scholarly journals Negative CO2 Emissions from Flexible Biofuel Synthesis: Concepts, Potentials, Technologies

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emanuele Moioli ◽  
Tilman Schildhauer
Keyword(s):  
Biogas Production ◽  
Biomass Conversion ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Energy Carriers ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Negative Emissions

This review reports the available technologies for the flexible utilization of biomass towards negative CO2 emissions and addresses the possibility to couple biogas production plants with the electrical grid converting excess electrical energy into storable chemical molecules. This changed mind-set towards biomass utilization can lead readily to the implementation of negative CO2 emission along the entire bioenergy supply chain without limiting the potential for Power-to-X applications. First, the technologies for direct conversion of waste and wood into gaseous energy carriers are screened, to highlight the potential for the production of renewable fuels. Second, the processes for the removal of CO2 from biogenic gas streams are analysed in terms of technological performance, cost and further potential for the CO2 recovered. These technologies are the key to pre-combustion CO2 capture and negative emissions. Third, the possibility of coupling biomass conversion and synthetic fuels production is explored, providing an overview on the technical maturity of the various energy storage processes. The flexible use of biomass can be an essential part of the future CO2-free energy systems, as it can directly provide energy carriers all around the year and also large quantities of climate-neutral carbon for the production of synthetic fuels with renewable energy. In turn, when no additional renewable electricity is available, the CO2 by-product from biofuel synthesis can be used for the negative emissions. This opens the way to an efficient strategy for the seasonal storage of electrical energy, realizing a carbon-neutral energy system coupled with the development of carbon-negative energy strategy.

Increased Efficiency of Photovoltaic Module via Groundwater Cooling: Energy and Economic Considerations

2011 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cory Budischak ◽  
Keith W. Goossen
Keyword(s):  
Solar Energy ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Research Question ◽  
Digital Simulation ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Direct Conversion ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Photovoltaic Module ◽  
Sustainable Energy System

Solar energy will be an important source of energy for a sustainable energy system whether or not it is directly collected (solar thermal, photovoltaics) or indirectly collected (wind, wave, etc). This project focused on increasing the efficiency of the direct conversion of solar energy into electricity, which is also known as photovoltaics (PV). It has long been known that photovoltaic cells perform less efficiently at higher temperatures. In fact, solar modules under concentration are frequently cooled either actively or passively. The current study, however, focused on cooling modules under no concentration. The goal of the current project was to answer the question: Can the energy gained by cooling a photovoltaic module with groundwater be greater than the energy used by the cooling system and is there an economic benefit? A digital simulation of a simple photovoltaic module under groundwater cooling was performed in order to answer the research question. The simulation was performed for Phoenix, AZ and assuming certain control parameters it was found that the overall system produced over 9% more electricity than a system without groundwater cooling. While the groundwater cooled system increased overall electrical production, the economics of the system will also be presented. Recently, an Arizona utility APS introduced time of use pricing for electricity. Because groundwater cooling provides the most benefit during very hot days with high electrical demand, cooling is more economically attractive. A simple economic analysis will be presented including estimated costs of the cooling system and added value of the excess electrical energy produced under different APS rate plans.

scholarly journals Energy System Modelling Challenges for Synthetic Fuels

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Seokyoung Kim ◽  
Paul E. Dodds ◽  
Isabela Butnar
Keyword(s):  
Energy System ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Jet Fuel ◽  
Synthetic Jet ◽  
High Energy Density ◽  
Jet Fuels ◽  
System Modelling ◽  
Synthetic Fuels ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Negative Emissions

Long-distance air travel requires fuel with a high specific energy and a high energy density. There are no viable alternatives to carbon-based fuels. Synthetic jet fuel from the Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, employing sustainable feedstocks, is a potential low-carbon alternative. A number of synthetic fuel production routes have been developed, using a range of feedstocks including biomass, waste, hydrogen and captured CO2. We review three energy system models and find that many of these production routes are not represented. We examine the market share of synthetic fuels in each model in a scenario in which the Paris Agreement target is achieved. In 2050, it is cheaper to use conventional jet fuel coupled with a negative emissions technology than to produce sustainable synthetic fuels in the TIAM-UCL and UK TIMES models. However, the JRC-EU-TIMES model, which represents the most production routes, finds a substantial role for synthetic jet fuels, partly because underground CO2 storage is assumed limited. These scenarios demonstrate a strong link between synthetic fuels, carbon capture and storage, and negative emissions. Future model improvements include better representing blending limits for synthetic jet fuels to meet international fuel standards, reducing the costs of synthetic fuels, and ensuring production routes are sustainable.

scholarly journals Genetic Algorithm for Energy Commitment in a Power System Supplied by Multiple Energy Carriers

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 10053
Author(s):  
Mohammad Dehghani ◽  
Mohammad Mardaneh ◽  
Om P. Malik ◽  
Josep M. Guerrero ◽  
Carlos Sotelo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Human Life ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Quality Level ◽  
Energy Carriers ◽  
Carrier Energy

In recent years, energy consumption has notably been increasing. This poses a challenge to the power grid operators due to the management and control of the energy supply and consumption. Here, energy commitment is an index criterion useful to specify the quality level and the development of human life. Henceforth, continuity of long-term access to resources and energy delivery requires an appropriate methodology that must consider energy scheduling such as an economic and strategic priority, in which primary energy carriers play an important role. The integrated energy networks such as power and gas systems lead the possibility to minimize the operating costs; this is based on the conversion of energy from one form to another and considering the starting energy in various types. Therefore, the studies toward multi-carrier energy systems are growing up taking into account the interconnection among various energy carriers and the penetration of energy storage technologies in such systems. In this paper, using dynamic programming and genetic algorithm, the energy commitment of an energy network that includes gas and electrical energy is carried out. The studied multi-carrier energy system has considered defending parties including transportation, industrial and agriculture sectors, residential, commercial, and industrial consumers. The proposed study is mathematically modeled and implemented on an energy grid with four power plants and different energy consumption sectors for a 24-h energy study period. In this simulation, an appropriate pattern of using energy carriers to supply energy demand is determined. Simulation results and analysis show that energy carriers can be used efficiently using the proposed energy commitment method.

Study of the operation of an artificial neural network that works in the electric network in order to prevent emergency conditions.

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 48-54
Author(s):  
D. Ostrenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Neural Networks ◽  
Learning Algorithm ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Electrical Networks ◽  
Electric Networks ◽  
Electric Network ◽  
Time Dynamics ◽  
Emergency Situations

Emergency modes in electrical networks, arising for various reasons, lead to a break in the transmission of electrical energy on the way from the generating facility to the consumer. In most cases, such time breaks are unacceptable (the degree depends on the class of the consumer). Therefore, an effective solution is to both deal with the consequences, use emergency input of the reserve, and prevent these emergency situations by predicting events in the electric network. After analyzing the source [1], it was concluded that there are several methods for performing the forecast of emergency situations in electric networks. It can be: technical analysis, operational data processing (or online analytical processing), nonlinear regression methods. However, it is neural networks that have received the greatest application for solving these tasks. In this paper, we analyze existing neural networks used to predict processes in electrical systems, analyze the learning algorithm, and propose a new method for using neural networks to predict in electrical networks. Prognostication in electrical engineering plays a key role in shaping the balance of electricity in the grid, influencing the choice of mode parameters and estimated electrical loads. The balance of generation of electricity is the basis of technological stability of the energy system, its violation affects the quality of electricity (there are frequency and voltage jumps in the network), which reduces the efficiency of the equipment. Also, the correct forecast allows to ensure the optimal load distribution between the objects of the grid. According to the experience of [2], different methods are usually used for forecasting electricity consumption and building customer profiles, usually based on the analysis of the time dynamics of electricity consumption and its factors, the identification of statistical relationships between features and the construction of models.

Optimization approach for planning hybrid electrical energy system: a Brazilian case

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. T. Kitamura ◽  
K. P. Rocha ◽  
L. W. Oliveira ◽  
J. G. Oliveira ◽  
B. H. Dias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
System A ◽  
Brazilian Case

scholarly journals Biogas from Anaerobic Digestion as an Energy Vector: Current Upgrading Development

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (10) ◽  
pp. 2742
Author(s):  
Raquel Iglesias ◽  
Raúl Muñoz ◽  
María Polanco ◽  
Israel Díaz ◽  
Ana Susmozas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Business Models ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Vector Current ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Environmentally Sustainable ◽  
Legislative Framework ◽  
Materials Used

The present work reviews the role of biogas as advanced biofuel in the renewable energy system, summarizing the main raw materials used for biogas production and the most common technologies for biogas upgrading and delving into emerging biological methanation processes. In addition, it provides a description of current European legislative framework and the potential biomethane business models as well as the main biogas production issues to be addressed to fully deploy these upgrading technologies. Biomethane could be competitive due to negative or zero waste feedstock prices, and competitive to fossil fuels in the transport sector and power generation if upgrading technologies become cheaper and environmentally sustainable.

Hydrogen Storage in Magnesium-Based Alloys

MRS Bulletin ◽  
1999 ◽  
Vol 24 (11) ◽  
pp. 40-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.B. Schwarz
Keyword(s):  
Energy Density ◽  
Hydrogen Storage ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Distribution Systems ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Clean Energy ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Liquid Hydrogen ◽  
Rechargeable Batteries ◽  
Oil Crisis

Magnesium can reversibly store about 7.7 wt% hydrogen, equivalent to more than twice the density of liquid hydrogen. This high storage capacity, coupled with a low price, suggests that magnesium and magnesium alloys could be advantageous for use in battery electrodes and gaseous-hydrogen storage systems. The use of a hydrogen-storage medium based on magnesium, combined with a fuel cell to convert the hydrogen into electrical energy, is an attractive proposition for a clean transportation system. However, the advent of such a system will require further research into magnesium-based alloys that form less stable hydrides and proton-conducting membranes that can raise the operating temperature of the current fuel cells.Following the U.S. oil crisis of 1974, research into alternative energy-storage and distribution systems was vigorously pursued. The controlled oxidation of hydrogen to form water was proposed as a clean energy system, creating a need for light and safe hydrogen-storage media. Extensive research was done on inter-metallic alloys, which can store hydrogen at densities of about 1500 cm3-H2 gas/ cm3-hydride, higher than the storage density achieved in liquid hydrogen (784 cm3/cm3 at –273°C) or in pressure tanks (˜200 cm3/cm3 at 200 atm). The interest in metal hydrides accelerated following the development of portable electronic devices (video cameras, cellular phones, laptop computers, tools, etc.), which created a consumer market for compact, rechargeable batteries. Initially, nickel-cadmium batteries fulfilled this need, but their relatively low energy density and the toxicity of cadmium helped to drive the development of higher-energy-density, less toxic, rechargeable batteries.

The use of temporal factors for improved CO2 emissions accounting in buildings

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 196-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barny Evans ◽  
Sabbir Sidat
Keyword(s):  
Air Quality ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Energy System ◽  
Net Energy ◽  
Electricity Grid ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Emissions Factor ◽  
Single Number ◽  
The Impact

This paper is an investigation into the issues around how we calculate CO2 emissions in the built environment. At present, in Building Regulations and GHG Protocol calculations used for buildings and corporate CO2 emissions calculations, it is standard to use a single number for the CO2 emission factor of each source. This paper considers how energy demand, particularly electricity at different times of the day, season and even year can differ in terms of its CO2 emissions. This paper models three different building types (retail, office and home) using standard software to estimate a profile of energy demand. It then considers how CO2 emissions calculations differ between using the single standard emissions factor and using an hourly emissions factor based on real electrical grid generation over a year. The paper also examines the impact of considering lifetime emissions factors rather than one-year factors using UK government projections. The results show that there is a significant difference to the analysis of benefit in terms of CO2 emissions from different measures – both intra- and inter-year – due to the varying CO2 emissions intensity, even when they deliver the same amount of net energy saving. Other factors not considered in this paper, such as impact on peak generation and air quality, are likely to be important when considering whole-system impacts. In line with this, it is recommended that moves are made to incorporate intra- and inter-year emissions factor changes in methodologies for calculating CO2 emissions. (This is particularly important as demand side response and energy storage, although generally accepted as important in the decarbonisation of the energy system at present will show as an increase in CO2 emissions when using a single number.) Further work quantifying the impact on air quality and peak generation capacity should also be considered. Practical application: This paper aims to help practitioners to understand the performance gap between how systems need to be designed in order to meet regulations compared to how buildings perform in reality – both today and in the future. In particular, it considers the use of ‘real-time’ carbon factors in order to attain long-term CO2 reductions. This methodology enables decision makers to understand the impacts of different energy reduction technologies, considering each of their unique characteristics and usage profiles. If implemented, the result is a simple-to-use dataset which can be embedded into the software packages already available onto the market which mirrors the complexity of the electricity grid that is under-represented through the use of a static carbon figure.

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