scholarly journals New Frontiers and Relations between Religion, Culture and Politics in Western Europe

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfonso Pérez-Agote
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Foreign Population ◽  
Social Esteem ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
National Reconstruction

The societies of Western Europe, following the territorial delimitation of the corresponding State, have gone through different historical processes of internal homogenization. After the Peace of Westphalia (1648) the application of the principle cuius regio eius religio induced the religious homogenization of the population. Then, due to the ethnic diversity of its population, the State tried to homogenize it from the cultural point of view; it was the process of nationalization and democratization of the State. This process lead to the separation of religion from politics and from culture. After the two world wars, national reconstruction needed a foreign population: this need for labor was filled in the most developed countries by population of the countries that were least (Portuguese, Spanish, Italian ...) and also by population flows coming from the old colonies. The cultural and religious homogeneity of these countries began to lose force. With the oil crisis of the 1970s, a period of major economic fluctuations began in Europe. In those years, the second generation of the population of immigrant origin began to go to a job market that was not in good health. The religion and culture of their predecessors became autonomous resources for the reconstruction of their identity and to achieve a personal and social esteem. This process is necessarily leading States to rethink the relations between politics, culture and religion.

scholarly journals The Application of Language as a Tool for Ethnopolitics in Europe – Selected Remarks

Politeja ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 12 (8 (31/2)) ◽  
pp. 27-43
Author(s):  
Wawrzyniec Konrad Konarski
Keyword(s):  
Political Culture ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Central And Eastern Europe ◽  
Minority Group ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Dramatic Effect ◽  
Social Fact ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Cultural Order

The revitalisation of ethnicity as a concept associated with politics has been a meaningful social fact since the early 1960s. This process began at that time in Western Europe. In Central and Eastern Europe the increase of the power of ethnicity had a dramatic effect towards the end of the twentieth century. An important part in this revitalisation is played by the language policy which has a huge influence on the socio‑political stabilisation of many entities. Its success, both from the point of view of the interests of the state and of the group distinguished through language, depends on the legal and political culture of both these parties. The initiative should, however, be on the part of the state. In turn, the actions of the authorities negating the importance of language – often the main identity factor of a minority group – foster an uncontrolled growth of the ethnos. This may lead to the increase of ethnically motivated separatism destabilising both separate states and whole regions. Thus, the issue of language is used in ethnopolitics as a starting point either for obtaining political and legal results or for maintaining the ones already achieved. In either case the evaluation of these activities depends on the expectations of the involved parties. Generally it is possible to distinguish three ways of perceiving language as a factor – applied by politicians and ideologically biased intellectuals – influencing the existing political, legal and cultural order. Namely, language may be considered: 1) a recognized threat; 2) an approved means of support; or 3) a postulated opportunity for a beneficial change and its continuity.

scholarly journals Can Artificial Intelligence and the Internet of Things be Governed to Achieve the UN Sustainable Development Goals? An Intellectual Property Law Perspective

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guido Noto La Diega
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Sustainable Development Goals ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Access To Medicines ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Inventive Step ◽  
Development Goals ◽  
New Interpretation

The WTO can play an important role in achieving the UN sustainable development goals. Investments in AI and IoT could go a long way, in that these technologies could lead to economic growth, innovation, good health, and new services. For this to happen, however, they must be adequately governed. This means, practically, that we need laws – and IP laws above all, given their role in incentivising creativity and innovation – that are fit for AI and IoT. As shown above, AI could lead to unprecedented research developments with revolutionary impact on healthcare. They would do so not only by changing the way we carry out research – with AI-powered data mining and cancer-predicting deep learning models – but also by making us rethink certain IP laws. The reference is to the patent system that has hitherto been abused by pharmaceutical companies that have developed strategies to retain perpetual and absolute monopolies on medical inventions, thus preventing access to medicines, especially in developing and least-developed countries. AI could change this. It could, indeed, change the standard currently applied to assess one of the key requirements for patentability, i.e. inventive step. We currently assess if an invention presupposes an inventive step and is hence patentable from the point of view of the ‘person skilled in the art’, a notional worker who lacks ingenuity and has limited knowledge. With AI becoming commonplace and increasingly creative, the new standard to be adopted may and should be the AI-enhanced researcher. Such a person would be more likely to consider new inventions as obvious and this would counter the over-protection of pharmaceutical inventions. Finally, the IoT is set to disrupt all the fields and all the laws that have been built on the good-product and hardware-software dichotomy. Patent laws are likely to be profoundly impacted – and may need a significant revision – because their exclusion from patentability of software may be factually circumvented by the ubiquitous presence of software in any mundane device and at any step of the supply chain. To conclude, IP laws are likely to play a limited role in governing AI and the IoT. It seems more probable that these technologies will ‘govern’ current IP laws in the sense of leading to new interpretation and policies that will make them more ‘sustainability-friendly’.

Who Cares? Socio-Economic Conditions of Nurses in Mumbai

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asha Patil
Keyword(s):  
Health Services ◽  
State Government ◽  
Gender Discrimination ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Good Health ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Work Place

Health is one of the basic human needs. The Human Rights and the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (ICESCR) recognises health as central to the dignity of the person. Health is one of the indicators of development of a society. Hence, it is also included in the Millennium Development Goals. In developing countries like India, one can see large disparities in availability and access to health facilities. In India, health is the responsibility of the state and it is included in the Directive Principles. Attainment and maintenance of good health depends on access to nutritious food, clean water, appropriate and timely availability of medical services for treatment during sickness. From this point of view, providing good health services to people becomes responsibility of the state government. In India, three types of health services are available namely- hospitals run by government, hospitals run by municipal corporations and hospitals governed by public trusts and private organizations. Health workers play a vital role in taking these services to the patients. Hence, their physical and mental status matters in reaching the health services to patients. From this angle, the researcher has chosen the appropriate topic for the study. The book highlights equity issues in health services. Subordination of nurses and its ill-effects on patients are discussed keeping gender discrimination at the centre. The researcher has focused on many issues related to nursing profession. They include working conditions of nurses, their salary, shift duties and stress levels, safety at work place and violence, grievance redressal mechanism, affiliation to unions, etc. For this, the researcher has collected primary data by interviewing nurses from various sectors, which is the strength of this research. The sample of the research includes nurses employed in various health care institutions located in ward H-East and West of Mumbai district, Maharashtra.

scholarly journals Food Security Indicators of Ukraine in Global Dimension

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nataliya Horin
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Foreign Trade ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
World Market ◽  
Global Dimension ◽  
The State ◽  
Global Rating ◽  
Food Sufficiency ◽  
The World

The paper attempts to investigate the current state of Ukraine’s food security according to some indicators used in the world practice. It is determined that Ukraine has a level below the average in the global rating of food security. Therefore, this indicator is deteriorating annually, and in the global dimension may be rated rather unsatisfactory. The availability of problems in the food supply of the population of Ukraine in view of the growing threats in the agri-food sector is emphasized. The author analyzed Ukraine’s position in the world rankings by the indicators of quality, adequacy and availability of food and its share of food commodity dependence. It is determined that Ukraine does not lag behind the EU average by the criterion of food sufficiency, although it has the lower position in comparison with the developed countries of Western Europe. However, in terms of adequacy consumption, there is an insufficiency in almost all product groups, as well as an imbalance of nutrition of the population, which does not provide the necessary threshold criteria for a proper daily average diet. It is emphasized that according to the criterion of availability of food Ukraine does not reach the critical value of 60 % of expenditures from the average household budget and belongs to the countries with income below the average level. However, the population of the country cannot afford to consume vital food at a sufficient vital level, which adversely affects the food security of the state. We argued that although Ukraine was a significant exporter of agri-food products to the world market and although exports of these products have been increasing every year, our country belongs to the group of countries with high dependence on commodity imports and low level of commodity exports, which definitely needs to review the priorities of foreign trade policy of agricultural products. It is concluded that in context of the negative structure of domestic agri-food exports, it is necessary to switch to new effective methods of managing the threats to food security of the state and to define a comprehensive mechanism for the implementation of food security of Ukraine through well-considered agricultural, foreign trade, investment, and ecological. Key words: food security; global food security; food sufficiency; food availability; agricultural food exports.

Physical capital stock, technological upgrading and modernisation in Hungary

2005 ◽  
Vol 55 (2) ◽  
pp. 201-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrea Szalavetz
Keyword(s):  
Capital Accumulation ◽  
Physical Capital ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Technology Generation ◽  
Development Policies ◽  
Specific Factors ◽  
Physical Capital Accumulation

This paper discusses the relation between the quality and quantity indicators of physical capital and modernisation. While international academic literature emphasises the role of intangible factors enabling technology generation and absorption rather than that of physical capital accumulation, this paper argues that the quantity and quality of physical capital are important modernisation factors, particularly in the case of small, undercapitalised countries that recently integrated into the world economy. The paper shows that in Hungary, as opposed to developed countries, the technological upgrading of capital assets was not necessarily accompanied by the upgrading of human capital i.e. the thesis of capital skill complementarity did not apply to the first decade of transformation and capital accumulation in Hungary. Finally, the paper shows that there are large differences between the average technological levels of individual industries. The dualism of the Hungarian economy, which is also manifest in terms of differences in the size of individual industries' technological gaps, is a disadvantage from the point of view of competitiveness. The increasing differences in the size of the technological gaps can be explained not only with industry-specific factors, but also with the weakness of technology and regional development policies, as well as with institutional deficiencies.

ANALYSIS OF MEASURES TO REDUCE ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC DAMAGE FROM AUTOMOBILE TRANSPORT

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
V.N. Kurdyukov ◽  
◽  
T.V. Lebedeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Resource Allocation ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Economic Damage ◽  
Agriculture Education

The article considers common classifications of measures to reduce environmentaleconomic damage from motor vehicles. Classification from the point of view of control impact is proposed, which allows to take into account relations between the state and citizens in the field of reduction of negative impact of motor vehicles on the environment. The analysis of the classification made it possible to identify areas of activity for improving the efficiency of management impacts, taking into account the incentives of citizens to comply with the requirements of the legislation and to create conditions for their exceeding. Increasing the efficiency of resource allocation in the Territory will allow the released funds to be allocated to the development of industry, agriculture, education and science.

Russian Parliamentarism Party Model

2018 ◽  
Vol 42 ◽  
pp. 245-255
Author(s):  
Rostislav F. Turovsky
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Soviet Period ◽  
Political Situation ◽  
Managerial Positions ◽  
Post Soviet Period

The article is devoted to the study of the party model of Russian parliamentarism in post-soviet period. The focus is on the issues of party representation and its correlation with the distribution of the managerial positions and introduction of collective legislation at State Duma. These issues are examined from the point of view of reaching cross-party consensus and implementation of fair parliament party representation principle. According to the author Russian parliamentarism model aims at reaching full-fledged party consensus that corresponds better to the principles of popular representation than strict parliament polarization along the line of “authority-opposition”. Understanding of those issues by the majority of the players was noted from the very start of the State Duma activities, in spite of the acute conflicts in the 1990-ies.The author draws the conclusion that the equation of party representation continues to grow at the level of managerial positions in the parliament that allows to improve cooperation of the parties and to reduce authority and opposition conflicts. Thereby the Russian parliamentarism model makes an important contribution to the stabilization of socio-political situation of the country.

The position of the State in the international system from the perspective of major schools of thought in international relations

2019 ◽  
pp. 79
Author(s):  
Salah Hassan Mohammed ◽  
Mahaa Ahmed Al-Mawla
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
International Politics ◽  
International System ◽  
International Order ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Status ◽  
Future Vision

The Study is based on the state as one of the main pillars in international politics. In additions, it tackles its position in the international order from the major schools perspectives in international relations, Especially, these schools differ in the status and priorities of the state according to its priorities, also, each scholar has a different point of view. The research is dedicated to providing a future vision of the state's position in the international order in which based on the vision of the major schools in international relations.

PREREQUISITES FOR THE FORMATION OF A MECHANISM FOR STATE REGULATION OF SOCIAL GUARANTEES IN THE REGION

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vitaly Lobas ◽  
◽  
Elena Petryaeva ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Social Protection ◽  
Well Being ◽  
State Regulation ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Periodic Review ◽  
Cost Of Living ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
State Management ◽  
The Cost

The article deals with modern mechanisms for managing social protection of the population by the state and the private sector. From the point of view of forms of state regulation of the sphere of social protection, system indicators usually include the state and dynamics of growth in the standard of living of the population, material goods, services and social guarantees for the poorly provided segments of the population. The main indicator among the above is the state of the consumer market, as one of the main factors in the development of the state. Priority areas of public administration with the use of various forms of social security have been identified. It should be emphasized that, despite the legislative conflicts that exist today in Ukraine, mandatory indexation of the cost of living is established, which is associated with inflation. Various scientists note that although the definition of the cost of living index has a well-established methodology, there are quite a lot of regional features in the structure of consumption. All this is due to restrictions that are included in the consumer basket of goods and different levels of socio-economic development of regions. The analysis of the establishment and periodic review of the minimum consumer budgets of the subsistence minimum and wages of the working population and the need to form state insurance funds for unforeseen circumstances is carried out. Considering in this context the levers of state management of social guarantees of the population, we drew attention to the crisis periods that are associated with the market transformation of the regional economy. In these conditions, there is a need to develop and implement new mechanisms and clusters in the system of socio-economic relations. The components of the mechanisms ofstate regulation ofsocial guarantees of the population are proposed. The deepening of market relations in the process of reforming the system of social protection of the population should be aimed at social well-being.

TO THE PROBLEMS OF COMBATING CORRUPTION IN MODERN RUSSIA AND INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF ANTI-CORRUPTION

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Dranishnikova
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
The State ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Modern Life ◽  
Existing Problems ◽  
Moral Point ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Government

In the article, the author reflects the existing problems of the fight against corruption in the Russian Federation. He focuses on the opacity of the work of state bodies, leading to an increase in bribery and corruption. The topic we have chosen is socially exciting in our days, since its significance is growing on a large scale at all levels of the investigated aspect of our modern life. Democratic institutions are being jeopardized, the difference in the position of social strata of society in society’s access to material goods is growing, and the state of society is suffering from the moral point of view, citizens are losing confidence in the government, and in the top officials of the state.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document