Evolutionary Stable Strategies for Supply Chains: Selfishness, Fairness, and Altruism

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (6) ◽  
pp. 532-551 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caichun Chai ◽  
Hailong Zhu ◽  
Zhangwei Feng
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chains ◽  
Evolutionary Dynamics ◽  
Replicator Dynamics ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Individual Preference ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Evolutionary Stable Strategies ◽  
Pure Strategies ◽  
The Stability

Abstract The management strategies of a firm are inevitable affected by individual behavior preferences. The effect of individual preference on the evolutionary dynamics for supply chains is studied by employing replicator dynamics. Each firm has three behavior preferences: selfishness, fairness, and altruism. Firstly, the case that the strategy set of manufacturers and retailers including two pure strategies is considered and the effect of preference parameter on the equilibrium outcome in the short-term interaction is discussed. Secondly, the equilibrium state in the short-term is always disturbed because the change of the environment, firm’s structure, and so forth. Using the replicator dynamics, the evolutionary stable strategies of manufacturers and retailers in the long-term interaction are analyzed. Finally, the extend case that the strategy set of manufacturers and retailers include three pure strategies is investigated. These results are found that the strategy profile in which both manufacturer and retailer choose fairness or altruism, or one player chooses fair or altruistic strategy and the other player chooses selfish strategy may be evolutionary stable, the stability of these equilibria depends on the the preference parameters.

Enuresis: Myths, Misunderstandings and Solutions

1995 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 74
Author(s):  
Martin Knapp
Keyword(s):  
Management Strategies ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Treatment Facilities ◽  
Conditioning Therapy ◽  
Treatable Condition ◽  
Term Management

Advice on enuresis has been provided by a range of individuals. Many myths and misunderstandings have been responsible for the confusing range of opinions given to those who seek help. Management should be based on an understanding of the physiology of the condition and the established facts about its treatment. There is still a lack of awareness about how effective are the management strategies now proposed by those who base their practise on the extensive research that is now documented. The best results are obtained with conditioning therapy, when this is supervised and supported. There is an important role for 'wetness' alarms in conditioning. There are now body-worn mini-alarms, established by over a decade of use, that are inexpensive and reliable. There is a decreasing role for tricyclic medication. The recently introduced pharmaceutical Minirin (desmopressin) is useful in short-term management to get dryness on social occasions and, in selected individuals, might have a role in long-term control of enuresis, when conditioning has not been effective. There is an important need to provide advice and treatment facilities for all those with enuresis - a treatable condition.

Remaking Medicare: The Voucher Myth

1998 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-46
Author(s):  
Jonathan Oberlander
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Choice ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Market Competition ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Medicare Beneficiaries ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Medicare Program ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Voucher System

There is growing enthusiasm for transforming Medicare into a voucher system. Advocates claim vouchers would increase the health care choices available to Medicare beneficiaries, reduce the regulatory burden on the federal government, and promote the benefits of fair market competition. In addition, some analysts contend vouchers are the only feasible solution to Medicare's short-term financing problems and the long-term “crisis” of the retirement of the baby-boom generation. The author argues against these claims. Vouchers would not work as advertised by proponents because of the limitations of risk-adjustment methods and unrealistic assumptions about consumer choice. Moreover, the elderly and disabled Medicare population is ill-suited to cope in a competitive insurance system. Implementation of vouchers would therefore pose a threat to both the health of beneficiaries and the stability of the Medicare program. The implications of this analysis for Medicare reform are discussed.

scholarly journals A SLR Pre-Processing Algorithm Based on Satellite Signature Effect

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (19) ◽  
pp. 8880
Author(s):  
Bowen Guan ◽  
Cunbo Fan ◽  
Ning An ◽  
Ricardo Cesar Podesta ◽  
Dra Ana Pacheco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mean Value ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Error Sources ◽  
Effect Model ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Stability ◽  
First Time ◽  
Satellite Signature Effect

As one of the major error sources, satellite signature effect should be reduced or even erased from the distribution of the post-fit residuals to improve the ranging precision. A simulation of satellite signature effect removal process for normal point algorithm is conducted based on a revised model of satellite response, which fully considers the structural and distribution characteristics of retroreflectors. In order to eliminate both long-term and short-term satellite signature effect, a clipping method for SLR data processing is proposed by defining the clipping location as 5.6 mm away from the mean value of the long-term fit residuals to select effective returns for normal points. The results indicate that, compared to normal points algorithm, the RMS per NP of LAGEOS-1 observation data processed by the clipping method is reduced from 62.90 ± 9.9 mm to 56.07 ± 4.69 mm, and the stability of RMS is improved 53%. This study improves the satellite signature effect model and simulates the fluctuation of normal points caused by satellite signature effect for the first time. The new method based on the simulation of satellite signature effect has stronger robustness and applicability, which can further minimize the influence of satellite signature effect on the SLR production and significantly improve the data property.

Long-Term Orientation and Earnings Management Strategies

2019 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesper Haga ◽  
Fredrik Huhtamäki ◽  
Dennis Sundvik
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Management ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Management Strategy ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Real Earnings Management ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Earnings Benchmarks ◽  
Jel Classifications

ABSTRACT In this study, we investigate how country-level long-term orientation affects managers' willingness to engage in earnings management and choice of earnings management strategy. Using a comprehensive dataset of 47 countries for the period from 2003 to 2015, we find that firms in long-term-oriented cultures rely relatively more on earnings management through accruals, while firms in short-term-oriented cultures engage in relatively more real earnings management. Furthermore, we find a larger discontinuity around earnings benchmarks in long-term-oriented cultures suggesting that manipulation of accruals enables benchmark beating with high precision. JEL Classifications: M14; M16; M21; M41.

Fabrication of Boron Compensated Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Films with Significantly Improved Stability Using Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition Technique

1995 ◽  
Vol 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan K. Bhan
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Stability ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Vapor Deposition Technique ◽  
Improved Stability ◽  
Donor Acceptor ◽  
B Doping ◽  
The Stability

ABSTRACTWe have systematically investigated the effects of addition of sub-ppm levels of boron on the stability of a-Si:H films and p-i-n devices, deposited by PE-CVD technique. The films thus produced with appropriate amounts of boron, show a significant improvement in stability, when soaked under both AM 1.5 (short-term) as well as 10×sun (long-term) illumination conditions. The opto-electronic properties of the films are quite respectable It is concluded that boron compensates the native impurities by forming donor-acceptor pairs, which reduces the “fast” defects and hence the initial degradation of the films. It is also speculated that boron may also be improving the short-term stability, by reducing the recombination of light generated electrons and holes, by converting D° into D+ states. The long-term stability appears to get affected by hydrogen dilution which seems to reduce the amount of “slow” defects. As a result of B doping of i-layer, the initial conversion efficiency of the devices decreases. It is presumed that our devices may contain an enhanced level of boron impurity, than expected, making them as worse material and to degrade less.

scholarly journals Control and remediation methods for eutrophic lakes in the past 30 years

2020 ◽  
Vol 81 (6) ◽  
pp. 1099-1113 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Zhang ◽  
Pingping Luo ◽  
Shuangfeng Zhao ◽  
Shuxin Kang ◽  
Pengbo Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Cyanobacterial Blooms ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Eutrophic Lakes ◽  
Lake Ecosystems ◽  
The Past ◽  
Incomplete Removal

Abstract Accelerated eutrophication, which is harmful and difficult to repair, is one of the most obvious and pervasive water pollution problems in the world. In the past three decades, the management of eutrophication has undergone a transformation from simple directed algal killing, reducing endogenous nutrient concentration to multiple technologies for the restoration of lake ecosystems. This article describes the development and revolution of three remediation methods in application, namely physical, chemical, and biological methods, and it outlines their possible improvements and future directions. Physical and chemical methods have obvious and quick effects to purify water in the short term and are more suitable for small-scale lakes. However, these two methods cannot fundamentally solve the eutrophic water phenomenon due to costly and incomplete removal results. Without a sound treatment system, the chemical method easily produces secondary pollution and residues and is usually used for emergency situations. The biological method is cost-effective and sustainable, but needs a long-term period. A combination of these three management techniques can be used to synthesize short-term and long-term management strategies that control current cyanobacterial blooms and restore the ecosystem. In addition, the development and application of new technologies, such as big data and machine learning, are promising approaches.

scholarly journals Performance of Polyester-Based Electrospun Scaffolds under In Vitro Hydrolytic Conditions: From Short-Term to Long-Term Applications

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 786 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oscar Gil-Castell ◽  
José David Badia ◽  
Jordi Bou ◽  
Amparo Ribes-Greus
Keyword(s):  
Molar Mass ◽  
Pure Water ◽  
Phosphate Buffer Solution ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Electrospun Scaffolds ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Short Time

The evaluation of the performance of polyesters under in vitro physiologic conditions is essential to design scaffolds with an adequate lifespan for a given application. In this line, the degradation-durability patterns of poly(lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA), polydioxanone (PDO), polycaprolactone (PCL) and polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) scaffolds were monitored and compared giving, as a result, a basis for the specific design of scaffolds from short-term to long-term applications. For this purpose, they were immersed in ultra-pure water and phosphate buffer solution (PBS) at 37 °C. The scaffolds for short-time applications were PLGA and PDO, in which the molar mass diminished down to 20% in a 20–30 days lifespan. While PDO developed crystallinity that prevented the geometry of the fibres, those of PLGA coalesced and collapsed. The scaffolds for long-term applications were PCL and PHB, in which the molar mass followed a progressive decrease, reaching values of 10% for PCL and almost 50% for PHB after 650 days of immersion. This resistant pattern was mainly ascribed to the stability of the crystalline domains of the fibres, in which the diameters remained almost unaffected. From the perspective of an adequate balance between the durability and degradation, this study may serve technologists as a reference point to design polyester-based scaffolds for biomedical applications.

scholarly journals Stability analysis of roadway embankments supported by stone columns with the presence of water table under short-term and long-term conditions

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 01013 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shaymaa Tareq Kadhim ◽  
Ziad Bashar Fouad
Keyword(s):  
Water Table ◽  
Factor Of Safety ◽  
Soft Soil ◽  
Stone Columns ◽  
Stone Column ◽  
Stability Factor ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Long Term Conditions ◽  
The Stability

Use of stone column technique to improve soft foundation soils under roadway embankments has proven to increase the bearing capacity and reduce the potential settlement. The potential contribution of stone columns to the stability of roadway embankments against general (i.e. deep-seated) failure needs to be thoroughly investigated. Therefore, a two-dimensional finite difference model implemented by FLAC/SLOPE 7.0 software, was employed in this study to assess the stability of a roadway embankment fill built on a soft soil deposit improved by stone column technique. The stability factor of safety was obtained numerically under both short-term and long-term conditions with the presence of water table. Two methods were adopted to convert the three-dimensional model into plane strain condition: column wall and equivalent improved ground methods. The effect of various parameters was studied to evaluate their influence on the factor of safety against embankment instability. For instance, the column diameter, columns’ spacing, soft soil properties for short-term and long-term conditions, and the height and friction angle of the embankment fill. The results of this study are developed in several design charts.

Stability and Construction of Caverns for The Disposal Of Cemented Low-And Medium-Level Wastes

1981 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Raab ◽  
C. Frohn ◽  
M.W. Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Stability Analysis ◽  
Vertical Axis ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Medium Level ◽  
Practical Engineering ◽  
The Stability ◽  
The One ◽  
Salt Caverns

ABSTRACTThe geomechanical and mining-technological aspects of the construction of salt caverns as disposal chambers have been investigated during project phase 2, completed by mid 1981. With a view towards the stability analysis of such a cavern, FEM-estimates have been carried out and evaluated. From these it can be derived that- a rotational ellipsoid would be the most suitable shape- its dimensions should be 82 m (vertical axis) and 42 m (horizontal axis)- the distance (safety pillar) between the neighbouring caverns should be 170 m (vertical) and 180 m (horizontal).For practical engineering purposes the rotational ellipsoid can be modified into a cylinder with conic bottom and top. The numerical model simulated the short term as well as the long term characteristics of the surrounding salt rocks. The short term characteristics were assessed by an elastic approach, the long term characteristics by a rheological model. The input parameters have been determined by means of laboratory tests on ASSE rock salt.In a second step the characteristics of partially and completely filled caverns were simulated. It was shown clearly that deformation of the salt rock comes to a halt when counteracted by the filling.Based upon the results of the stability analysis, investigations were made to find out a suitable mining technique for the construction of the cavern. Solution mining and conventional development by means of drilling and blasting have been studied alternatively. Since both methods have their advantages and disadvantages a decision in favour of the one or the other cannot be made until the actual site has been defined.

scholarly journals A Computation Model for Planned and Functional Systems using Enterprise Information Technologies

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 4371-4375
Keyword(s):  
Information Technologies ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Real World Data ◽  
Enterprise Information ◽  
Medium Scale ◽  
Network Process ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Financial Losses

All the large scale and medium scale companies have the anticipation of obtaining long term benefits perhaps of short term financial losses, probable breakdown as well. For that Enterprise Information Technologies (EIT) put into service by many large scale and medium scale companies in an increasing number in the expectation of achieving long term benefits. EIT is a very costly and risky asset of Information Technology and the assessment is done based on the increase in the production and the reinforcement of corporate restructure through the business integration process. To work out this, we propose Analytical Network Process (ANP) to handle distinguished assessment of associated set of evident, critical and operational attributes. To illustrate the stability and the consequential administrative significance, we perform analyzes and carry out experiments with real-world data.

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