scholarly journals Retrospective and Prospective Analysis on the Trends of China’s Steel Production

2016 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 291-306
Author(s):  
Yanni Xuan ◽  
Qiang Yue
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Steel Scrap ◽  
Crude Steel ◽  
Variation Trend ◽  
Consumption Energy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Government

AbstractEconomic development has contributed to the rapid expansion of China's steel industry during the past two decades, which has resulted in numerous problems including increased energy consumption and excessive environmental pollution. This study examines changes in crude steel production, steel scrap consumption, energy consumption, CO2emissions and steel stocks per capita from 2000 to 2014. Scenario analysis based on QGT equation is provided to accurately assess China's steel demand. Under three different scenarios, the peak of steel production and the variation trend of energy consumption, CO2emissions, steel stocks per capita and steel scrap are analyzed from 2010 to 2030. Based on Chinese situation, the most reasonable variation trend of China's steel production is proposed, which will increase from 626.7 Mt in 2010 to approximately 914 Mt in 2020, then gradually decrease to about 870 Mt in 2030. Steel stocks per capita will increase from 3.8 t/cap in 2010 to 8.09 t/cap in 2020 (the inferior limit of completing industrialization), then reach 11.46 t/cap in 2030 and stabilize. The peaks of energy consumption and CO2emissions in steel industry are expected to reach 505.37 Mtce and 1444.1 Mt in 2020, respectively. The scrap ratio is expected to reach 0.36 by 2030, when steel scrap resources will be relatively sufficient. This paper can provide corresponding theoretical basis for the government to make decision-making of macro-control.

scholarly journals Energy Intensity of Steel Manufactured Utilising EAF Technology as a Function of Investments Made: The Case of the Steel Industry in Poland

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 5152
Author(s):  
Bożena Gajdzik ◽  
Włodzimierz Sroka ◽  
Jolita Vveinhardt
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Basic Oxygen Furnace ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Steel Scrap

The production of steel in the world is dominated by two types of technologies: BF + BOF (the blast furnace and basic oxygen furnace, also known as integrated steel plants) and EAF (the electric arc furnace). The BF + BOF process uses a lot of natural resources (iron ore is a feedstock for steel production) and fossil fuels. As a result, these steel mills have a significantly negative impact on the environment. In turn, EAF technology is characterised by very low direct emissions and very high indirect emissions. The raw material for steel production is steel scrap, the processing of which is highly energy-consuming. This paper analyses the energy intensity of steel production in Poland as a function of investments made in the steel industry in the years 2000–2019. Statistical data on steel production in the EAF process in Poland (which represents an approximately 50% share of the steel produced, as the rest is produced utilising the BF + BOF process) was used. Slight fluctuations are caused by the periodic switching of technology for economic or technical reasons. The hypothesis stating that there is a relationship between the volume of steel production utilising the EAF process and the energy consumption of the process, which is influenced by investments, was formulated. Econometric modelling was used as the research method and three models were constructed: (1) a two-factor power model; (2) a linear two-factor model; and (3) a linear one-factor model. Our findings show that the correlation is negative, that is, along with the increase in technological investments in electric steel plants in Poland, a decrease in the energy consumption of steel produced in electric furnaces was noted during the analysed period.

scholarly journals Review of the Energy Consumption and Production Structure of China’s Steel Industry: Current Situation and Future Development

Metals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kun He ◽  
Li Wang ◽  
Xiaoyan Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Carbon Emission ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Technical Level ◽  
Clear Understanding ◽  
Production Structure

China produced 49.2% of the world’s total steel production in 2017. From 1990 to 2017, the world’s total steel production increased by 850 Mt, of which 87% came from China. After 30 years of rapid expansion, China’s steel industry is not expected to increase its production in the medium and long term. In fact, the industry is currently in the stage of industrial restructuring, and great changes will arise in production structure and technical level to solve pressing issues, such as overcapacity, high energy intensity (EI), and carbon emission. These changes will directly affect the global energy consumption and carbon emissions. Thus, a review of China’s steel industry is necessary to introduce its current situation and development plan. Therefore, this paper presents an overview of the Chinese steel industry, and factors involved include steel production, production structure, energy consumption, technical level, EI, carbon emission, scrap consumption, etc. In addition, four determinants are analyzed to explain the EI gap between China and the world’s advanced level. In addition, comparison of steel industries between China and the world, development plans for energy savings, and emission reduction are also included in this paper to give readers a clear understanding of China’s steel industry.

The relationship between energy consumption and economic growth: New evidence from Greece

2021 ◽  
pp. 131-153
Author(s):  
Antonia Gkergki
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Vector Error Correction ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Econometric Tests ◽  
The Government ◽  
New Research ◽  
The Relationship

This paper examines the relationship between the energy consumption and economic growth from 1968 to 2019 in Greece, by employing the vector error-correction model estimation. A series of econometric tests are employed concerning the stationary of the data, and the co-integration and the relationship among the variables during the long- and short-term. The em-pirical results suggest that there is no bidirectional relationship between economic growth and energy consumption. More specifically, GDP per capita does not affect the energy consump-tion of the three primary sources either in the long-term or the short-term. In other words, the economic crisis and its implications for GDP do not affect energy consumption, and they are not responsible for the considerable decrease in energy sources' consumption. On the other hand, the energy consumption of oil and coal negatively affect the GDP per capita. These re-sults are different from previous studies' conclusions for Greece; this is because the never been experienced before. These findings raise new research questions and also show the limi-tations of the Greek market, as it is regulated and controlled by the government.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE PROCESS OF IRON SAND PROCESSING INTO SPONGE IRON IN ORDER TO SUPPORT THE DEFENSE INDUSTRY OF STEEL RAW MATERIALS

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Sovian Aritonang ◽  
Jupriyanto Jupriyanto ◽  
Riyadi Juhana
Keyword(s):  
Steel Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Sponge Iron ◽  
Steel Plates ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Iron Sponge ◽  
The Government

<p>The number of iron sand reserves is mostly spread in the coastal waters of Indonesia, from the coast of Sumatra, the southern of Java to Bali, the beaches of Sulawesi, beaches in East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), and the northern coast of Papua. Total reserves for ore are 173,810,612 tons and metal as much as 25,412,652.62 tons. But its utilization was not optimal because PT. Krakatau Steel, and PT. Krakatau Posco has produced steel plates only 24,000 to 36,000 tons per year. While the need for steel plates for the shipping industry each year requires 900,000 tons per year. With the need for raw material for steel plates in the form of iron sponges with Fe ≥ 60%, PT. Krakatau Steel is still imported from abroad. The proof is PT. Krakatau Steel before and during the year 2000 still imported Iron Ore Pellets from the countries of Sweden, Chille and Brazil for 3,500,000 tons per year. This condition is the cause of the national steel industry unable to compete with the foreign steel industry because imported raw materials are subject to import duties. This is an opportunity to build a steel raw material company because all this time the steel raw material industry in Indonesia has only two companies. This condition encourages the manufacture of iron sponges, with the process of making iron sponges with technology adapted to installed production capacity. This study analysed the manufacture of iron sponges using Cipatujah iron sand, as raw material for the manufacture of iron sponges, with the results obtained in the form of iron sponges with the highest levels of Fe ≥60.44%. This can be used for the purposes of raw materials for steel making PT. Krakatau Steel (PT. KS), because so far PT. KS claims that Fe &lt;60% local sponge iron products. This can encourage the independence of steel raw materials, which impacts on the independence of the defence industry. But the government must also protect and prioritize steel raw materials for national production for national steel production. With the national government steel industry, the consortium of vendors supplying raw material (iron sponge) to maintain the quality and supply of continuous sponge iron.</p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: iron sand, iron pellet, iron sponge</p>

scholarly journals Adaptable SVC Design Methodology for Power Quality Improvements in Steel Melting Shops

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 429-432
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Quality ◽  
Design Methodology ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Steel Melting ◽  
Quality Improvements ◽  
Crude Steel ◽  
Modern Engineering ◽  
Steel Industries

In 2019, India was the second-largest steel producer with total crude steel production of 112.3 metric ton [12]. There were lots of development actions taken in the starting of 90’s to promote more investments on producing steel and making it a bigger industry supporting country’s economy. Even though large amount of produced steel is utilized within the country for infrastructure, automobile and other consumable industries, still India is the seventh-largest exporter of steel. Also, Steel industries are not new to India. The oldest was TISCO and it started its production in 1907. Being said that, we have come long way in technology and science that all the steel plants need to be modernized and adapted to become more efficient, economical and productive. This paper presents one of such technology that being developed in the modern engineering word to make it adaptable in the steel industries where – Efficiency, energy consumption, quality and production can be improved significantly.

District Energy-Saving Measures and their Selection Method

2013 ◽  
Vol 724-725 ◽  
pp. 951-954
Author(s):  
Xiang Qian Li
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Saving ◽  
Energy Intensity ◽  
Influence Factors ◽  
Household Energy ◽  
Household Energy Consumption ◽  
District Energy ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Value Determination ◽  
The Government

Per GDP energy consumption is the main indicator of district energy-saving effect. The Article firstly analyzed the influence factors of per GDP energy consumption. Then summarized energy-saving measures as six aspects: optimizing industrial structure; reducing energy intensity of industries; reducing per capita household energy consumption; limiting resident population; improving efficiency of energy conversion; improving energy storage and transportation management level. According to implementing body, energy-saving measures are divided into government measure and enterprise measure. District energy-saving measures mainly refer to the government measures. The selection course of district energy-saving measures is divided into five steps: initial prediction of per GDP energy consumption of term-end; analysis of measures of reducing industry energy intensity, per capita household energy consumption and energy loss; second prediction of per GDP energy consumption of term-end; compare with the target value; determination of district energy-saving measures.

Design and Implementation of the Chip for Energy Consumption and Energy Conservation and Pollution Reduction

2015 ◽  
Vol 738-739 ◽  
pp. 1262-1265
Author(s):  
Yuan Hua Chen ◽  
Li Na Zhang ◽  
Jie Li
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Pollution Reduction ◽  
Sensitive Data ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
On Line ◽  
Consumption Energy ◽  
The Government ◽  
Compatibility Standards

With the development of information technology, computer and network have been widely applied into the area of energy consumption, energy conservation and pollution reduction. Information technology brings convenience into energy conservation and environment protection management, but at the same time, it also brings security issues. In the area of energy consumption, a lot of sensitive data related to national economy and society are on-line collected. Once data theft, it will bring immeasurable losses. Furthermore, data transmission between the existing energy consumption monitoring equipment and platform has no unified interface or standard. So this paper designed a chip, used as core chip in gateway, for compatibility, standards and safety during transmission, which will provide hardware and technical support for the government and enterprises to carry out monitoring of energy consumption and conservation, to achieve energy conservation and emissions reduction targets.

scholarly journals Challenges and Outlines of Steelmaking toward the Year 2030 and Beyond—Indian Perspective

Metals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1654
Author(s):  
Sethu Prasanth Shanmugam ◽  
Viswanathan N. Nurni ◽  
Sambandam Manjini ◽  
Sanjay Chandra ◽  
Lauri E. K. Holappa
Keyword(s):  
Co2 Emissions ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Capita Consumption ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Production Technologies ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Top Gas Recycling ◽  
Per Capita Consumption

In FY-20, India’s steel production was 109 MT, and it is the second-largest steel producer on the planet, after China. India’s per capita consumption of steel was around 75 kg, which has risen from 59 kg in FY-14. Despite the increase in consumption, it is much lower than the average global consumption of 230 kg. The per capita consumption of steel is one of the strongest indicators of economic development across the nation. Thus, India has an ambitious plan of increasing steel production to around 250 MT and per capita consumption to around 160 kg by the year 2030. Steel manufacturers in India can be classified based on production routes as (a) oxygen route (BF/BOF route) and (b) electric route (electric arc furnace and induction furnace). One of the major issues for manufacturers of both routes is the availability of raw materials such as iron ore, direct reduced iron (DRI), and scrap. To achieve the level of 250 MT, steel manufacturers have to focus on improving the current process and product scenario as well as on research and development activities. The challenge to stop global warming has forced the global steel industry to strongly cut its CO2 emissions. In the case of India, this target will be extremely difficult by ruling in the production duplication planned by the year 2030. This work focuses on the recent developments of various processes and challenges associated with them. Possibilities and opportunities for improving the current processes such as top gas recycling, increasing pulverized coal injection, and hydrogenation as well as the implementation of new processes such as HIsarna and other CO2-lean iron production technologies are discussed. In addition, the eventual transition to hydrogen ironmaking and “green” electricity in smelting are considered. By fast-acting improvements in current facilities and brave investments in new carbon-lean technologies, the CO2 emissions of the Indian steel industry can peak and turn downward toward carbon-neutral production.

scholarly journals A REVIEW ON ENERGY EFFICIENCY OF STEEL PLANTS IN INDIA

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 7-16
Author(s):  
Arijit Mukherjee ◽  
Soumendra Nath Basu ◽  
Sayan Paul
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Specific Energy ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Best Practice ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Steel Production ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Technological Advancement ◽  
Iron And Steel

The steel industry being highly energy intensive in nature is one the major consumers of energy. The iron and steel industry is the largest energy consuming manufacturing sector in the world. It is therefore that the question of fuel or energy has been of the highest importance in steel making, and one can boldly claim that all other conditions remaining constant, saving or wasting of fuel can make the difference between a profit or a loss of a steel plant. Energy conservation in steel plants is very crucial to ensure the competitiveness of the steel producing industries and to minimise environmental impacts. India's leading iron and steel companies, scored averages at best in Centre for Science and environment green rating test. The Indian iron and steel sector's energy consumption of 6.6 GCal per tonne, is 50 per cent higher than the global best practice. The integrated steel plants in India have the opportunities to strengthen their operations and minimise energy losses and wastages to reduce specific energy consumption by 5-6%. To reduce the gaps between India and developed countries we have to follow the technological advancement and implementation of innovative strategies at every stage of the operation of steel plants. The specific energy consumption in the Indian steel industry is high compared to that in advanced countries. Data for four integrated steel plants in India have been analysed. World crude steel production reached 1.621 million tones (Mt) in 2015. To meet the needs of our growing population, steel use is projected to increase by 1.5 times that of present level by 2050.

scholarly journals Advances in Energy Conservation of China Steel Industry

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenqiang Sun ◽  
Jiuju Cai ◽  
Zhu Ye
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Conservation ◽  
Steel Industry ◽  
Energy Flow ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Crude Steel ◽  
Direct Energy ◽  
User Demand ◽  
Process Energy ◽  
Energy Quantity

The course, technical progresses, and achievements of energy conservation of China steel industry (CSI) during 1980–2010 were summarized. Then, the paper adoptede-pmethod to analyze the variation law and influencing factors of energy consumptions of large- and medium-scale steel plants within different stages. It is pointed out that energy consumption per ton of crude steel has been almost one half lower in these thirty years, with 60% as direct energy conservation owing to the change of process energy consumption and 40% as indirect energy conservation attributed to the adjustment of production structure. Next, the latest research progress of some key common technologies in CSI was introduced. Also, the downtrend of energy consumption per ton of crude steel and the potential energy conservation for CSI during 2011–2025 were forecasted. Finally, it is indicated that the key topic of the next 15 years’ research on the energy conservation of CSI is the synergistic operation of material flow and energy flow. It could be achieved by the comprehensive study on energy flow network optimization, such as production, allocation, utilization, recovery, reuse, and resource, according to the energy quantity, quality, and user demand following the first and second laws of thermodynamics.

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