Spatiotemporal Brain Activity During Hiragana Word Recognition Task

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 357-361 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hisashi Toyoshima ◽  
◽  
Takahiro Yamanoi ◽  
Toshimasa Yamazaki ◽  
Shin-ichi Ohnishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Recognition Task ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Dipole Source ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Current Dipole ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Wernicke’S Area ◽  
The Right

The 19-channel Event-Related Potentials (ERPs) we recorded during recognition of hiragana (one type of Japanese phonetic characters) were simultaneously and independently presented as a word and a nonword to opposite eyes using a field-sequential stereoscopic 3D display with a liquid-crystal shutter, a word and a non-word were simultaneously and independently presented to the left (right) and the right (left) eyes, respectively. Each word consists of 3 hiragana characters. Three subjects were instructed to press a button when they understood the meaning of the visual stimuli after 3,000 ms poststimulus. Equivalent Current Dipole source Localization (ECDL) with 3 unconstrained ECDs was applied to the ERPs. In the case of right-handed subjects, the ECDs were localized to the Wernicke’s area at around 600 ms. In the case of left-handed subject, the ECD was localized to the Wernicke’s homologue. After that ECDs were then localized to the prefrontal area, the superior frontal gyrus, and the middle frontal gyrus. At around 800 ms, the ECDs were localized to the Broca’s area, then after that ECDs were relocalized to the the Wernicke’s area and to the Broca’s area.

Micro Robot Control by Use of Electroencephalograms from Right Frontal Area

2009 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-75 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Yamanoi ◽  
◽  
Hisashi Toyoshima ◽  
Toshimasa Yamazaki ◽  
Shin-ichi Ohnishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discriminant Analysis ◽  
Spatial Perception ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Dipole Source ◽  
Current Dipole ◽  
Equivalent Current ◽  
Micro Robot ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Right

In order to develop a brain machine interface, the authors have investigated the brain activity during human recognition of characters and symbols representing directional meaning. They have recorded electroencephalograms (EEGs) from subjects viewing four types of Kanji (Chinese characters being used currently in the Japanese language) and arrows that were presented on a CRT. Each of the four characters or symbols denoted direction for upward, downward, leftward and rightward, respectively. Subjects were asked to read the characters or symbols, silently. EEGs were averaged for each stimulus type and direction, and event related potentials (ERPs) were obtained. The equivalent current dipole source localization (ECDL) method has been applied to these ERPs. In both cases, equivalent current dipoles (ECDs) were localized to areas related to the working memory for spatial perception, such as the right upper or the right middle frontal areas. Taking into account these facts, the authors have investigated a single trial EEGs of the subject precisely after the latency at 400 ms, and it was determined effective sampling latencies for the discriminant analysis to four types of arrow: ↑, ↓, ←, and →. EEG data have been sampled at latency from 400 ms to 900 ms at 25 ms interval by the three channels in the right upper and the right middle frontal gyri. Results of the discriminant analysis for four type objective variates, presented discriminant rates were above 80%. By four type code of infrared rays according to the discrimination results from a PC, the authors have controlled a micro robot, the e-puck, with four orders: forward, rotate clockwise, rotate counterclockwise and stop.

Spatiotemporal Human Brain Activities on Recalling Names of Body Parts

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Yamanoi ◽  
◽  
Yoshinori Tanaka ◽  
Mika Otsuki ◽  
Shin-ichi Ohnishi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Angular Gyrus ◽  
Middle Temporal Gyrus ◽  
Dipole Source ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Current Dipole ◽  
Middle Temporal ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Right

The authors measure electroencephalograms (EEGs) from a subject looking at line drawings of body parts and recalling their names silently. The equivalent current dipole source localization (ECDL) method is applied to the event related potentials (ERPs): summed EEGs. As the dominant language area of the subject is considered to be in the right hemisphere in the previous research study, ECDs are localized to the right middle temporal gyrus: the angular gyrus. Then ECDs are localized to the right fusiform gyrus, the right middle temporal pole (TEP), and the right inferior temporal white matter (TWM). ECDs are located in the ventral pathway. The areas are related to the integrated process of visual recognition of pictures and the recalling of words. Some of these areas are also related to image recognition and word generation.

Difference in Areas of the Brain for Fuzzy and Crisp Calculation

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-55 ◽  
Author(s):  
Takahiro Yamanoi ◽  
◽  
Masaaki Saito ◽  
Michio Sugeno ◽  
EIie Sanchez ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Type A ◽  
Peak Latency ◽  
Dipole Source ◽  
Type B ◽  
Current Dipole ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Right

We recorded event-related potentials (ERPs) by electroencephalography (EEG) during fuzzy and crisp calculation. Questions art divided into 2 types. As type A, questions were presented as sentences. Questions of type B were presented as numerical calculation. In type A, the peak latency of the EEG was around 1100ms. In type B, the peak latency was around 650ms. In type A, from multiple equivalent current dipole source localization (ECDL) around the latency, it followed that sources during fuzzy calculation lie in the right hemisphere and that sources during crisp calculation lie in the left hemisphere. In type B, no significant difference was observed.

Frontal Brain Activity during Episodic and Semantic Retrieval: Insights from Event-Related Potentials

1999 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 598-609 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charan Ranganath ◽  
Ken A. Paller
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Memory Retrieval ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Novelty Detection ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Episodic Retrieval ◽  
Semantic Retrieval ◽  
Retrieval Task ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Right

Previous neuropsychological and neuroimaging results have implicated the prefrontal cortex in memory retrieval, although its precise role is unclear. In the present study, we examined patterns of brain electrical activity during retrieval of episodic and semantic memories. In the episodic retrieval task, participants retrieved autobiographical memories in response to event cues. In the semantic retrieval task, participants generated exemplars in response to category cues. Novel sounds presented intermittently during memory retrieval elicited a series of brain potentials including one identifiable as the P3a potential. Based on prior research linking P3a with novelty detection and with the frontal lobes, we predicted that P3a would be reduced to the extent that novelty detection and memory retrieval interfere with each other. Results during episodic and semantic retrieval tasks were compared to results during a task in which subjects attended to the auditory stimuli. P3a amplitudes were reduced during episodic retrieval, particularly at right lateral frontal scalp locations. A similar but less lateralized pattern of frontal P3a reduction was observed during semantic retrieval. These findings support the notion that the right prefrontal cortex is engaged in the service of memory retrieval, particularly for episodic memories.

scholarly journals Optical Mapping of Brain Activity Underlying Directionality and Its Modulation by Expertise in Mandarin/English Interpreting

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yan He ◽  
Yinying Hu ◽  
Yaxi Yang ◽  
Defeng Li ◽  
Yi Hu
Keyword(s):  
Prefrontal Cortex ◽  
Cognitive Skills ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Functional Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
The Right

Recent neuroimaging research has suggested that unequal cognitive efforts exist between interpreting from language 1 (L1) to language 2 (L2) compared with interpreting from L2 to L1. However, the neural substrates that underlie this directionality effect are not yet well understood. Whether directionality is modulated by interpreting expertise also remains unknown. In this study, we recruited two groups of Mandarin (L1)/English (L2) bilingual speakers with varying levels of interpreting expertise and asked them to perform interpreting and reading tasks. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) was used to collect cortical brain data for participants during each task, using 68 channels that covered the prefrontal cortex and the bilateral perisylvian regions. The interpreting-related neuroimaging data was normalized by using both L1 and L2 reading tasks, to control the function of reading and vocalization respectively. Our findings revealed the directionality effect in both groups, with forward interpreting (from L1 to L2) produced more pronounced brain activity, when normalized for reading. We also found that directionality was modulated by interpreting expertise in both normalizations. For the group with relatively high expertise, the activated brain regions included the right Broca’s area and the left premotor and supplementary motor cortex; whereas for the group with relatively low expertise, the activated brain areas covered the superior temporal gyrus, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), the Broca’s area, and visual area 3 in the right hemisphere. These findings indicated that interpreting expertise modulated brain activation, possibly because of more developed cognitive skills associated with executive functions in experienced interpreters.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Analysis of Brain Activity During Understanding Honorific Expressions

2011 ◽  
Vol 15 (9) ◽  
pp. 1211-1220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michio Sugeno ◽  
◽  
Takahiro Yamanoi ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Right Hemisphere ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Spatiotemporal Analysis ◽  
The Other ◽  
Dipole Source ◽  
Current Dipole ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Right ◽  
Spatiotemporal Processes ◽  
The Brain

This paper discusses brain activity during the understanding of sentences from the perspective of Systemic Functional Linguistics. We focus on ideational meaning (propositional meaning in an ordinary sense) and interpersonal meaning (as is typically seen in honorific expressions). The present study is an experimental exploration of the spatiotemporal pathways of neuronal activation. Japanese sentences containing and not containing honorific expressions are compared in electroencephalography experiments. In these experiments, the sentences without honorific expressions have ideationalmeaning, but those with honorific expressions have both ideational and interpersonal meanings. Through the use of the equivalent current dipole source localization method, the spatiotemporal processes of activation of the brain are analyzed. There is a single pathway during the understanding of the sentences without honorific expressions; this pathway is mainly observed in the left hemisphere. On the other hand, there are three pathways in the case of the sentences with honorific expressions, two of which are observed in the right hemisphere. The remaining pathway is the same as the aforementioned single pathway. This fact strongly suggests that the common pathway is concerned with processing ideational meaning. The other two pathways observed during understanding of the sentences with honorific expressions are considered to be related to processing interpersonal meaning.

English language education on-line game and brain connectivity

ReCALL ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ji Sun Hong ◽  
Doug Hyun Han ◽  
Young In Kim ◽  
Su Jin Bae ◽  
Sun Mi Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
English Education ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Language Education ◽  
Parahippocampal Gyrus ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
Game Play ◽  
On Line ◽  
Wernicke’S Area

AbstractThe HoDoo English game was developed to take advantage of the benefits attributed to on-line games while teaching English to native Korean speakers. We expected to see that the improvements in the subjects’ English language abilities after playing the HoDoo English game would be associated with increased brain functional connectivity in the areas of the brain involved in the language production (Broca’s area) and the understanding (Wernicke’s area) networks. Twelve children, aged nine and ten, were asked to play the on-line English education game for 50 minutes per day, five days per week for twelve weeks. At baseline, and again at the end of twelve weeks of game play, each child’s English language ability was assessed and a functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) scan was conducted. The on-line English education game play effectively improved English language skills, especially in terms of non-verbal pragmatic skills. Following twelve weeks of on-line English education game play, the children showed positive connectivity between Broca’s area and the left frontal cortex as well as between Wernicke’s area and the left parahippocampal gyrus and the right medial frontal gyrus. Changes in pragmatic scores were positively correlated with average peak brain activity in the left parahippocampal gyrus. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to report an improvement in English ability and changes in brain activity within language areas after on-line language education game play.

scholarly journals Anatomical Substrates of Visual and Auditory Miniature Second-language Learning

2006 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 1984-1997 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roger D. Newman-Norlund ◽  
Scott H. Frey ◽  
Laura-Ann Petitto ◽  
Scott T. Grafton
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Sentence Comprehension ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Inferior Frontal Gyrus ◽  
Blood Oxygenation ◽  
Broca’S Area ◽  
Broca's Area ◽  
L2 Acquisition ◽  
L2 Proficiency ◽  
The Right

Longitudinal changes in brain activity during second language (L2) acquisition of a miniature finite-state grammar, named Wernickese, were identified with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants learned either a visual sign language form or an auditory-verbal form to equivalent proficiency levels. Brain activity during sentence comprehension while hearing/viewing stimuli was assessed at low, medium, and high levels of proficiency in three separate fMRI sessions. Activation in the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) correlated positively with improving L2 proficiency, whereas activity in the right-hemisphere (RH) homologue was negatively correlated for both auditory and visual forms of the language. Activity in sequence learning areas including the premotor cortex and putamen also correlated with L2 proficiency. Modality-specific differences in the blood oxygenation level-dependent signal accompanying L2 acquisition were localized to the planum temporale (PT). Participants learning the auditory form exhibited decreasing reliance on bilateral PT sites across sessions. In the visual form, bilateral PT sites increased in activity between Session 1 and Session 2, then decreased in left PT activity from Session 2 to Session 3. Comparison of L2 laterality (as compared to L1 laterality) in auditory and visual groups failed to demonstrate greater RH lateralization for the visual versus auditory L2. These data establish a common role for Broca's area in language acquisition irrespective of the perceptual form of the language and suggest that L2s are processed similar to first languages even when learned after the “critical period.” The right frontal cortex was not preferentially recruited by visual language after accounting for phonetic/structural complexity and performance.

The ERP Detection of Mental Arithmetic Strategies

2011 ◽  
Vol 301-303 ◽  
pp. 834-839 ◽  
Author(s):  
Du Hong Peng ◽  
Jian Chen ◽  
Hong Tao Wei
Keyword(s):  
Mental Arithmetic ◽  
Brain Activity ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Negative Wave ◽  
Brain Areas ◽  
Brain Potentials ◽  
Stage 4 ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Right ◽  
Stage 1

Strategy use is a mental operation which aims directly at its target. In order to investigate brain activity during mental arithmetic strategies using, subtraction answers-discrimination tasks were used through 8 healthy subjects with the Event-related Potentials (ERPs) technique. The results showed: (1) The principal components of ERP were: N1, P1, P2, P300 and N400. (2) At the F3, C3 point, stage 4 induced more negative wave than stage 1; At F4, C4, P3 and P4 point, stage 4 induced more positive wave than stage1. (3) Activation of brain areas mainly included Temporal lobe, Prefrontal cortex and Parietooccipital. (4) With the subjects gradually skilled in using strategies, activated brain region gradually moved from back to front; meanwhile the right side had higher active level than the left of brain. Further exploration need to describe more detailed brain potentials during mental arithmetic strategies using in other conditions.

scholarly journals Reduced Visual Magnocellular Event-Related Potentials in Developmental Dyslexia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
John Stein
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Developmental Dyslexia ◽  
Reading Ability ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Black And White ◽  
Reverse Pattern ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
The Right ◽  
Visual Hemifields ◽  
Electroencephalogram Eeg

(1) Background—the magnocellular hypothesis proposes that impaired development of the visual timing systems in the brain that are mediated by magnocellular (M-) neurons is a major cause of dyslexia. Their function can now be assessed quite easily by analysing averaged visually evoked event-related potentials (VERPs) in the electroencephalogram (EEG). Such analysis might provide a useful, objective biomarker for diagnosing developmental dyslexia. (2) Methods—in adult dyslexics and normally reading controls, we recorded steady state VERPs, and their frequency content was computed using the fast Fourier transform. The visual stimulus was a black and white checker board whose checks reversed contrast every 100 ms. M- cells respond to this stimulus mainly at 10 Hz, whereas parvocells (P-) do so at 5 Hz. Left and right visual hemifields were stimulated separately in some subjects to see if there were latency differences between the M- inputs to the right vs. left hemispheres, and these were compared with the subjects’ handedness. (3) Results—Controls demonstrated a larger 10 Hz than 5 Hz fundamental peak in the spectra, whereas the dyslexics showed the reverse pattern. The ratio of subjects’ 10/5 Hz amplitudes predicted their reading ability. The latency of the 10 Hz peak was shorter during left than during right hemifield stimulation, and shorter in controls than in dyslexics. The latter correlated weakly with their handedness. (4) Conclusion—Steady state visual ERPs may conveniently be used to identify developmental dyslexia. However, due to the limited numbers of subjects in each sub-study, these results need confirmation.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document