scholarly journals 4. Characteristics Of Some Potential Forages In Indonesia In Reducing Methane (Ch4) Emission From Ruminants: Benefits And Limitations

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Amriana Hifizah
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Pennisetum Purpureum ◽  
Panicum Maximum ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Cassava Leaves ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Ipomea Batatas ◽  
Setaria Sphacelata

Animal production can be more efficient and also sustainable if we reduce CH4 production from ruminal fermentation. One option is to find alternative forages that modify rumen fermentation. CH4 is not only harmful the environment but also means loss to the animals. All of the aspects of the issue is related to the condition of ruminant’s farm in Indonesia. Some other forages that are mainly fed as protein source to ruminants, are: cassava leaves, sweet potato leaves, soya bean leaves, tofu waste, leaves of Artocarpus heterophyllus, Musa paradisiaca L, Ipomea batatas. Roughage sources are hays of Panicum maximum, Pennisetum purpureum, and Setaria sphacelata and the concentrate sources mainly corn, rice bran and cassava waste, and corn cobs. However, there are very limited studies in finding alternative forages that can both increase animals productivity and also reduce CH4 production. Only forages relevant to Indonesia that have been studied in vitro is reviewed in this article, about its potential in reducing CH4 production from rumen fermentation. Even though some forages reduce CH4, it could negatively influence digestibility, hence less productivity. Some studies indicated that it was due to the fat content of the forage while others indicated that the concentration of the bioactive compounds such as condensed tannin influence the side effect of low CH4 ruminal production.

scholarly journals 44 Effect of Quebracho (Schinopsis balansae) extract inclusion in a high roughage diet upon in vitro gas production

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 53-54
Author(s):  
Luiz Fernando Dias Batista ◽  
Madeline E Rivera ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
Jordan Adams ◽  
Roberta Cracco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Random Coefficients ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production ◽  
Schinopsis Balansae

Abstract The utilization of natural plant secondary compounds as feed additives in animal nutrition has been extensively studied because of their ability to modify digestive and metabolic functions. Condensed tannin (CT) supplementation can potentially alter ruminal fermentation, and mitigate methane (CH4) emissions. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of quebracho CT extract (QT; Schinopsis balansae) within a roughage-based diet on overall fermentability and CH4 production utilizing the in vitro gas production technique (IVGP). Twenty rumen cannulated steers (227 ± 19 kg) were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments (n=4): QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0, QT1, QT2, and QT3). A roughage-based diet containing 88% bermudagrass hay and 12% concentrate was fed daily at 2.1% of shrunk body weight. The animals were adapted to the basal diet for 24-d then introduced to predetermined treatments for 35d. Rumen inoculum was collected weekly from each steer to perform the incubations. Two hundred milligrams of air-dried base diet were incubated for 48-h with a composite rumen inoculum for each treatment over 5 wk. Kinetic analysis of cumulative 48h gas production was performed using Gasfit. Measurements of CH4 were performed via gas chromatography and digested residue was determined post-incubation. Data were analyzed using a random coefficients model. Total gas production was higher for QT0 compared to QT1 and QT3 (P = 0.001), but not different from QT2 (P = 0.554). The fractional rate of gas production was higher for QT2 compared to QT0 (P = 0.011). First and second pool gas production decreased linearly as QT inclusion increased (P = 0.042 and 0.010, respectively). There was no dietary effect in ivNDFD (P = 0.567). However, there was a linear tendency to decrease CH4 production with the addition of QT (P=0.071) likely due to changes in the microbial population.

296 Effects of Phytogenic Additives Combinations on in vitro Methane Production and Ruminal Fermentation

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 157-158
Author(s):  
Nelson Vera ◽  
Sandra Suescun-Ospina ◽  
Rita Astudillo ◽  
Antonia Muñoz ◽  
Rodrigo Allende ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Plant Secondary Metabolites ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Feed Additives ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Oregano Essential Oil ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Quebracho Tannin ◽  
Fermentation Parameters ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Replacing synthetic feed additives by plant secondary metabolites (PSM) as essential oils, saponins and tannins has been proposed, due to their potential to reduce methane (CH4) emissions, without adverse effects on ruminal fermentation. This study aimed to evaluate the use of oregano essential oil (OR), quillaja saponin (QS), and quebracho tannin (QT) extracts and their combinations as feed additives on in vitro CH4 production and rumen fermentation parameters. The design was an incomplete factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block with seven treatments using batch culture. Dietary treatments were: control (CON), without plant extracts; OR (0.07% dry matter [DM] basis of the diet); QS (0.05% DM); QT (1.00% DM); and binary combinations QT+QS (1.00 and 0.05% DM, respectively); OR+QS (0.07 and 0.05% DM, respectively); and OR+QT (0.07 and 1.00% DM, respectively). The forage to concentrate ratio was 51:49. Forage was composed of corn silage (42.0%) and perennial ryegrass and white clover hay (9.0%); concentrate was based on high–moisture corn (33.0%), soybean meal (15.0%), vitamin and mineral salt (1%). All combinations decreased the net CH4 and its production (P ≤ 0.038 and P ≤ 0.027, respectively). However, the interaction between QT and QS decreased CH4 yield (P = 0.046), whereas OR and QS interaction, trended to decreased CH4 yield (P = 0.068) and the in vitro DM disappearance (IVDMD; P = 0.055). In contrast, the interaction between OR and QT decreased the IVDMD (P = 0.036). The gas output, partitioning factor and pH, were unaffected (P ≥ 0.066) by PSM, separately or in combinations. The results suggest that QT+QS is the best PSM combination to reduce the amount of CH4 per g DM degraded without adversely impacting rumen fermentation and diet digestibility. Although OR+QT or OR+QS are also an alternative to reduce CH4, its combination may also reduce diet digestibility.

scholarly journals An in vitro study on the ability of polyethylene glycol to inhibit the effect of quebracho tannins and tannic acid on rumen fermentation in sheep, goats, cows, and deer

2004 ◽  
Vol 55 (11) ◽  
pp. 1125 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. Frutos ◽  
G. Hervás ◽  
F. J. Giráldez ◽  
A. R. Mantecón
Keyword(s):  
Polyethylene Glycol ◽  
Tannic Acid ◽  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Rumen Microorganisms ◽  
Ruminant Species

Abstract. Batch cultures of rumen microorganisms, using rumen fluids from 4 ruminant species, sheep, goats, cows, and deer, were used to study the ability of polyethylene-glycol (PEG 6000) to inhibit the effect of 2 types of tannins, quebracho (QUE, a condensed tannin) and tannic acid (TA, a hydrolysable tannin) on several in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics. Both QUE and TA were able to impair ruminal fermentation (they reduced gas production, extent of degradation, ammonia-N, and volatile fatty acid concentrations, etc.; P < 0.05), with differences depending on the inoculum donor. The clearest effect of tannins was the reduction of the rates of fermentation, which was observed in all species (P < 0.05). The detrimental effects of tannins were removed by the presence of PEG in most cases, but there were important variations and noticeable exceptions. Thus, for instance, PEG failed to revert the negative effect of TA on the rate of fermentation and the extent of degradation (P < 0.05). The extent of the limited ability of PEG to completely inhibit the negative effects of tannins on in vitro ruminal fermentation seems to depend both on the type of tannin and the species of the rumen inoculum donor.

scholarly journals Effects of Hydrolysable Tannin with or without Condensed Tannin on Alfalfa Silage Fermentation Characteristics and In Vitro Ruminal Methane Production, Fermentation Patterns, and Microbiota

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 1967
Author(s):  
Lei Chen ◽  
Xueyan Bao ◽  
Gang Guo ◽  
Wenjie Huo ◽  
Qingfang Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Hydrolysable Tannin ◽  
Butyrivibrio Fibrisolvens ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Silage Fermentation ◽  
Alfalfa Silage ◽  
The Individual

This study was conducted to evaluate the potential of hydrolysable tannin (chestnut tannin, CHT) without or with condensed tannin (quebracho tannin, QT) for modulating alfalfa silage fermentation characteristics and in vitro ruminal methane (CH4) production, fermentation profile, and microbiota. Alfalfa (235 g/kg fresh weight) was ensiled with no tannins (control), 2% CHT (CHT2), 5% CHT (CHT5), the combination of CHT and QT at 1% each (CHQ2), and CHT and QT at 2.5% each (CHQ5) of forage dry matter (DM). The CHQ2 treatment was more effective in reducing DM losses, pH, and ammonia–nitrogen to total nitrogen ratios of alfalfa silage than CHT2 and CHT5 treatments. All tannin treatments decreased ruminal CH4 production, and the magnitude of the decrease was greater for the combinations than the individual ones. Total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations and DM degradation decreased by tannin treatments, but microbial protein (MCP) synthesis increased. The total VFA concentrations and DM degradation were lower with CHQ2 treatment than with CHT5 and CHQ5 treatments, but the MCP concentrations were comparable among these treatments. Tannin inclusion decreased the abundance of the anaerobic fungi Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens, but enhanced Fibrobacter succinogenes. The combination of CHT and QT alleviated the inhibition of CHT supply alone in Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens, Ruminobacer amylophilus, and Prevotella ruminicola as well as protease. The results revealed that a combination of HT from CHT and CT from QT at a low level can reduce proteolysis and CH4 production of alfalfa silage without impairing ruminal fermentation and microbiota.

scholarly journals The Influence of Extended Supplementation of Quebracho Extract to Beef Steers Consuming a Hay Diet on Digestion, Ruminal, and Blood Parameters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luiz F D. Batista ◽  
Madeline E Rivera ◽  
Aaron B Norris ◽  
James P Muir ◽  
Mozart A Fonseca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Condensed Tannin ◽  
Secondary Compounds ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Linear Fashion ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract The addition of natural plant secondary compounds to ruminant feed has been extensively studied because of their ability to modify digestive and metabolic functions, resulting in a potential reduction in greenhouse gas emissions, among other benefits. Condensed tannin (CT) supplementation may alter ruminal fermentation and mitigate methane (CH4) emissions. This study’s objective was to determine the effect of quebracho CT extract (QT; Schinopsis quebracho-colorado (Schltdl.) F.A. Barkley & T. Meyer) within a roughage-based diet on ruminal digestibility and kinetic parameters by using the in situ and in vitro gas production techniques, in addition to blood urea N (BUN) and ruminal (VFA, NH3-N, and protozoa count) parameters. Twenty rumen-cannulated steers were randomly assigned to four dietary treatments: QT at 0, 1, 2, and 3% of DM (QT0: 0% CT; QT1: 0.70% CT; QT2: 1.41% CT; and QT3: 2.13% CT). The in situ DMD increased linearly (P = 0.048) as QT inclusion increased, whereas in situ NDFD was not altered among treatments (P = 0.980). Neither total VFA concentration nor acetate-to-propionate ratio differed among dietary treatments (P = 0.470 and P = 0.873, respectively). However, QT3 had lower isovalerate and isobutyrate concentrations compared to QT0 (P ≤ 0.025). Ruminal NH3 and BUN tended to decline (P ≤ 0.075) in a linear fashion as QT inclusion increased, suggesting decreased deamination of feed protein. Ruminal protozoa count was reduced in quadratic fashion (P = 0.005) as QT inclusion increased, where QT1 and QT2 were lower compared to QT0 and QT3. Urinary N excretion tended to reduce in a linear fashion (P = 0.080) as QT increased. There was a TRT × day interaction for in vitro total gas production and fractional rate of gas production (P = 0.013 and P = 0.007, respectively), and in vitro NDFD tended to be greater for QT treatments compared to no QT inclusion (P = 0.077). There was a TRT × day interaction (P = 0.001) on CH4 production, with QT3 having less CH4 production relative to QT0 on d 0 and QT2 on d 7 and 28. Feeding QT up to 3% of the dietary DM in a roughage-based diet did not sacrifice overall DM digestibility and ruminal parameters over time. Still, it is unclear why QT2 did not follow the same pattern as in vitro gas parameters. Detailed evaluations of amino acid degradation might be required to fully define CT influences on ruminal fermentation parameters and CH4 production.

PSXIII-8 Effects of different sources of Zn on in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility of a lactation diet

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 466-466
Author(s):  
Angela R Boyer ◽  
Yun Jiang ◽  
Alon Blakeney ◽  
Dennis Nuzback ◽  
Brooke Humphrey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Minimum Concentration ◽  
High Metal Content ◽  
Different Sources

Abstract Vistore® minerals are hydroxychloride minerals that feature high metal content and improved bioavailability. This study was conducted to compare different sources of zinc (Zn) on in vitro rumen fermentation parameters. Three ruminally-cannulated Jersey heifers were adapted to a lactation diet for two weeks before used as donors. Three sources of Zn were tested at 20 ppm: No supplemental Zn (CON), ZnSO4, Vistore Zn, and another Zn hydroxychloride (Vistore-competitor). The concentration of Zn in this study was selected from a titration study (0 to 40 ppm ZnSO4) to identify the minimum concentration of ZnSo4 affecting rumen fermentation. The lactation diet (TMR) was dried and ground to 1mm and used as substrate. Rumen fluid was collected two hours after feeding. Substrate (0.5 g) was inoculated with 100 mL of 3:1 McDougall’s buffer: ruminal flued mixture at 39ºC for 24 h. Each treatment was run in triplicate and in three runs. Data were analyzed with R 3.0. The model included fixed effect of treatment and random effect of run. ZnSO4 reduced (P &lt; 0.05) maximum gas production, DMD (54 vs. 55.9%) and cellulose (27.5 and 40.7%) digestibility. acetate to propionate ration (2.20 vs. 2.24) and NH3-N concentration (6.0 vs. 7.0 mg/dL), increased (P &lt; 0.05) propionate % (27.2 vs 26.7%) compared to control. Vistore had higher pH than control (6.44 vs. 6.40, P = 0.02) but did not affect other parameters compared to CON. Vistore-competitor reduced total VFA production compared to control, ZnSO4, and Vistore (94 vs. 102, 106 and 107 mM, respectively, P = 0.01) but did not affect other parameters. In general, Vistore Zn maintained in vitro ruminal fermentation and digestibility, while ZnSO4 had negative effects on both fermentation and digestibility and Vistore-competitor reduced total VFAs. Results indicate hydroxychloride minerals may stabilize rumen parameters versus sulfate sources but different hydroxychloride sources appear to influence rumen parameters differently.

scholarly journals Pomegranate seed oil rich in conjugated linolenic acids reduces in vitro methane production

1970 ◽  
Vol 46 (3) ◽  
pp. 325-335
Author(s):  
E. Maleki ◽  
G.Y. Meng ◽  
M. Faseleh Jahromi ◽  
R. Jorfi ◽  
A. Khoddami ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methane Production ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Seed Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Nutrient Utilization ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Ch4 Production

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) seed oil (PSO) on gas and methane (CH4) production, ruminal fermentation and microbial populations under in vitro conditions. Three treatments consisting of a control diet containing 10 mg tallow (CON); the control diet with 5 mg PSO + 5 mg tallow (MPSO) and the control diet containing 10 mg PSO (HPSO) were compared. Ten mg of the experimental fat/oil samples were inserted into a gas-tight 100 mL plastic syringe containing 30 mL of an incubation inoculum and 250 mg of a basic substrate of a hay/concentrate (1/1, w/w) mixture. In vitro gas production was recorded over 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h of incubation. After 24 hours, incubation was stopped, and methane production, pH, volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and microbial counts were measured in the inoculant. Gas production at 4, 6, 8, 10, 12 and 24 h incubation, metabolizable energy and in vitro organic matter disappearance increased linearly and quadratically as level of PSO increased. Furthermore, the 10 mg PSO (HPSO) decreased CH4 production by 21.0% compared with the control (CON) group. There were no significant differences in total and individual VFA concentrations between different levels of PSO, except for butyric acid. After 24 h of incubation, methanogenesis decreased in the HPSO compared with the MPSO and CON treatments. In addition, total bacteria and protozoa counts increased with rising PSO levels, while population methanogenesis declined significantly. These results suggested that PSO could reduce methane emissions, which might be beneficial to nutrient utilization and growth in ruminants.

scholarly journals Effect of Eucalyptus globulus leaves extracts on in vitro rumen fermentation, methanogenesis, degradability and protozoa population

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 753-767 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amina Boussaada ◽  
Rabah Arhab ◽  
Serena Calabrò ◽  
Raffaella Grazioli ◽  
Maria Ferrara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
Ethyl Acetate Extract ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Aqueous Extracts ◽  
Ch4 Production ◽  
In Vitro Gas Production

Abstract The aim of the research was to evaluate the effect of three Eucalyptus globulus extracts rich in phenolic compounds, especially flavonoids, on rumen fermentation, methane (CH4) production, organic matter degradability and protozoa population using an in vitro gas production technique. Four concentrations (0, 50, 75 and 100 mg) of three Eucalyptus extracts (ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous) were added to a diet of ruminants (forage: concentrate ratio 60:40) and incubated at 39°C under anaerobiosis with buffered rumen fluid. After 24 h, the fermentation fluid was analysed for ammonia-N and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Organic matter degradability (OMD) and protozoa were also determined; in vitro gas production was also recorded and CH4 concentration was measured. Compared to the control, CH4 production was significantly lower for ethyl acetate extract (P<0.05), but higher for n-butanol and aqueous extracts. Production of ammonia- N was lower in all Eucalyptus extracts (P<0.05). Propionate production (P<0.05) increased for ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts, whereas no effect was registered for VFA, for all Eucalyptus extracts. Ethyl acetate extract decreased in vitro OMD (P<0.05), whereas n-butanol and aqueous extracts were comparable to the control. Protozoa population decreased (P<0.05) for all extracts in comparison with the control. Eucalyptus ethyl acetate extract might be promising to be used as a potent anti-methanogenic additive. Moreover, the assessment of the right dosage seems to be important to decrease methane production, without reducing feed nutritional value.

scholarly journals Nutritional Quality and In Vitro Rumen Fermentation Characteristics of Silage Prepared with Lucerne, Sweet Maize Stalk, and Their Mixtures

Agriculture ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 1205
Author(s):  
Musen Wang ◽  
Fujin Zhang ◽  
Xinxin Zhang ◽  
Ying Yun ◽  
Lei Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Nutritional Quality ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fermentation ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Fresh Matter ◽  
In Vitro Rumen Fermentation

The objective of this work was to evaluate the pH, chemical composition, minerals, vitamins, and in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics of silage prepared with lucerne, sweet maize stalk (MS), and their mixtures. Freshly chopped lucerne and MS were combined in ratios of 100:0 (M0, control), 80:20 (M20), 60:40 (M40), 40:60 (M60), 20:80 (M80), and 0:100 (M100) on a fresh matter basis. Each treatment was prepared in triplicate, and a total of eighteen silos were fermented for 65 days. After 65 days of fermentation, the pH values in M0, M20, M40, M60, M80, and M100 silages were 5.47, 4.84, 4.23, 4.13, 3.79, and 3.61, respectively. As the MS proportion in the mixtures increased, silage K, Ca, P, Na, Fe, and Cu concentrations linearly decreased (p < 0.001) and so did vitamins B5 and K1 and α-tocopherol. In vitro rumen dry matter and organic matter degradability, pH, ammonia, total volatile fatty acid, and gas production linearly decreased (p < 0.01), while neutral detergent fiber concentration linearly increased (p < 0.001), with increasing proportion of MS. The in vitro dry matter and organic matter degradability rapidly decreased when the MS percentage was ≥60%. In conclusion, the M40 silage is the most suitable for livestock utilization in local forage production considering the balance of silage pH, nutritional quality, and in vitro ruminal fermentation characteristics.

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