scholarly journals Wearables as Digital Evidence

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tariq Khairallah
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Wearable Devices ◽  
Digital Evidence ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Legal Cases ◽  
Fitness Tracker ◽  
People Today

Digital Evidence is considered as an important type of evidence in many legal cases. Many legislations have dedicated laws to the collection, handling and admissibility of digital evidence. New technologies and new devices are rapidly being developed, which creates new sources of digital evidence. This presents a challenge to law enforcement agencies and digital investigators to stay up to date with the rapid development in the digital field. This paper discusses a relatively new source of digital evidence which is the evidence extracted from Wearable devices. A Fitbit fitness tracker is one of the most common wearable devices used by many people today. This paper presents a case study whereby data extracted from a Fitbit was used as a digital evidence. The admissibility and the challenges of using Wearables as digital evidence is also discussed.

scholarly journals UAV Forensics: DJI Mini 2 Case Study

Drones ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 49
Author(s):  
Miloš Stanković ◽  
Mohammad Meraj Mirza ◽  
Umit Karabiyik
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Federal Aviation Administration ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Personally Identifiable Information ◽  
Multiple Devices ◽  
Forensic Tools ◽  
Recreational Use

Rapid technology advancements, especially in the past decade, have allowed off-the-shelf unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) that weigh less than 250 g to become available for recreational use by the general population. Many well-known manufacturers (e.g., DJI) are now focusing on this segment of UAVs, and the new DJI Mini 2 drone is one of many that falls under this category, which enables easy access to be purchased and used without any Part 107 certification and Remote ID registration. The versatility of drones and drone models is appealing for customers, but they pose many challenges to forensic tools and digital forensics investigators due to numerous hardware and software variations. In addition, different devices can be associated and used for controlling these drones (e.g., Android and iOS smartphones). Moreover, according to the Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), the adoption of Remote ID is not going to be required for people without the 107 certifications for this segment at least until 2023, which creates finding personally identifiable information a necessity in these types of investigations. In this research, we conducted a comprehensive investigation of DJI Mini 2 and its data stored across multiple devices (e.g., SD cards and mobile devices) that are associated with the drone. The aim of this paper is to (1) create several criminal-like scenarios, (2) acquire and analyze the created scenarios using leading forensics software (e.g., Cellebrite and Magnet Axiom) that are commonly used by law enforcement agencies, (3) and present findings associated with potential criminal activities.

Criminal justice in the middlebrow imagination: The punitive dimensions of Making a Murderer

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-96 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel LaChance ◽  
Paul Kaplan
Keyword(s):  
Criminal Justice ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
20Th Century ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Close Reading ◽  
Law And Order ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Late 20Th Century ◽  
Crime And Punishment

Popular documentary representations of crime and punishment have traditionally tended to fall into two camps: programs that are critical of law enforcement agencies and those that are sympathetic to them. In this article, we show how programs that present themselves as critical of legal authorities can nonetheless reinforce the “law and order punitivism” that underlay the ratcheting up of harsh punishment in the late 20th century. In a case study of the popular documentary miniseries Making a Murderer, we show how this can happen when texts fetishize the question of a criminal defendant’s innocence, adopt a “good versus evil” approach to players in the criminal justice system, and perpetuate a procedural rather than substantive vision of justice. Arguments are supported by a close reading of Making a Murderer and illustrated by a line of discussion it inspired in an internet forum.

scholarly journals Building Resilient Urban Communities: The Case Study of Setubal Municipality, Portugal

Geosciences ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 243
Author(s):  
Angela Santos ◽  
Nuno Sousa ◽  
Horst Kremers ◽  
José Luís Bucho
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Urban Communities ◽  
Disaster Risk Reduction ◽  
Disaster Risk ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Legal Documents ◽  
Local Stakeholders ◽  
Scientific Papers ◽  
Methodological Guidelines

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction provides several guidelines that countries should follow. Still, some scientific papers discussed the limitations, difficulties, and strategies in the implementation of these guidelines. Therefore, the objective of this review is to understand what Setubal has done to cope with disasters, and the practical strategies to mitigate them. To achieve this, several methodological guidelines and Portuguese legal documents were analyzed. The results focus on the top four natural disasters that impacted the study area (landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, and floods), and the current pandemic of COVID-19. The practical strategies implemented on the territory involve the installation of equipment such as emergency signs and electronic panels that allow the dissemination of information to the communities in real-time. Also, the collaboration with national and international scientists provided new insight to cope with disasters, by bridging the gap between law enforcement agencies, science, first responders, and the practical needs that local stakeholders must solve on the territory. Moreover, Setubal has implemented a variety of practical and innovative measures, and therefore, could be used as a model not only to other Portuguese municipalities but also to other countries.

scholarly journals Biotypologies of Terrorism

1970 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Joseph Pugliese
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Department Of Defense ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
International Association ◽  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Suicide Bombers ◽  
The Us ◽  
Chiefs Of Police ◽  
The Military

The International Association of Chiefs of Police (IACP) document, ‘Training Keys #581: Suicide (Homicide) Bombers: Part 1,’ is designed to assist law enforcement authorities in the pre-emptive capture of prospective suicide bombers. In this essay, Pugliese focuses on the training key to examine the manner in which essentialised biotypologies are mobilised and reproduced within the context of the so-called ‘war on terror.’ The use of biotypologies by both the military and law enforcement agencies reproduces a disciplinary biopolitical regime premised on normative conceptualisations of race, gender and bodily behaviour. Pugliese discusses these regimes in the context of the US Department of Defense and its advocacy of ‘identity dominance’ through the development of new technologies such as gait signature biometrics. Situated in this context, he shows how biotypologies of targeted subjects are instrumental in fomenting cultural panics concerning the Arab and/or Muslim and/or figure ‘of Middle Eastern appearance’.

Design Considerations in the Proliferation of Police Body-Worn Cameras

2018 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-22
Author(s):  
Joel Suss ◽  
Alexis Raushel ◽  
Adam Armijo ◽  
Brian White
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Human Factors ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Automatic Detection ◽  
Biometric Identification ◽  
Police Departments ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
Concealed Weapons

More and more police departments are equipping their officers with body-worn cameras. To maximize the utility of body cams, designers have considered issues such as camera-mounting position, camera-mount stability, methods of activation, and data transfer methods. The human factors/ergonomics community can make important contributions to the design of body-worn cameras and identify and address issues that could arise from the introduction of new technologies (e.g., biometric identification and automatic detection of concealed weapons). Engaging with this ever-expanding technology will benefit law enforcement agencies and the communities they serve and protect.

SOCIAL REPRESENTATIONS OF SAFE CITIZENS STAYING IN PUBLIC PLACES

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 32-37
Author(s):  
Гаврилин ◽  
Sergey Gavrilin
Keyword(s):  
Public Opinion ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Social Representations ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Public Places ◽  
Task Set ◽  
Internal Affairs ◽  
Police Activity

The article is devoted to issues of safe staying of citizens in public places. The problem is quite relevant in light of the task set before the bodies of internal affairs in reducing the number of crimes and administrative offenses committed in public places. The introduction of new technologies in the life of the security of citizens´ public places and optimization of police activity in this area require qualitative study of public opinion on this issue, which will carry out certain adjustments to law enforcement agencies on one of the key areas of their work.

scholarly journals The ethics of facial recognition technologies, surveillance, and accountability in an age of artificial intelligence: a comparative analysis of US, EU, and UK regulatory frameworks

AI and Ethics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Denise Almeida ◽  
Konstantin Shmarko ◽  
Elizabeth Lomas
Keyword(s):  
Human Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Data Protection ◽  
Facial Recognition ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
The United States ◽  
Privacy Rights ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
General Data Protection Regulation ◽  
The Usa

AbstractThe rapid development of facial recognition technologies (FRT) has led to complex ethical choices in terms of balancing individual privacy rights versus delivering societal safety. Within this space, increasingly commonplace use of these technologies by law enforcement agencies has presented a particular lens for probing this complex landscape, its application, and the acceptable extent of citizen surveillance. This analysis focuses on the regulatory contexts and recent case law in the United States (USA), United Kingdom (UK), and European Union (EU) in terms of the use and misuse of FRT by law enforcement agencies. In the case of the USA, it is one of the main global regions in which the technology is being rapidly evolved, and yet, it has a patchwork of legislation with less emphasis on data protection and privacy. Within the context of the EU and the UK, there has been a critical focus on the development of accountability requirements particularly when considered in the context of the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the legal focus on Privacy by Design (PbD). However, globally, there is no standardised human rights framework and regulatory requirements that can be easily applied to FRT rollout. This article contains a discursive discussion considering the complexity of the ethical and regulatory dimensions at play in these spaces including considering data protection and human rights frameworks. It concludes that data protection impact assessments (DPIA) and human rights impact assessments together with greater transparency, regulation, audit and explanation of FRT use, and application in individual contexts would improve FRT deployments. In addition, it sets out ten critical questions which it suggests need to be answered for the successful development and deployment of FRT and AI more broadly. It is suggested that these should be answered by lawmakers, policy makers, AI developers, and adopters.

Dissemination and Impact Amplified: How a Researcher–Reporter Collaboration Helped Improve the Criminal Justice Response to Victims With Untested Sexual Assault Kits

2021 ◽  
pp. 104398622199988
Author(s):  
Rachel E. Lovell ◽  
Rachel Dissell
Keyword(s):  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Sexual Assault ◽  
Justice System ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Produce Change ◽  
Greater Good ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Rape Kits ◽  
Criminal Justice Response

We present a case study of a researcher–reporter collaboration that formed from an initiative to address thousands of previously untested rape kits in one Midwestern (U.S.) jurisdiction. We explore this symbiotic partnership by examining (a) how and why it formed; (b) the outcomes, including extensive and public dissemination and a unique project that surveyed 294 Ohio law enforcement agencies to see what happened after the rape kits were tested (Ohio Rape Kit Survey Project); and (c) the impact that the partnership, dissemination, and larger initiative had in sparking demonstrable change in how the justice system and the general public responded to and engaged with the issue of untested rape kits and with victims of sexual assault. We conclude with larger takeaways from this collaboration for researchers and reporters but also provide a framework for how this type of collaboration can be leveraged to produce change for the greater good.

scholarly journals Kidnappings by the ’Ndrangheta: characteristics, institutional countermeasures and turning points

Modern Italy ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Cristina Barbieri ◽  
Vittorio Mete
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Analysis ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Political Context ◽  
The Political ◽  
Law Enforcement Agencies ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Political Value ◽  
Final Cohort

This article examines kidnappings for ransom by the ’Ndrangheta in Italy from the more measured perspective that the passage of time allows. To investigate the importance and characteristics of this phenomenon, we analyse a new database compiled from various sources. We put forward an explanation of the way that the kidnapping era ended that derives both from statistical analysis of the 654 instances surveyed and from a case study (the abduction of Cesare Casella). Within this analysis, we award significant weight to the changing political context and to two particular factors: the crime's politicisation under new electoral pressure, and the behaviour of law enforcement agencies. The two factors often regarded as the principal explanations for the end of kidnapping, legislation on the freezing of assets and the appeal of the drugs trade, are treated here as simply aspects of the overall picture. The disappearance of this criminal practice seems to have followed a hiatus in relationships and a reciprocal show of strength. Although the repertoire of state threats, notably military action and prison sentences, was substantial, the political value of victims’ lives and the weakness of the government were powerful weapons for the final cohort of kidnappers.

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