Background for development of a new infant formula for healthy infant containing prebiotic oligosaccharides scGOS/lcFOS, 3'GL and postbiotics

2021 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
S.G. Makarova ◽  
◽  
O.V. Kuznezova ◽  
T.E. Lavrova ◽  
A.A. Kovalenko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Fermentation Process ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Milk Substitutes ◽  
Prebiotic Oligosaccharides ◽  
Functional Components

Breast milk is the best nutrition for an infant. When breastfeeding is not possible, it is critical to choose an infant milk formula that functionally resembles breast milk effects. The current strategy in the industry of human milk substitutes is aimed at modulating gut microbiota via functional components of the «biotic» family (pre-, pro-, syn-, postbiotics). The most scientific interest lies in the area of numerous prebiotic oligosaccharides of human milk (HMOs). It is possible to combine several prebiotic oligosaccharides with different structures and mechanisms of action in infant formula designed to reproduce the compound effects of HMOs. In this regard, the best studied scGOS/lcFOS (9:1) receive more and more evidence of the efficiency and synergistic action with other prebiotic oligosaccharides. The special class of functional components – postbiotics – was described due to recent discoveries in milk base fermentation process. One of the most promising among them is 3’-galactosyllactose (3’-GL). 3’-GL is produced by bacteria during the fermentation process and it is structurally identical to 3’-GL, which is naturally found in colostrum, transitional and mature breast milk. The first results of in vivo and in vitro studies demonstrated the safety and good tolerance, as well as promising local and systemic effects of a formula with 3’-GL, and especially in combination with the scGOS/lcFOS prebiotics (9:1) Key words: human milk substitutes, formula, human milk oligosaccharides, microbiota, biotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, 3’-GL, 3-galactosyllactose

Gastroduodenal Motility in Neonates: Response to Human Milk Compared With Cow's Milk Formula

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1987 ◽  
Vol 80 (3) ◽  
pp. 434-438
Author(s):  
T. Tomomasa ◽  
P. E. Hyman ◽  
K. Itoh ◽  
J. Y. Hsu ◽  
T. Koizumi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
High Amplitude ◽  
Cow’S Milk ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Wave Form ◽  
Fasting State ◽  
Cow's Milk ◽  
Gastroduodenal Motility

It is known that breast milk empties more quickly from the stomach than does infant formula. We studied the difference in gastroduodenal motility between neonates fed with human milk and those fed with infant formula. Twenty-four five-to 36-day-old neonates were fed with mother's breast milk or with a cow's milk-based formula. Postprandlial gastroduodenal contractions were recorded manometrically for three hours. Repetitive, high-amplitude nonmigrating contractions were the dominant wave form during the postprandial period. The number of episodes, duration, amplitude, and frequency of nonmigrating contractions were not different following the different feedings. The migrating myoelectric complex, which signals a return to the interdigestive (fasting) state, appeared in 75% of breast milk-fed infants but only 17% of formula-fed infants (P < .05) within the three-hour recording period. Because contractions were similar following the two meals, but a fasting state recurred more rapidly in breast-fed infants, we conclude that factors other than phasic, nonpropagated antroduodenal contractions were responsible for the differences in gastric emptying between breast milk and formula.

scholarly journals Oligosaccharides in infant formula: more evidence to validate the role of prebiotics

2015 ◽  
Vol 113 (9) ◽  
pp. 1339-1344 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Vandenplas ◽  
Irina Zakharova ◽  
Yulia Dmitrieva
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Formula One ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Golden Standard ◽  
Defecation Frequency ◽  
One Step ◽  
Prebiotic Oligosaccharides ◽  
Breast Fed

The gastrointestinal (GI) microbiota differs between breast-fed and classic infant formula-fed infants. Breast milk is rich in prebiotic oligosaccharides (OS) and may also contain some probiotics, but scientific societies do not recommend the addition of prebiotic OS or probiotics to standard infant formula. Nevertheless, many infant formula companies often add one or the other or both. Different types of prebiotic OS are used in infant formula, including galacto-oligosaccharide, fructo-oligosaccharide, polydextrose and mixtures of these OS, but none adds human milk OS. There is evidence that the addition of prebiotics to infant formula brings the GI microbiota of formula-fed infants closer to that of breast-fed infants. Prebiotics change gut metabolic activity (by decreasing stool pH and increasing SCFA), have a bifidogenic effect and bring stool consistency and defecation frequency closer to those of breast-fed infants. Although there is only limited evidence that these changes in GI microbiota induce a significant clinical benefit for the immune system, interesting positive trends have been observed in some markers. Additionally, adverse effects are extremely seldom. Prebiotics are added to infant formula because breast milk contains human milk OS. Because most studies suggest a trend of beneficial effects and because these ingredients are very safe, prebiotics bring infant formula one step closer to the golden standard of breast milk.

scholarly journals Comparison of the Bifidogenic Effects of Goat and Cow Milk-Based Infant Formulas to Human Breast Milk in an in vitro Gut Model for 3-Month-Old Infants

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie Gallier ◽  
Pieter Van den Abbeele ◽  
Colin Prosser
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Goat Milk ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Human Breast Milk ◽  
Infant Formulas ◽  
Infant Gut Microbiome

Human milk contains prebiotic components, such as human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), which stimulate the growth of specific members of the infant gut microbiota (e.g., Bifidobacteria). Plant-based or synthetic oligosaccharides are often added to infant formulas to simulate the bifidogenic effect of HMOs. Cow milk, the most common source of protein in infant formula, and goat milk, used increasingly in the manufacture of infant formula, contain naturally-occurring prebiotics. This study compared the upper gastrointestinal digestion and subsequent colonic fermentation of human milk vs. goat and cow milk-based infant formulas (goat IF and cow IF, respectively), without additional oligosaccharides using an in vitro model for 3-month-old infants based on the Simulator of the Human Intestinal Microbial Ecosystem (SHIME®). First, a dialysis approach using 3.5 kDa membranes was demonstrated to simulate small intestinal absorption of carbohydrates in conditions similar to those in vivo. During the in vitro digestion experiment, oligosaccharides were detected in human milk and goat IF but barely detected in the cow IF. Further, all three milk matrices decreased colonic pH by boosting acetate, lactate, and propionate production, which related to increased abundances of acetate/lactate-producing Bifidobacteriaceae for human milk (+25.7%) and especially goat IF (33.8%) and cow IF (37.7%). Only cow IF stimulated butyrate production which correlated with an increase in Lachnospiraceae and Clostridiaceae. Finally, Enterobacteriaceae and Acidaminococcaceae also increased with all three milk matrices, while production of proteolytic metabolites (branched-chain fatty acids) was only detected for the cow IF. Overall, goat and cow milk-based formulas without added oligosaccharides impacted gut microbial activity and composition similarly to human milk. This suggests that even without supplementation of formula with oligosaccharides, whole goat milk, whole cow milk and cow milk ingredients already supply compounds in formulas that exert beneficial bifidogenic effects. Further clinical research is warranted to elucidate the effect of whole goat milk-based formulas on the infant gut microbiome.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharides: 2′-Fucosyllactose (2′-FL) and Lacto-N-Neotetraose (LNnT) in Infant Formula

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1161 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yvan Vandenplas ◽  
Bernard Berger ◽  
Virgilio Carnielli ◽  
Janusz Ksiazyk ◽  
Hanna Lagström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
Need To Evaluate ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Changes Over Time

The authors reviewed the published evidence on the presence of oligosaccharides in human milk (HMO) and their benefits in in vitro and in vivo studies. The still limited data of trials evaluating the effect of mainly 2′-fucosyllactose (2′-FL) on the addition of some of HMOs to infant formula were also reviewed. PubMed was searched from January 1990 to April 2018. The amount of HMOs in mother’s milk is a dynamic process as it changes over time. Many factors, such as duration of lactation, environmental, and genetic factors, influence the amount of HMOs. HMOs may support immune function development and provide protection against infectious diseases directly through the interaction of the gut epithelial cells or indirectly through the modulation of the gut microbiota, including the stimulation of the bifidobacteria. The limited clinical data suggest that the addition of HMOs to infant formula seems to be safe and well tolerated, inducing a normal growth and suggesting a trend towards health benefits. HMOs are one of the major differences between cow’s milk and human milk, and available evidence indicates that these components do have a health promoting benefit. The addition of one or two of these components to infant formula is safe, and brings infant formula closer to human milk. More prospective, randomized trials in infants are need to evaluate the clinical benefit of supplementing infant formula with HMOs.

scholarly journals Breast milk oligosaccharides: one more step on the path to making infant formulas more like a «gold standard» for infant feeding

2018 ◽  
pp. 30-37
Author(s):  
I. N. Zakharova ◽  
Yu. A. Dmitrieva ◽  
M. V. Yagodkin
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Gold Standard ◽  
Brain Structures ◽  
Sole Source ◽  
Food Composition ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Functional Components

Breast milk is the «gold standard» for infant feeding. Its unique properties are due to the balanced macroand micro-nutrient composition and the presence of a whole range of functional components that have a multifaceted impact on the postnatal development of the baby’s organs and tissues. The carbohydrate fraction is currently of great interest to the researchers. Particular attention is paid to the human milk oligosaccharides (HMO), which are the third largest component in human milk after fat component and lactose in concentration. The main HMOs are fucosylated molecules – 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) and 3’-fucosyllactose (3’-FL), lacto-N-fucopentaose (LNFP I, II, III), as well as some neutral and acidic oligosaccharides. The numerous laboratory and clinical studies showed that HMOs are the key nutrients that contribute to the formation of the intestinal microbiota of the infant, provide an anti-infectious and immunological effect, and participate in the postnatal formation of brain structures. If breastfeeding is not possible, the milk formula is likely to be the sole source of oligosaccharides for infants. The introduction of breast milk oligosaccharides into the baby food composition is an important stage in adaptation of such foods and making those more like the “gold standard” of feeding in composition.

scholarly journals Human Milk Oligosaccharides: 2’-fucosyllactose (2’-FL) and Lacto-N-neotetraose (LNnT) in Infant Formula

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Y. Vandenplas ◽  
B. Berger ◽  
V.P. Carnielli ◽  
J. Ksiazyk ◽  
H. Lagström ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Health Benefit ◽  
Normal Growth ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Published Evidence ◽  
The Many

Introduction The authors reviewed the published evidence on the presence of oligosaccharides in human milk (HMO) and their benefits in in vitro and in vivo studies, as well as to evaluate published data on the addition of some of HMOs to infant formula. Method PubMed was searched from inception to April 2018 Results The presence of HMOs is a dynamic process, determined by many factors such as duration of lactation, environmental and genetic factors. HMOs may support immune function development and provide protection against infectious diseases directly through the interaction of the gut epithelial cells or indirectly through the modulation of the gut microbiota, including the stimulation of the bifidobacteria. Only a few of the many HMOs can be made industrially, and are added to infant formula. They have been shown to be safe and well tolerated, including normal growth and a trend towards health benefit. Conclusions HMOs are one of the major differences between cow’s milk and human milk , and evidence indicates that these components do have a health promoting benefit. The addition of one or two of these components to infant formula is safe, and brings infant formula closer to human milk.

scholarly journals Chloroquine Administration in Breastfeeding Mothers Associates with Increased HIV-1 Plasma Viral Loads

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
William A Paxton ◽  
Marloes A Naarding ◽  
Ferdinand WNM Wit ◽  
Nienke J Veldhuijzen ◽  
Matthew F Chersich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Base Line ◽  
Cd4 Counts ◽  
Viral Loads ◽  
Hiv 1

AbstractChloroquine (CQ) and Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been proposed to be effective at treating COVID-19 patients. We, and others, have previously reported on the capacity of CQ to reduce HIV-1 replication in vitro. We tested CQ administration in post-partum mothers on influencing HIV-1 viral loads in human milk as a means of lowering mother to child transmission. A Phase I/II, randomized, placebo-controlled study to evaluate chloroquine administration to reduce HIV-1 RNA levels in human milk: the CHARGE study. Thirty HIV-1 positive pregnant Rwandese women (CQ n = 20; placebo n = 10) were enrolled in a 16-week study, with the treatment group receiving a 200 mg oral dose of CQ daily. Base-line plasma viral load (pVL) measurements and CD4 counts were determined prior to delivery, and pVL, breast milk VL (bmVL) and CQ levels measured during treatment. For women receiving treatment, CQ concentration was higher in breast milk compared to plasma (over 2.5-fold), with a positive correlation between the levels in the two compartments (P < 0.003). A link between high CQ concentrations in plasma and high CD4 counts (P < 0.001) was observed. Surprisingly, we found a significant increase in pVL after CQ treatment in over half of the mothers (n=11; P < 0.001) and with no alteration to bmVL measurements. No specific amino acid alterations in the gp120 envelope sequences could be associated with CQ administration. CQ usage is associated with a significant increase to pVL in early breastfeeding mothers from Rwanda which cautions against the use of CQ in such individuals. Our results highlight a discrepancy between CQ effects on modulating HIV-1 replication in vitro versus in vivo and indicate caution when prescribing CQ to postpartum HIV-1 untreated mothers. This discrepancy should be taken into consideration when testing CQ or HCQ treatment in COVID-19 clinical trials, especially relating to the post-partum setting.

scholarly journals Isolation of lactic acid bacteria from swine milk and characterization of potential probiotic strains with antagonistic effects against swine-associated gastrointestinal pathogens

2016 ◽  
Vol 62 (6) ◽  
pp. 514-524 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra Rayén Quilodrán-Vega ◽  
Julio Villena ◽  
José Valdebenito ◽  
María José Salas ◽  
Cristian Parra ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Enterohemorrhagic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Antagonistic Effects ◽  
Gastrointestinal Pathogens

Probiotics are usually isolated from the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. The search of probiotics in human milk is a recent field of research, as the existence of the human milk microbiome was discovered only about a decade ago. To our knowledge, no reports regarding the potential probiotic effect of bacteria from swine milk have been published. In this work, we isolated several lactic acid bacteria from swine milk and evaluated them for them potential as probiotics. Among the isolated strains, Lactobacillus curvatus TUCO-5E showed antagonistic effects against swine-associated gastrointestinal pathogens. TUCO-5E was able to reduce the growth of enterotoxigenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli strains as well as pathogenic salmonella. In vitro exclusion and displacement assays in intestinal epithelial cells showed a remarkable antagonistic effect for L. curvatus TUCO-5E against Salmonella sp. strain TUCO-I7 and Salmonella enterica ATCC 13096. Moreover, by using a mouse model of Salmonella infection, we were able to demonstrate that preventative administration of L. curvatus TUCO-5E for 5 consecutive days was capable of decreasing the number of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium in the liver and spleen of treated mice, compared with the controls, and prevented dissemination of the pathogen to the blood stream. Therefore, we have demonstrated here that swine milk is an interesting source of beneficial bacteria. In addition, the results of this work suggest that L. curvatus TUCO-5E is a good candidate to study in vivo the protective effect of probiotics against intestinal infection and damage induced by Salmonella infection in the porcine host.

In vivo digestomics of milk proteins in human milk and infant formula using a suckling rat pup model

Peptides ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 88 ◽  
pp. 18-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yasuaki Wada ◽  
Brett S. Phinney ◽  
Darren Weber ◽  
Bo Lönnerdal
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Infant Formula ◽  
Milk Proteins ◽  
Rat Pup

scholarly journals Consumption of breast milk, formula and other non-human milk by children aged under 2 years: analysis of eighty-six low- and middle-income countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Paulo AR Neves ◽  
Aluísio JD Barros ◽  
Phillip Baker ◽  
Ellen Piwoz ◽  
Thiago M Santos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Milk ◽  
Human Milk ◽  
Breast Feeding ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Milk Consumption ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Low And Middle Income ◽  
Economic Inequalities

Abstract Objective: To investigate the prevalence and socio-economic inequalities in breast milk, breast milk substitutes (BMS) and other non-human milk consumption, by children under 2 years in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Design: We analysed the prevalence of continued breast-feeding at 1 and 2 years and frequency of formula and other non-human milk consumption by age in months. Indicators were estimated through 24-h dietary recall. Absolute and relative wealth indicators were used to describe within- and between-country socio-economic inequalities. Setting: Nationally representative surveys from 2010 onwards from eighty-six LMIC. Participants: 394 977 children aged under 2 years. Results: Breast-feeding declined sharply as children became older in all LMIC, especially in upper-middle-income countries. BMS consumption peaked at 6 months of age in low/lower-middle-income countries and at around 12 months in upper-middle-income countries. Irrespective of country, BMS consumption was higher in children from wealthier families, and breast-feeding in children from poorer families. Multilevel linear regression analysis showed that BMS consumption was positively associated with absolute income, and breast-feeding negatively associated. Findings for other non-human milk consumption were less straightforward. Unmeasured factors at country level explained a substantial proportion of overall variability in BMS consumption and breast-feeding. Conclusions: Breast-feeding falls sharply as children become older, especially in wealthier families in upper-middle-income countries; this same group also consumes more BMS at any age. Country-level factors play an important role in explaining BMS consumption by all family wealth groups, suggesting that BMS marketing at national level might be partly responsible for the observed differences.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document