scholarly journals Results of Detecting SARS-CoV-2 and Other Pathogens of Community-Acquired Pneumonia by PCR in the Tyumen Region

Author(s):  
I. V. Bakshtanovskaya ◽  
T. F. Stepanova ◽  
G. V. Sharukho ◽  
A. N. Letyushev ◽  
K. B. Stepanova ◽  
...  

The aim of this work was to identify the causative agent of community-acquired pneumonia and coinfection using PCR study of biomaterial from patients.Materials and methods. PCR testing of 268 samples from 258 patients was carried out to identify RNA/DNA of viral and bacterial pathogens of respiratory infections.Results and discussion. In 43.3 % of samples SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected, in 4.5 % – RNA/DNA of acute respiratory viral infections pathogens, in one sample – DNA of Mycoplasma pneumoniae. Co-infection was detected only in patients of the anti-tuberculosis dispensary (SARS-CoV-2 and Mycobacterium tuberculosis). In the examined patients with pneumonia, SARS-CoV-2 RNA was significantly more often detected in biomaterial from the lower respiratory tract (52 %) than in respiratory smears (8.5 %). In the first week from the onset of the disease, 19.2 % of positive samples were found, in the second – 56.5 %. 

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niina Haiminen ◽  
Filippo Utro ◽  
Ed Seabolt ◽  
Laxmi Parida

AbstractIn response to the ongoing global pandemic, characterizing the molecular-level host interactions of the new coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 responsible for COVID-19 has been at the center of unprecedented scientific focus. However, when the virus enters the body it also interacts with the micro-organisms already inhabiting the host. Understanding the virus-host-microbiome interactions can yield additional insights into the biological processes perturbed by viral invasion. Alterations in the gut microbiome species and metabolites have been noted during respiratory viral infections, possibly impacting the lungs via gut-lung microbiome crosstalk. To better characterize microbial functions in the lower respiratory tract during COVID-19 infection, we carry out a functional analysis of previously published metatranscriptome sequencing data of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from eight COVID-19 cases, twenty-five community-acquired pneumonia patients, and twenty healthy controls. The functional profiles resulting from comparing the sequences against annotated microbial protein domains clearly separate the cohorts. By examining the associated metabolic pathways, distinguishing functional signatures in COVID-19 respiratory tract microbiomes are identified, including decreased potential for lipid metabolism and glycan biosynthesis and metabolism pathways, and increased potential for carbohydrate metabolism pathways. The results include overlap between previous studies on COVID-19 microbiomes, including decrease in the glycosaminoglycan degradation pathway and increase in carbohydrate metabolism. The results also suggest novel connections to consider, possibly specific to the lower respiratory tract microbiome, calling for further research on microbial functions and host-microbiome interactions during SARS-CoV-2 infection.


Author(s):  
Е.Е. Краснова ◽  
В.В. Чемоданов ◽  
Е.Г. Кузнецова

Пневмония – острое инфекционно-воспалительное заболевание легких преимущественно бактериальной этиологии, характеризующееся выраженной в разной степени дыхательной недостаточностью, токсическими и респираторными нарушениями, локальными физикальными симптомами, а также инфильтративными изменениями на рентгенограмме. Заболеваемость внебольничными пневмониями повышается в октябре-декабре, достигая максимума в январе-апреле, коррелируя с сезонным повышением уровня острых респираторных вирусных инфекций. Схожесть симптомов дебюта пневмонии с проявлениями острых респираторных вирусных инфекций может привести к несвоевременной ее диагностике и, как следствие, к отсроченному началу лечения. Поэтому в период сезонной заболеваемости респираторными инфекциями должна повышаться настороженность врачей-педиатров в отношении внебольничной пневмонии. Антибактериальная терапия оказывает решающее влияние на прогноз пневмонии, поэтому при достоверном диагнозе или у больного в тяжелом состоянии с вероятным диагнозом ее следует начать незамедлительно. Выбор антибиотика в каждом случае внебольничной пневмонии проводят индивидуально с учетом природной активности препаратов в отношении предполагаемого возбудителя и их возможной приобретенной резистентности, тяжести и течения заболевания, наличия у пациента противопоказаний к использованию тех или иных антибиотиков. В статье приводятся сведения о диагностических критериях внебольничных пневмоний. Рассмотрены вопросы антибактериального лечения типичной нетяжелой пневмонии у детей разных возрастных групп амоксициллином с клавулановой кислотой и показана его эффективность. Результаты проведенного исследования позволяют заключить, что пероральное использование одного курса защищенного аминопенициллина эффективно при лечении типичной внебольничной нетяжелой пневмонии у детей разного возраста, о чем свидетельствует ликвидация основных клинических проявлений болезни в короткие сроки. Pneumonia is an acute infectious and inflammatory lung disease of predominantly bacterial etiology, characterized by respiratory failure, toxic and respiratory disorders, local physical symptoms, and infiltrative changes on the roentgenogram. The incidence of community-acquired pneumonia increases in October-December, reaching a maximum in January-April, correlating with the seasonal increase in the level of acute respiratory viral infections. The similarity of the symptoms of the onset of pneumonia with the manifestations of acute respiratory viral infections can lead to its untimely diagnosis and, as a consequence, to a delayed start of treatment. Therefore, during the period of seasonal morbidity with respiratory infections, the alertness of pediatricians in relation to community-acquired pneumonia should increase. Antibiotic therapy has a decisive influence on the prognosis of pneumonia, therefore, with a reliable diagnosis or in a patient in serious condition with a probable diagnosis, it should be started immediately. The choice of antibiotic in each case of community-acquired pneumonia is carried out individually, taking into account the natural activity of the drugs in relation to the alleged pathogen and their possible acquired resistance, the severity and course of the disease, the patient's contraindications to the use of certain antibiotics. The article provides information on the diagnostic criteria for community-acquired pneumonia. The issues of antibacterial treatment of typical non-severe pneumonia in children of different age groups with amoxicillin with clavulanic acid are considered and its effectiveness is shown. The results of the study allow us to conclude that the oral use of one course of protected aminopenicillin is effective in the treatment of typical community-acquired non-severe pneumonia in children of different ages, as evidenced by the elimination of the main clinical manifestations of the disease in a short time.


2021 ◽  
pp. 254-260
Author(s):  
Irina N. Zakharova ◽  
Narine G. Sugyan

Acute respiratory viral infections represent a group of clinically, pathomorphologically similar acute inflammatory respiratory diseases that manifest by fever, a runny nose, sneezing, cough, sore throat, a general feeling of ill health of varying severity. Activation of latent, persistent infections of viral and/or bacterial origin may occur in recurrent respiratory infections. Decreased production of local immunity contributes greatly to the development of viral and bacterial infections, persistence of pathogenic micro-organisms. Intestinal microflora can directly or indirectly affect the human respiratory tract through increased production of cytokines, short-chain fatty acids. In recent years, there has been a scientific interest in the therapeutic potential of probiotics for the prevention of acute respiratory viral infections. Earlier studies have shown a positive effect of probiotics on the respiratory tract with a view to prevent and reduce the incidence and severity of respiratory infectious diseases by expending the number of IgA secreting cells in the bronchial mucosa. Studies showed that the use of probiotics can reduce the incidence of acute respiratory infections, duration of fever, cough, and the need for antibacterial agents in children. Peptidoglycans and muramyl peptides that are constituents of the bacterial cell wall have antiviral activity. Probiotics can also inhibit virus attachment through a process of competing for the specific receptors. The regeneration of the mucous membrane is enhanced by the ability of mucin to prevent the virus from attaching to epithelial cells and suppress virus replication. The antiviral effect of probiotics may be caused by the ability to produce antimicrobial peptides, dehydrogenases and NOs. Probiotics can modulate the functions of epithelial and dendritic cells, CD4 +, CD8 + T lymphocytes, NK cells, stimulate the synthesis of secretory immunoglobulins, helping to neutralize the virus.


2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
I. V. Babachenko ◽  
E. A. Kozyrev ◽  
E. V. Sharipova ◽  
E. D. Orlova ◽  
N. S. Tian

The sharp increase in viral pneumonia against the background of the pandemic of the new coronavirus infection SARS-CoV-2 requires more attention to the study of the role of viruses in damage to the lower respiratory tract, including their etiological significance in the development of community-acquired pneumonia. Modern possibilities of laboratory diagnostics make it possible not only to identify and study respiratory viruses, but also to help differentiate active viral infections as a cause of lower respiratory tract disease from virus carriers. The review describes the epidemiological and clinical features of the most relevant or less studied pneumotropic viral infections in children (respiratory syncytial, adenovirus, bocavirus, metapneumovirus), including their role in the etiology of pneumonia in children. Understanding the viral etiology of pneumonia in children will reduce the antibacterial load, which will help to reduce the side effects of chemotherapy and slow the emergence of antimicrobialresistant bacterial strains.


2019 ◽  
pp. 224-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. M. Melnikova ◽  
Yu. L. Minernitsky

Coughing in acute respiratory infections, regardless of the level of infection: upper or lower respiratory tract is a frequent clinical symptom in childhood. The analysis of the modern literature and the data of the authors’ own researches testify to the fact that the prescription of mucoactive therapy in a complex of therapeutic measures (etiotropic, basic therapy, bronchopulmonary drainage, etc.).) should be differentiated and determined not only by the nature and severity of coughs, separated sputum, but also by individual characteristics of the patient, the severity and course of bronchopulmonary pathology, the age of the child, the presence of adverse environmental factors (in particular, passive smoking), the level of compliance with the patient. The use of combined medications simultaneously influencing various pathogenetic mechanisms of inflammation and coughing becomes a promising direction of mucoactive therapy. One of them is Eucabal® syrup containing liquid extracts of thyme and plantain. Due to the synergy of its components, Eucabal® syrup has an expectorant and anti-inflammatory effect, which is important in the initial period of acute respiratory viral infections (tracheitis, bronchitis tracheobronchitis), especially in dry, painful cough with hard-to-remove sputum. In case of acute respiratory viral infections accompanied by a wet cough with a viscous, difficult to separate sputum, mucolytic agents are shown first of all. One of the modern widely used drugs of this group is acetylcysteine (ESPA-NAC®) in a convenient dosage form.


2019 ◽  
pp. 91-98
Author(s):  
A. L. Zaplatnikov ◽  
A. A. Girina ◽  
I. D. Maykova ◽  
N. V. Karoid ◽  
I. V. Lepiseva ◽  
...  

The article describes state-of-the-art knowledge regarding etiology, epidemiology, clinical features and diagnostic criteria for respiratory infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae (M. pneumoniae). It presents the characteristics of the main forms of lesions in mycoplasma infections of the respiratory tract – pharyngitis, bronchitis and pneumonia. Particular attention is paid to the differential diagnosis of community-acquired pneumonia of pneumococcal and mycoplasma etiology. The issues of rational choice of initial etiotropic therapy for the treatment of respiratory mycoplasmosis in children are discussed.


2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (11) ◽  
pp. 691-697
Author(s):  
S.P. Kremplevskaya ◽  
◽  
A.D. Muzyka ◽  
E.V. Melekhina ◽  
V.A. Fokina ◽  
...  

The article discusses the effects of nutrition in children on the course and outcomes of acute respiratory infections (ARIs) affecting the lower respiratory tract. The clinical pathogenic aspects of the severe course of respiratory infections (including community-acquired pneumonia) in infants younger than 1 year of age with protein-energy malnutrition based on the recent foreign published data are addressed. The data on the association between nutrition prior to the onset of ARI and the course of bronchiolitis are uncovered. It was demonstrated that a child’s organism experiences protein deficiency during the acute fever resulting from reduced nutritional intake, increased protein loss, and the changes in protein metabolism. This leads to immune dysfunction. The authors report that all children older than 1 year of age who were admitted to hospitals with ARIs are underweight. Considering this, the development of diet correction algorithms using sipine products in children older than 1 year of age with the acute stage of respiratory infections is a relevant and littleknown issue. In addition to the correction of protein, fat, and carbohydrate composition of nutrition, a complex approach using vitamin mineral complexes, probiotics, and prebiotics is required. KEYWORDS: nutritional status, acute respiratory infections, community-acquired pneumonia, children older than 1 year of age, proteinenergy malnutrition. FOR CITATION: Kremplevskaya S.P., Muzyka A.D., Melekhina E.V. et al. Effect of nutritional status on the course and outcomes of acute respiratory infections in children affecting the lower respiratory tract. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(11):691–697. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-11-691-697.


2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 90-97
Author(s):  
D. Yu. Ivanov ◽  
O. M. Drozdova

Aim. To study the incidence of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in medical staff of dental clinics.Materials and Methods. We performed a descriptive, retrospective epidemiological study of ARI incidence by means of conducting an anonymous survey of 1,081 dentistry practitioners (358 in specialised dental clinics and 723 employees of polyclinics) in Kemerovo (2020). ARI included COVID-19, community-acquired pneumonia, and other common respiratory viral infections. The questionnaire included 12 questions about ARI, age, gender, working experience, and position.Results. The incidence of ARI in dentistry practitioners in specialised dental clinics was 2.6-fold higher as compared with those working in polyclinics [379.52 per 1,000 (95% CI = 327.10-434.11) and 146.19 per 1,000 (95% CI = 120.56-174.93), respectively, p = 0,00001], regardless of age. Prolonged and close contact with the patients along with an intensive use of aerosol-generating technologies were associated with a 2.3-fold times higher incidence of ARI in dental therapists in comparison with dental surgeons. Female dentists suffered from ARI 1.8-fold more frequently than males [410.91 per 1,000 (95% CI = 352,18-471,58) and 228.07 per 1,000 (95% CI = 127.40-358.36), p = 0,01] but most women worked as dental therapists that could confound such association. ARI incidence was not associated with age, work experience, and position (p = 0.22).Conclusion. Dentistry practitioners working in specialised clinics more frequently experienced ARI than those working in polyclinics. Dental therapists were at higher risk of ARI in comparison with dental surgeons, potentially due to the active use of aerosol generating technologies and prolonged close contact with the patients during treatment. Other factors were not among the major determinants of ARI incidence in dentistry practitioners.


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