh
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
South African ◽  
Market Analysis ◽  
International Standards ◽  
Labour Markets ◽  
Employment Opportunities ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The World ◽  
Very High

Labour markets across the world have in recent years been characterised by instability and scare employment opportunities. Despite the fact that the 21st century has carried with it massive technological change and a rise in the significance of education for better employment prospects, it has moreover brought about expanded vulnerability which has neglected to ensure employment for work-searchers. For those who want to work, the inability to find employment has been a source of enormous adversities both personally and economically. This is not unique to South Africa as the country is plagued with very high unemployment rates across all age categories and continually rising numbers of discouraged work-seekers. Although unemployment indicators have to a great extent followed international standards, the failure to incorporate those who have abstained from searching has inadvertently contributed to a lack of understanding regarding the nature of discouragement in the labour market. Keywords: Employment, discouragement; work-seekers, labour markets, South Africa, unemployment.

scholarly journals Labour force dynamics and the obesity gap in female unemployment in Finland

2008 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 3-15
Author(s):  
Juho Härkönen
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Job Search ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Test Case ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Search Behaviour ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Force Dynamics ◽  
Employer Discrimination ◽  
The Difference

In this paper we analyse the obesity gap in female unemployment in Finland. A growing body of research has documented that women suffer from obesity penalties in the labour market, whereas men do not. In this paper, we focus on the link between obesity and female unemployment. Since the obesity gap in unemployment may be due to both worker and employer behaviour, our approach provides an interesting test case for analysing various hypotheses put forward to explain the obesity gap in labour market rewards. With data from the Finnish component of the European Community Household Panel, we start by decomposing the obesity gap in unemployment rates to transitions between labour market statuses. The results show that the difference in transitions from unemployment to employment is the most important component of the difference in unemployment rates. We further analyse this transition by performing event-history analyses of the transitions from unemployment to employment and by looking into the job search behaviour of obese versus non-obese women. The obesity gap in transitions from unemployment to employment remains after controlling for human capital and demographic features. Neither do obese women differ from their non-obese peers in job search behaviour. We conclude that employer discrimination is an important explanation of the obesity gap in female unemployment.

scholarly journals Research into Labour, Employment and Work in New Zealand: Overview of the Ninth Conference

1970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Morrison
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
Labour Market ◽  
Market Research ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Pacific Island ◽  
Community Institutions ◽  
Employment Generation ◽  
Employment Experience ◽  
First Time

Each new conference in this series produces research which advances the field, often in unexpected directions. The ninth conference focussed our attention on two rapidly growing areas of labour market research: the dynamics of the labour market and its geography. Our understanding of labour, employment and work was advanced in other directions as well including woman in the labour force, the role of community institutions in employment generation, tho potential impacts of aging on the labour market and, for the first time in the LEW series, the employment experience of Pacific Island peoples in New Zealand. The following overview offers a synopsis of the key arguments in each of the 35 papers.

The situation of women on the Polish labour market compared to the situation of men

2021 ◽  
Vol 66 (8) ◽  
pp. 46-67
Author(s):  
Leszek Kucharski ◽  
Anna Rutkowska
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Tertiary Education ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Employment Rate ◽  
Labour Force Survey ◽  
Upward Trend ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Given

Despite the many steps taken towards gender equality, women's situation on the labour market is worse than the respective situation of men. Women receive lower remuneration and are offered limited promotion opportunities. The aim of the research described in the paper is to compare the situation of men and women on the labour market and to indicate the factors which determine it. The study is based on data from the Labour Force Survey (Badanie Aktywności Ekonomicznej Ludności – BAEL) covering the years 2010–2018. The article presents an analysis of the employment and unemployment rates and estimates showing the relative chances of the outflow from employment and unemployment for both men and women. The results of the analyses indicated an upward trend in the employment in the given period, although the employment rate was lower for women than for men in all the featured sections. Moreover, women faced a greater risk of unemployment than men, despite the fact that the gap between the unemployment rates for men and women narrowed in the years 2015–2018. The highest probability of job loss and outflow to unemployment was observed among women aged 15–24 and 25–34, while the lowest among women with tertiary education.

Tertiary Educated Muslim Women's Work Decision

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 46
Author(s):  
Peck Leong Tan ◽  
Muhammad Adidinizar Zia Ahmad Kusair ◽  
Norlida Abdul Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Work Environment ◽  
Capital Investment ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Muslim Women ◽  
Participation Of Women ◽  
Flexible Working ◽  
Family Friendly ◽  
The Family ◽  
Labour Participation

The participation of women in the labour force has been steadily rising over the years, especially with tremendous human capital investment in educating more women at tertiary levels. However, the tertiary educated women labour participation remains low, particularly among Muslim women. Therefore, this paper explores how tertiary educated Muslim women make their decision to work. This study surveyed 139 tertiary educated women and found their decisions to work are affected by their families’ needs and/or responsibilities, and may not be due to their lives’ goals and dreams. The majority of them work for the sake of money and hence will work if offered jobs meet their expectations in term of salary and position. Furthermore, they will leave the workforce if they need to fulfil their responsibilities at home. Therefore, to retain or to encourage more women especially those with high qualifications to be in the labour market, stakeholders must provide family-friendly jobs and suitable work environment such as flexible working arrangements. More importantly, stakeholders must be able to convince the family members of tertiary educated women to release them to the labour market.   

scholarly journals Empirical study of spatial differentiation of youth unemployment in Russia

2016 ◽  
Vol 66 (3) ◽  
pp. 507-526 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatiana Blinova ◽  
Vladimir Markov ◽  
Viktor Rusanovskiy
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Spatial Differentiation ◽  
Youth Unemployment ◽  
Behavioural Response ◽  
Economic Effects ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Unemployment Rates ◽  
Youth Labour Market ◽  
Interregional Differentiation

The purpose of the study is to conduct a statistical analysis and to perform a quantitative assessment of the degree and the dynamics of the interregional differences in youth unemployment in Russia between 2005 and 2013. We decompose the interregional differentiation into “within-group” and “between-group” differences. We also analyse the dynamics of the within-group and between-group differences and estimate their contribution to changes in the interregional differentiation of youth unemployment. Additionally, we estimate the degree and the dynamics of the interregional differences of the youth labour market in Russia in times of crisis and recovery growth. The results show a reduction in the interregional differences in unemployment rates between 2005 and 2008, while in 2009–2013, the interregional differentiation of the labour market increased. We found that the socio-economic effects of youth unemployment, as well as the behavioural response to economic shocks in the age groups of 15–19 and 20–29 years were significantly different.

scholarly journals Granger Causal Nexus between Good Public Governance and Unemployment: Evidence from Cross-Country Panel Data Investigation

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Cristina Boţa-Avram ◽  
Adrian Groşanu ◽  
Paula-Ramona Răchişan ◽  
Sorin Romulus Berinde
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Public Governance ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Governance Indicators ◽  
Causality Tests ◽  
Data Investigation ◽  
Labour Market Activity ◽  
Causal Nexus ◽  
Total Labour

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the causality between good public governance captured through six World Bank governance indicators and unemployment rate (unemployment as % of the total labour force) as a clear indicator of labour market performance. Although some previous papers have empirically demonstrated the casual nexus between country-level governance and economic development, this study investigates the relation of causality between public governance and the labour market. By employing Granger non-causality tests, we tested two hypotheses with regard to this nexus. We argue that bidirectional Granger causality is predominant for the relation of country-level governance and unemployment. Finally, our paper offers a complex quantitative analysis of the causal nexus between public governance quality and one of the most known labour market activity indicators for an extended panel dataset of countries worldwide for 10 years.

Dealing with ‘vulnerable workers’ in precarious employment: Front-line constraints and strategies in employment standards enforcement

2020 ◽  
pp. 0143831X2090914
Author(s):  
Alan Hall ◽  
Rebecca Hall ◽  
Nicole Bernhardt
Keyword(s):  
Labour Market ◽  
Labour Force ◽  
Front Line ◽  
Canadian Province ◽  
Precarious Employment ◽  
Employment Relationships ◽  
The Core ◽  
Worker Characteristics ◽  
Employment Standards ◽  
Vulnerable Workers

Individual worker complaints continue to be the core foundation of employment standards enforcement in many Western jurisdictions, including the Canadian province of Ontario. In the contemporary labour market context where segments of the labour force may be disproportionately impacted by rights violations, and employment relationships are more diverse and often more tenuous than previously, the continued reliance on individual claims suggests a need to better understand the challenges associated with the investigation and resolution of claims involving ‘vulnerable workers’ in precarious employment situations. Using interviews with front-line Ontario employment standards officers (ESOs), this article examines the extent to which certain worker characteristics and employment situations perceived by officers as ‘vulnerable’ are identified by officers as significant constraints or barriers to investigation processes and outcomes, and documents whether and how officers address these constraints and barriers. The analysis also identifies the perceived influence of policy, resource and legislative requirements in shaping how officers deal with the more difficult and challenging cases, while also considering the extent to which the officers’ actions are understood by them as discretionary and guided by their particular orientations or concerns. In so doing, this article reveals challenges to the resolution of claims in precarious employment situations, the very place where employment standards are often most needed.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document