Field Study Examines Wellhead-Penetrator Problems, Solutions in SAGD Operations

2021 ◽  
Vol 73 (10) ◽  
pp. 56-57
Author(s):  
Chris Carpenter
Keyword(s):  
Short Circuit ◽  
Accurate Determination ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mitigation Measures ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Time To Failure ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Tubing Hanger

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 201167, “Wellhead-Penetrator Problems and Best Practices in ESP Thermal SAGD Applications,” by Pat Keough, SPE, Jesus Chacin, SPE, and Kyle Ehman, SPE, ConocoPhillips, prepared for the 2020 SPE Virtual Artificial Lift Conference and Exhibition–Americas, 10–12 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Wellhead penetrators are a critical component in electrical submersible pump (ESP) systems. Harsh steam-assisted gravity-drive (SAGD) conditions impose an even higher level of stress on penetrators. Recently, a sudden increase in wellhead-penetrator failures in the Surmont SAGD ESP operation in Canada led to an enhanced fieldwide root-cause analysis (RCA). The complete paper is a field case study that describes the findings of this RCA and the mitigation measures taken. Introduction Fig. 1 shows a wellhead-penetrator assembly typically used in SAGD operations. This assembly consists of two main parts: a mandrel that seals against the wellhead while carrying power from the surface facilities through the tubing hanger and the lower field-attachable connector that splices the ESP cable and threads into the mandrel below the tubing hanger. Because of the design of the ESP, when an electrical-system failure is detected through traditional means, accurate determination of which electrical component has failed is impossible without first sending a rig, killing the well, removing a portion of the wellhead, disconnecting or cutting the penetrator or cable, and completing further resistance testing on the cable components. At Surmont, 230°C-rated penetrators had proved reliable and electrical failures were almost exclusively caused by a failed downhole component. The produced fluid temperature typically is below 230°C, somewhere between 180 and 220°C during normal operating conditions. However, approximately 12 months after a large installation campaign that almost quadrupled the Surmont ESP population, a sudden increase in penetrator failures was observed. Between late 2017 and early 2019, 18 penetrator failures occurred. These failures accounted for approximately 25% of the ESP-related events in Surmont during this period. These penetrator failures occurred at different runtimes, varying from 148 to almost 900 days, with most occurring 12 to 18 months after being installed. In all instances, penetrator failures occurred at runtimes shorter than the expected ESP mean time to failure (MTTF) of the ESP population. Failure Investigations: Approach, Results, and Recommendations At the end of Q1 2018, the first five failures occurred in succession, which prompted a failure investigation on this group of wells. Nearly all field measurements pointed to a short circuit in the field-attachable connector. Given the special nature of the penetrator design and construction, it was thought necessary to send failed specimens to the manufacturer. Dismantles showed that, in all cases, the high- modulus tape was missing. Without the tape in place, rubbing of leads, development of wear, and an eventual short were all possible when considering excessive thermal expansion. RCA techniques were conducted and identified the potential contributing causes described in this subsection.

scholarly journals Core Stress Analysis of Amorphous Alloy Transformer for Rail Transit under Different Working Conditions

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Jianwei Shao ◽  
Cuidong Xu ◽  
Ka Wai Eric Cheng
Keyword(s):  
Amorphous Alloy ◽  
Working Conditions ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Iron Core ◽  
Rail Transit ◽  
Transit System ◽  
The Core ◽  
Distribution Transformers

The rail transit system is a large electric vehicle system that is strongly dependent on the energy technologies of the power system. The use of new energy-saving amorphous alloy transformers can not only reduce the loss of rail transit power, but also help alleviate the power shortage situation and electromagnetic emissions. The application of the transformer in the field of rail transit is limited by the problem that amorphous alloy is prone to debris. this paper studied the stress conditions of amorphous alloy transformer cores under different working conditions and determined that the location where the core is prone to fragmentation, which is the key problem of smoothly integrating amorphous alloy distribution transformers on rail transit power supply systems. In this study, we investigate the changes in the electromagnetic field and stress of the amorphous alloy transformer core under different operating conditions. The finite element model of an amorphous alloy transformer is established and verified. The simulation results of the magnetic field and stress of the core under different working conditions are given. The no-load current and no-load loss are simulated and compared with the actual experimental data to verify practicability of amorphous alloy transformers. The biggest influence on the iron core is the overload state and the maximum value is higher than the core stress during short circuit. The core strain caused by the side-phase short circuit is larger than the middle-phase short circuit.

scholarly journals Research on operating conditions of electric propulsion ships under transformer interturn short circuit

2021 ◽  
Vol 1976 (1) ◽  
pp. 012041
Author(s):  
Bo Ma ◽  
Xixiu Wu ◽  
Wenyu Ma ◽  
Qichao Zhang ◽  
Bowen Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Electric Propulsion ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Operating Conditions

A Simple Design Approach for Excitation Controller and Power System Stabilizer

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Fusco ◽  
M. Russo
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Transient Stability ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Design Procedure ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Power System Stabilizer ◽  
Simple Design ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
System Stabilizer

This paper proposes a simple design procedure to solve the problem of controlling generator transient stability following large disturbances in power systems. A state-feedback excitation controller and power system stabilizer are designed to guarantee robustness against uncertainty in the system parameters. These controllers ensure satisfactory swing damping and quick decay of the voltage regulation error over a wide range of operating conditions. The controller performance is evaluated in a case study in which a three-phase short-circuit fault near the generator terminals in a four-bus power system is simulated.

Improved infrared temperature mapping of elastohydrodynamic contacts

2009 ◽  
Vol 223 (8) ◽  
pp. 1165-1177 ◽  
Author(s):  
T Reddyhoff ◽  
H A Spikes ◽  
A V Olver
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Mapping Technique ◽  
Shear Stresses ◽  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Ir Camera ◽  
Full Field ◽  
Group I ◽  
Increased Sensitivity

An effective means of studying lubricant rheology within elastohydrodynamic contacts is by detailed mapping of the temperature of the fluid and the bounding surfaces within the lubricated contact area. In the current work, the experimental approach initially developed by Sanborn and Winer and then by Spikes et al., has been advanced to include a high specification infrared (IR) camera and microscope. Besides the instantaneous capture of full field measurements, this has the advantage of increased sensitivity and higher spatial resolution than previous systems used. The increased sensitivity enables a much larger range of testable operating conditions: namely lower loads, speeds, and reduced sliding. In addition, the range of test lubricants can be extended beyond high shearing traction fluids. These new possibilities have been used to investigate and compare the rheological properties of a range of lubricants: namely a group I and group II mineral oil, a polyalphaolephin (group IV), the traction fluid Santotrac 50, and 5P4E, a five-ring polyphenyl-ether. As expected, contact temperatures increased with lubricant refinement, for the mineral base oils tested. Using moving heat source theory, the measured temperature distributions were converted into maps showing rate of heat input into each surface, from which shear stresses were calculated. The technique could therefore be validated by integrating these shear stress maps, and comparing them with traction values obtained by direct measurement. Generally there was good agreement between the two approaches, with the only significant differences occurring for 5P4E, where the traction that was deduced from the temperature over-predicted the traction by roughly 15 per cent. Of the lubricants tested, Santotrac 50 showed the highest average traction over the contact; however, 5P4E showed the highest maximum traction. This observation is only possible using the IR mapping technique, and is obscured when measuring the traction directly. Both techniques showed the effect of shear heating causing a reduction in traction.

Life Prediction of Directionally Solidified Air Cooled HPT Gas Turbine Blade Used in a Supersonic Aircraft Using FEM

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Esakki Muthu ◽  
S. Dileep ◽  
S. Saji Kumar ◽  
D. K. Girish
Keyword(s):  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Turbine Blade ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Facility ◽  
Time To Failure ◽  
Generation Process ◽  
Gas Turbine Blade ◽  
Directionally Solidified ◽  
Life Estimation ◽  
Supersonic Aircraft

Life estimation of Directionally Solidified (DS) MARM-247 HPT gas turbine blade used in a turbofan engine of a supersonic aircraft is presented. These blades were drafted into the engine as a replacement for the polycrystal (NIMONIC) blades since a more efficient, reliable and durable material with high strength and temperature resistance was required to further enhance the life of the turbine blade and the efficiency of the power generation process. The supersonic aircraft is having a repeated mission cycle of a fast acceleration from idle, a 1hr cruise at Mach 1.5 and a fast deceleration to idle. The mission cycle which is a repetition of acceleration, cruise and deceleration cycles can produce wide variety of complex loading conditions which can result in HCF, LCF and creep damage of the turbine blade. Empirical equation of the universal slope developed by Manson was used to estimate the damage component due to LCF. The cumulative stresses and strains due to creep as a function of time was determined using Time hardening rule. Creep data for MARM-247 was correlated using LMP to predict the lives to 1% of creep strain at worst possible combination of temperature and stress value. Damage due to creep per mission cycle was determined using Life fraction Rule proposed by Robinson and Taira. The vibration characteristics of the turbine blade were predicted using Modal analysis. Campbell diagram was plotted to ascertain whether any nozzle passing frequency fall within the working range of the blade. Harmonic analysis was carried out to evaluate the magnitude of the alternating stresses resulting from the blade vibrations at resonance during the acceleration and deceleration cycle. HCF life of the turbine blade was assessed using Goodman diagram. The total damage of the turbine blade per mission cycle due to the above loading was assumed as the combination of the individual damage due to fatigue and creep. Time to failure under combined creep and fatigue damage was estimated using linear damage rule. Non linear features of FEA tool ANSYS12.0 was exploited to calculate the stress distribution, creep, plastic and the total strain encountered by the turbine blade as a function of mission cycle time. The loading spectrum associated with the mission cycle which includes the temperature, gas pressure and the speed profiles were obtained from a sophisticated engine ground test facility which was configured to simulate actual engine operating conditions. The proposed method of cyclic life estimation using FEM was validated by performing various component and engine level tests. A good agreement was observed between the calculated and observed blade lives.

scholarly journals Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of a Linear Focus CPV/T System for Cogeneration Purposes

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Renno
Keyword(s):  
Focal Length ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
T System

The knowledge of the actual energy performances of a concentrating photovoltaic and thermal (CPV/T) system with a linear focus optics, allows to evaluate the possibility of adopting this type of system for cogeneration purposes. Hence, the main aim of this paper is the design, realization, setting and modeling of a linear focus CPV/T system in the high concentration field. An experimental linear focus CPV/T plant was created in order to determine its electrical and thermal performance under different working conditions in terms of environment temperature, sunny and cloudy conditions, focal length, etc. Moreover, a theoretical model of the linear focus CPV/T system was also studied. This model evaluates the temperatures of the working fluid that flows in the cooling circuit of the CPV/T system under several operating conditions. The temperatures of the triple junction (TJ) cells, experimentally evaluated referring to different solar radiation and atmospheric conditions, were considered as the input data for the model. The values of the fluid temperature, theoretically and experimentally determined, were thus compared with good agreement. The electrical production of the CPV/T system depends generally on the TJ cell characteristics and the concentration factor, while the thermal production is above all linked to the system configuration and the direct normal irradiance (DNI) values. Hence, in this paper the electric power obtained by the linear-focus CPV/T system was evaluated referring to the cogeneration applications, and it was verified if the TJ cell and the cooling fluid reach adequate temperature levels in this type of system, in order to match the electrical and the thermal loads of a user.

scholarly journals Simulation Model and State Analysis of Ship Transmission Line

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (s3) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Yanzhe Hu ◽  
Mengjie Xu ◽  
Yang Li
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Line ◽  
Simulation Model ◽  
Normal State ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
The State ◽  
Sudden Increase ◽  
Line System ◽  
Voltage Signal ◽  
Fault State ◽  
Sudden Load

Abstract In order to discuss the simulation model of the ship transmission line and the state of the transmission line, an early fault model is built according to the evolution principle of the short circuit fault of the transmission line and combining with the fault characteristics of the early fault. A small distributed ship transmission line system is built in MATLAB/ Simulink. Then, combined with the constructed fault module, the original short circuit module, and the load module, the various states (normal state, early fault state, severe early fault state, short circuit state) of the ship transmission line are stimulated, and the features of voltage signal in each state is analysed. It is concluded that, due to the normal operation of the ship transmission line system, the variation characteristics of the flow signal and voltage signal caused by the sudden load mutation, that is, the sudden load and the sudden increase load, are very similar to the changes caused by the early fault. Therefore, in order to find a more accurate early fault detection method, the state is divided into normal state, sudden load state, sudden increase and sudden decrease load state.

A Shape Memory Alloy-Based Morphing Axial Fan Blade—Part I: Blade Structure Design and Functional Characterization

2015 ◽  
Vol 138 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Annalisa Fortini ◽  
Alessio Suman ◽  
Nicola Aldi ◽  
Mattia Merlin ◽  
Michele Pinelli
Keyword(s):  
Shape Memory ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Functional Characterization ◽  
Structure Design ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Surface Pattern ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Axial Fan ◽  
Polymeric Matrices ◽  
Air Stream

The possibility to realize adaptive structures is of great interest in turbomachinery design, owing to the benefits related to enhanced performance and efficiency. To accomplish this, a challenging approach is the employment of shape memory alloys (SMAs), which can recover seemingly permanent strains by solid phase transformations whereby the so-called shape memory effect (SME) takes place. This paper presents the development of a heavy-duty automotive cooling axial fan with morphing blades activated by SMA strips that works as actuator elements in the polymeric blade structure. Concerning the fan performance, this new concept differs from a conventional viscous fan clutch solution especially during the nonstationary operating conditions. The blade design was performed in order to achieve the thermal activation of the strips by means of air stream flow. Two polymeric matrices were chosen to be tested in conjunction with a commercially available NiTi binary alloy, whose phase transformation temperatures (TTRs) were experimentally evaluated by imposing the actual operating thermal gradient. The SMA strips were then thermomechanically treated to memorize a bent shape and embedded in the polymeric blade. In a specifically designed wind tunnel, the different polymeric matrices equipped with the SMA strips were tested to assess the fluid temperature and surface pattern behavior of the blade. Upon heating, they tend to recover the memorized shape and the blade is forced to bend, leading to a camber variation and a trailing edge displacement. The recovery behavior of each composite structure (polymeric matrix with the SMA strips) was evaluated through digital image analysis techniques. The differences between the blade shape at the initial condition and at the maximum bending deformation were considered. According to these results, the best coupling of SMA strips and polymeric structure is assessed and its timewise behavior is compared to the traditional timewise behavior of a viscous fan clutch.

scholarly journals Flame stability limits of premixed low-swirl combustion

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 168781401879087 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yinli Xiao ◽  
Zhibo Cao ◽  
Changwu Wang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Field ◽  
Vortex Breakdown ◽  
Flame Structure ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Oh Radicals ◽  
Flame Stability ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Swirl Burner ◽  
Stability Limits

The objective of this study is to gain a fundamental understanding of the flow-field and flame behaviors associated with a low-swirl burner. A vane-type low-swirl burner with different swirl numbers has been developed. The velocity field measurements are carried out with particle image velocimetry. The basic flame structures are characterized using OH radicals measured by planar laser-induced fluorescence. Three combustion regimes of low-swirl flames are identified depending on the operating conditions. For the same low-swirl injector under atmospheric conditions, attached flame is first observed when the incoming velocity is too low to generate vortex breakdown. Then, W-shaped flame is formed above the burner at moderate incoming velocity. Bowl-shaped flame structure is formed as the mixture velocity increases until it extinct. Local extinction and relight zones are observed in the low-swirl flame. Flow-field features and flame stability limits are obtained for the present burner.

SIMULASI KARAKTERISTIK ALIRAN DAN SUHU FLUIDA PENDINGIN (H2O) PADA TERAS REAKTOR NUKLIR SMR (SMALL MODULAR REACTOR)

ROTASI ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Anwar Ilmar Ramadhan ◽  
Indra Setiawan ◽  
M. Ivan Satryo
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Flow ◽  
Nuclear Reactor ◽  
Reactor Core ◽  
Heat Removal ◽  
Axial Direction ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fuel Reactor ◽  
Performance Of Heat Transfer

Safety is an issue that is of considerable concern in the design, operation and development of a nuclear reactor. Therefore, the method of analysis used in all these activities should be thorough and reliable so as to predict a wide range of operating conditions of the reactor, both under normal operating conditions and in the event of an accident. Performance of heat transfer to the cooling of nuclear fuel, reactor safety is key. Poor heat removal performance would threaten the integrity of the fuel cladding which could further impact on the release of radioactive substances into the environment in an uncontrolled manner to endanger the safety of the reactor workers, the general public, and the environment. This study has the objective is to know is profile contour of fluid flow and the temperature distribution pattern of the cooling fluid is water (H2O) in convection in to SMR reactor with fuel sub reed arrangement of hexagonal in forced convection. In this study will be conducted simulations on the SMR reactor core used sub channel hexagonal using CFD (Computational Fluid Dynamics) code. And the results of this simulation look more upward (vector of fluid flow) fluid temperature will be warm because the heat moves from the wall to the fluid heater. Axial direction and also looks more fluid away from the heating element temperature will be lower.

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