scholarly journals Effects of the Antibiotic Alternatives Zinc and Menthol on Phenotypic Antimicrobial Resistance of E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in Beef Cattle

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Murray ◽  
Raghavendra G. Amachawadi ◽  
Keri N. Norman ◽  
Sara D. Lawhon ◽  
T. G. Nagaraja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feeder Cattle ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Randomized Controlled Field Trial

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) represents a growing crisis in both human and veterinary medicine. We evaluated the use of two categories of antibiotic alternatives – heavy metals and essential oils – in beef cattle, and their effects on gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. In this randomized controlled field trial, we measured the impact of supplemental zinc and menthol on antimicrobial resistance among commensal enteric bacteria of feeder cattle. Fecal suspensions were plated onto plain- and antibiotic-supplemented MacConkey and m-Enterococcus agar for quantification of total and antimicrobial-resistant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., respectively. Temporal effects on overall E. coli growth were significant (P< 0.05); however, there were no significant effects on antibiotic-supplemented agar. Zinc was associated with significant increases in growth on erythromycin-supplemented m-Enterococcus agar. Cattle fed zinc exhibited significantly higher macrolide resistance among fecal enterococci isolates.

scholarly journals Effects of Zinc and Menthol-Based Diets on Co-Selection of Antibiotic Resistance among E. coli and Enterococcus spp. in Beef Cattle

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 259
Author(s):  
Sarah A. Murray ◽  
Raghavendra G. Amachawadi ◽  
Keri N. Norman ◽  
Sara D. Lawhon ◽  
Tiruvoor G. Nagaraja ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Antibiotic Resistant ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Feeder Cattle ◽  
Gram Positive Bacteria ◽  
Cattle Feeding ◽  
Enterococcus Spp ◽  
The Impact

Antibiotic resistance represents a growing crisis in both human and veterinary medicine. We evaluated the use of antibiotic alternatives—heavy metals and essential oils—in beef cattle feeding, and their effects on Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In this randomized controlled field trial, we measured the impact of supplemental zinc and menthol on antibiotic resistance among commensal enteric bacteria of feeder cattle. Fecal suspensions were plated onto plain- and antibiotic-supplemented MacConkey and m-Enterococcus agar for quantification of total and antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp., respectively. Temporal effects on overall E. coli growth were significant (p < 0.05), and menthol was associated with decreased growth on tetracycline-supplemented agar. Zinc was associated with significant increases in growth on erythromycin-supplemented m-Enterococcus agar. Cattle fed zinc exhibited significantly higher levels of macrolide resistance among fecal enterococci isolates.

scholarly journals Competitiveness of Smallholder Beef Cattle Farming in Gorontalo District, Gorontalo

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ari Abdul Rouf ◽  
Arief Daryanto ◽  
Anna Fariyanti
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Government Policies ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Meat Production ◽  
Labor Costs ◽  
Feeder Cattle ◽  
Input And Output ◽  
Cattle Farming ◽  
Feed Costs ◽  
The Impact

The objectives of this study were to analyze the competitiveness of the beef cattle farming in Gorontalo District, to analyze the impact of government policies on competitiveness and to analyze the impact of changes in input and output factors of production to competitiveness. Primary data were obtained from 60 respondents were selected using non-probability sampling method. The analysis methods used were Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM) and sensitivity analysis. The results of the analysis showed that the commodity beef cattle in Gorontalo District has a weak competitiveness. The impact of policy to the beef cattle farming showed that the farmers are not protected by government policies (EPC<1). The impact of changes in input and output of production on the competitiveness showed that: 1) the increase in the price of domestic meat and the world respectively 8.44%  and 10% will increase the competitiveness, 2) an increase in the price of feeder cattle at 3.28%, forage feed costs by 10% and labor costs by 10% will impact beef cattle farming do not have a competitive advantage but still have a comparative advantage, and 3) increase in meat production about 12.72% will increase the competitiveness of beef cattle.

scholarly journals The characterization of ESBL genes in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing nosocomial infections in Vietnam

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (12) ◽  
pp. 922-928 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nguyen Hoang Thu Trang ◽  
Tran Vu Thieu Nga ◽  
James I Campbell ◽  
Nguyen Trong Hiep ◽  
Jeremy Farrar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Klebsiella Pneumoniae ◽  
Nosocomial Infections ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Plasmid Analysis ◽  
Resistance Plasmids ◽  
Genes Encoding ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins

Background: Extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) are enzymes capable of hydrolyzing oxyimino-β-lactams and inducing resistance to third generation cephalosporins. The genes encoding ESBLs are widespread and generally located on highly transmissible resistance plasmids. We aimed to investigate the complement of ESBL genes in E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing nosocomial infections in hospitals in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. Methodology: Thirty-two non-duplicate isolates of E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae causing nosocomial infections, isolated between March and June 2010, were subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. All isolates were PCR-amplified to detect the blaSHV, blaTEM and blaCTX-M ESBL genes and subjected to plasmid analysis. Results: We found that co-resistance to multiple antimicrobials was highly prevalent, and we report the predominance of the blaCTX-M-15 and blaCTX-M-27 genes, located on highly transmissible plasmids ranging from 50 to 170 kb in size. Conclusions: Our study represents a snap shot of ESBL-producing enteric bacteria causing nosocomial infections in this setting. We suggest that antimicrobial resistance in nosocomial E. coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae is rampant in Vietnam and ESBL organisms are widespread. In view of these data and the dramatic levels of antimicrobial resistance reported in Vietnam we advocate an urgent review of antimicrobial use in the Vietnamese healthcare system.

scholarly journals Impact of UV and Peracetic Acid Disinfection on the Prevalence of Virulence and Antimicrobial Resistance Genes in Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in Wastewater Effluents

2014 ◽  
Vol 80 (12) ◽  
pp. 3656-3666 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basanta Kumar Biswal ◽  
Ramzi Khairallah ◽  
Kareem Bibi ◽  
Alberto Mazza ◽  
Ronald Gehr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Resistance Genes ◽  
Peracetic Acid ◽  
Content Type ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Genes ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance Gene ◽  
Municipal Wastewaters ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTWastewater discharges may increase the populations of pathogens, includingEscherichia coli, and of antimicrobial-resistant strains in receiving waters. This study investigated the impact of UV and peracetic acid (PAA) disinfection on the prevalence of virulence and antimicrobial resistance genes in uropathogenicEscherichia coli(UPEC), the most abundantE. colipathotype in municipal wastewaters. Laboratory disinfection experiments were conducted on wastewater treated by physicochemical, activated sludge, or biofiltration processes; 1,766E. coliisolates were obtained for the evaluation. The target disinfection level was 200 CFU/100 ml, resulting in UV and PAA doses of 7 to 30 mJ/cm2and 0.9 to 2.0 mg/liter, respectively. The proportions of UPECs were reduced in all samples after disinfection, with an average reduction by UV of 55% (range, 22% to 80%) and by PAA of 52% (range, 11% to 100%). Analysis of urovirulence genes revealed that the decline in the UPEC populations was not associated with any particular virulence factor. A positive association was found between the occurrence of urovirulence and antimicrobial resistance genes (ARGs). However, the changes in the prevalence of ARGs in potential UPECs were different following disinfection, i.e., UV appears to have had no effect, while PAA significantly reduced the ARG levels. Thus, this study showed that both UV and PAA disinfections reduced the proportion of UPECs and that PAA disinfection also reduced the proportion of antimicrobial resistance gene-carrying UPEC pathotypes in municipal wastewaters.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Indicator Organisms Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp. Isolated from U.S. Animal Food, 2005–2011

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 1048 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beilei Ge ◽  
Kelly J. Domesle ◽  
Stuart A. Gaines ◽  
Claudia Lam ◽  
Sonya M. Bodeis Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Animal Feed ◽  
The United States ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Pet Food ◽  
Animal Food ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Enterococcus Spp

The role animal food plays in the introduction of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria into the human food chain is not well understood. We conducted an analysis of 1025 samples (647 pet food and 378 animal feed) collected across the United States during 2005–2011 for two indicator organisms (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus spp.). The overall prevalence ranged from 12.5% for E. coli to 45.2% for Enterococcus spp., and 11.2% of samples harbored both organisms. Regardless of bacterial genus, animal feed had significantly higher prevalence than pet food (p < 0.001). A general downward trend in prevalence was observed from 2005 to 2009 followed by an upward trend thereafter. Among E. coli isolates (n = 241), resistance was highest to tetracycline (11.2%) and below 5% for fourteen other antimicrobials. Among Enterococcus spp. isolates (n = 1074), Enterococcus faecium (95.1%) was the predominant species. Resistance was most common to tetracycline (30.1%) and ciprofloxacin (10.7%), but below 10% for thirteen other antimicrobials. Multidrug-resistant organisms were observed among both E. coli and Enterococcus spp. isolates at 3.3%. Compared to National Antimicrobial Resistance Monitoring System (NARMS) 2011 retail meat and animal data, the overall resistance for both organisms was much lower in animal food. These findings help establish a historic baseline for the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among U.S. animal food products and future efforts may be needed to monitor changes over time.

Influence of Housing Systems on Microbial Load and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Escherichia coli Isolates from Eggs Produced for Human Consumption

2012 ◽  
Vol 75 (5) ◽  
pp. 847-853 ◽  
Author(s):  
ELENA ÁLVAREZ-FERNÁNDEZ ◽  
JESSICA DOMÍNGUEZ-RODRÍGUEZ ◽  
ROSA CAPITA ◽  
CARLOS ALONSO-CALLEJA
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Housing System ◽  
Diffusion Method ◽  
Aerobic Bacteria ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Free Range ◽  
Housing Systems ◽  
Enterococcus Spp

Microbial counts (aerobic bacteria, psychrotrophs, Enterobacteriaceae, coliforms, Pseudomonas spp., Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus spp., and molds and yeasts) were obtained for the shells of 240 table eggs in northwestern Spain. Eggs from six sources (40 samples in each) were analyzed: chicken eggs from five different housing systems (conventional battery cages, barn, free range, organic, and domestic breeding) and quail eggs (cages). A total of 120 Escherichia coli strains (20 from each source) were tested by the disk diffusion method for resistance to 12 antimicrobial drugs of veterinary and human health significance. Aerobic plate counts ranged from 1.96 ± 1.0 (barn) to 3.69 ± 0.7 (domestic) log CFU/cm2. Counts for most microbial groups differed significantly between sources. Eggs from domestic production had the highest contamination loads (P &lt; 0.05) for aerobic bacteria, Enterococcus spp., and molds and yeasts and the highest prevalence of E. coli. Twenty-three E. coli isolates (19.17%) were susceptible to all antimicrobials tested, and 80.83% were resistant to one (22.50%) or more (58.33%) antimicrobials. The housing system had a significant influence (P &lt; 0.05) on the average resistance per strain, with the highest resistance in conventional cage (2.85) and barn (3.10) systems followed by free range (1.55) and quail (1.95). Eggs from organic (1.00) and domestic (0.75) production systems had the lowest resistance per strain. The highest prevalence of resistance was observed for the groups of antimicrobials more frequently used on poultry farms. Our results suggest that a relationship exists between the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in E. coli strains and the more frequent use of antimicrobials in conventional (cage, barn, and free range) than in domestic and organic chicken housing systems. Education covering good sanitary practices for handling eggs to avoid cross-contamination or inadequate cooking is needed.

scholarly journals Effect of Antimicrobial Dosage Regimen on Salmonella and Escherichia coli Isolates from Feeder Swine

2008 ◽  
Vol 74 (6) ◽  
pp. 1731-1739 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bruce A. Wagner ◽  
Barbara E. Straw ◽  
Paula J. Fedorka-Cray ◽  
David A. Dargatz
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Commensal Bacteria ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Control Analysis ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Susceptibility And Resistance ◽  
Continuous Pulse

ABSTRACT A body of evidence exists that suggests that antimicrobial use in food animals leads to resistance in both pathogenic and commensal bacteria. This study focused on the impact of three different antimicrobial regimes (low-level continuous, pulse, and no antimicrobial) for two antimicrobials (chlortetracycline and tylosin) on the presence of Salmonella spp. and on the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance of both Salmonella spp. and nonspecific Escherichia coli in fecal samples from feeder swine. The prevalence of fecal samples positive for Salmonella spp. significantly decreased between the samples taken at feeder placement compared to samples taken when the animals were close to market weight. Differences in resistance of Salmonella spp. did not appear to be influenced by dosing treatment including the control. Analysis of antimicrobial resistance examining both susceptibility and resistance, as well as MIC outcomes, demonstrated that only resistance to cephalothin increased in E. coli under the pulse chlortetracycline treatment. These results suggest that the dosing regimes examined in this study did not lead to an increase in either the prevalence of Salmonella spp. or the prevalence of antimicrobial resistance in isolates of Salmonella spp. or E. coli.

scholarly journals Antimicrobial Resistance Pilot Surveillance of Pigs and Chickens in Vietnam, 2017–2019

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. V. Tuat ◽  
P. T. Hue ◽  
N. T. P. Loan ◽  
N. T. Thuy ◽  
L. T. Hue ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Surveillance Program ◽  
E Coli ◽  
The North ◽  
Disk Diffusion Assay ◽  
Almost All ◽  
The Impact

Antimicrobial use (AMU) and antimicrobial resistance (AMR) are a growing public health and economic threat in Vietnam. We conducted a pilot surveillance programme in five provinces of Vietnam, two in the south and three in the north, to identify antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in rectal swab samples from pigs and fecal samples from chickens at slaughter points during three different points in time from 2017 to 2019. Escherichia coli (E. coli) and non-typhoidal Salmonella (NTS) isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using disk diffusion assay for 19 antimicrobial agents belonging to nine antimicrobial classes and Etest for colistin (polymyxin). Almost all E. coli (99%; 1029/1042) and NTS (96%; 208/216) isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent; 94% (981/1042) of E. coli and 89% (193/216) of NTS isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR). Higher proportions of E. coli and NTS isolated from chickens were resistant to all antimicrobial classes than those isolates from pigs. There was a significantly higher proportion of MDR NTS isolates from the southern provinces of Ho Chi Minh City and Long An (p = 0.008). Although there were increasing trends of NTS in proportion of resistance to fluoroquinolone over the three surveillance rounds, there was a significant decreasing trend of NTS in proportion of resistance to polymyxin (p = 0.002). It is important to establish an annual AMR surveillance program for livestock in Vietnam to assess the impact of interventions, observe trends and drive decision making that ultimately contributes to reducing AMR public health threat.

scholarly journals Effect of Water, Sanitation, Handwashing, and Nutrition Interventions on Enteropathogens in Children 14 Months Old: A Cluster-Randomized Controlled Trial in Rural Bangladesh

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica A Grembi ◽  
Audrie Lin ◽  
Md Abdul Karim ◽  
Md Ohedul Islam ◽  
Rana Miah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction ◽  
Enteric Bacteria ◽  
Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial ◽  
Nutrition Interventions ◽  
Rural Bangladesh ◽  
Randomized Controlled ◽  
Cluster Randomized ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background We evaluated the impact of low-cost water, sanitation, and handwashing (WSH) and child nutrition interventions on enteropathogen carriage in the WASH Benefits cluster-randomized controlled trial in rural Bangladesh. Methods We analyzed 1411 routine fecal samples from children 14 ± 2 months old in the WSH (n = 369), nutrition counseling plus lipid-based nutrient supplement (n = 353), nutrition plus WSH (n = 360), and control (n = 329) arms for 34 enteropathogens using quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Outcomes included the number of co-occurring pathogens; cumulative quantity of 4 stunting-associated pathogens; and prevalence and quantity of individual pathogens. Masked analysis was by intention-to-treat. Results Three hundred twenty-six (99.1%) control children had 1 or more enteropathogens detected (mean, 3.8 ± 1.8). Children receiving WSH interventions had lower prevalence and quantity of individual viruses than controls (prevalence difference for norovirus: –11% [95% confidence interval {CI}, –5% to –17%]; sapovirus: –9% [95% CI, –3% to –15%]; and adenovirus 40/41: –9% [95% CI, –2% to –15%]). There was no difference in bacteria, parasites, or cumulative quantity of stunting-associated pathogens between controls and any intervention arm. Conclusions WSH interventions were associated with fewer enteric viruses in children aged 14 months. Different strategies are needed to reduce enteric bacteria and parasites at this critical young age.

Similar Levels of Antimicrobial Resistance in U.S. Food Service Ground Beef Products with and without a “Raised without Antibiotics” Claim

2018 ◽  
Vol 81 (12) ◽  
pp. 2007-2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
AMIT VIKRAM ◽  
ERIC MILLER ◽  
TERRANCE M. ARTHUR ◽  
JOSEPH M. BOSILEVAC ◽  
TOMMY L. WHEELER ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Production System ◽  
Food Service ◽  
Ground Beef ◽  
Fold Change ◽  
Antimicrobial Use ◽  
Metagenomic Dna ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Log2 Fold Change ◽  
Enterococcus Spp

ABSTRACTU.S. ground beef with “raised without antibiotics” (RWA) label claims are perceived as harboring fewer bacteria with antimicrobial resistance (AMR) than are found in conventional (CONV) ground beef with no such label claim. A total of 370 ground beef samples from CONV (n = 191) and RWA (n = 179) production systems were collected over 13 months from three food service suppliers. The following bacteria were cultured: Escherichia coli, tetracycline-resistant (TETr) E. coli, third-generation cephalosporin-resistant (3GCr) E. coli, Salmonella enterica, TETr S. enterica, 3GCr S. enterica, nalidixic acid–resistant S. enterica, Enterococcus spp., erythromycin-resistant Enterococcus spp., TETr Enterococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, and methicillin-resistant S. aureus. TETr E. coli was more frequently detected in CONV ground beef (CONV, 54.2%; RWA, 35.2%; P &lt; 0.01), but supplier (P &lt; 0.01) and production system × suppler interaction (P &lt; 0.01) effects were also significant. Metagenomic DNA was isolated from each sample, and equal amounts of metagenomic DNA were pooled by supplier, month, and production system for 75 pooled samples (38 CONV, 37 RWA). The abundance of aac(6′)-Ie-aph(2″)-Ia, aadA1, blaCMY-2, blaCTX-M, blaKPC-2, erm(B), mecA, tet(A), tet(B), and tet(M) genes was assessed by quantitative PCR. The tet(A) (2.9-log2-fold change, P = 0.04) and tet(B) (5.6-log2-fold change) (P = 0.03) genes were significantly more abundant in RWA ground beef. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that ground beef microbiomes differed more by supplier than by production system. These results were consistent with prior research suggesting antimicrobial use in U.S. beef cattle has minimal impact on the AMR of bacteria found in these products. These results should spur a reevaluation of assumptions regarding the impact of antimicrobial use during U.S. beef production on the AMR of bacteria in ground beef.

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