Practical Quantification of Sand Distribution from Perforation Erosion Measurements, An Example from Marcellus Shale

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Oliver Floyd Gabin ◽  
Gerardo Rivera ◽  
Stephane Pichon ◽  
Henry Jacot ◽  
Jason Archuleta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Marcellus Shale ◽  
Ultrasonic Measurement ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Limited Entry ◽  
Actual Volume ◽  
Step Down ◽  
Design Options

Abstract Unconventional wells require hydraulic fracturing to be economic. Several levers for improving well productivity are available including stage spacing, cluster spacing, and sand loading however much of the recent focus has been on perforation design as well as a more uniform distribution of sand and water. This paper proposes to evaluate how optimizing the perforation strategy might enhance stimulation distribution along the lateral, in the Marcellus shale. Three different perforation designs were tested for better understanding of perforation efficiency, when considering design options such as perforation diameter, tapered perforating, and Extreme Limited Entry (XLE). A combination of step down tests, downhole perforation imaging and modeling are used to compare the different designs and support the conclusions. Downhole ultrasonic perforation imaging, even if it only captures an end-of-job snapshot, provides valuable insight to the dynamics of limited entry perforating and sand distribution. The pre-fracture diameter is identified as a key uncertainty, while post-fracture measurements show variations from the specifications of the shape charge and, in some instances smaller perforation diameters when compared to the expected value. The current dataset allows for a better understanding on the concept of erosion and how to correlate erosion with actionable design parameters such as perforation diameter or rate per perf. Downhole ultrasonic measurement of the perforation exit diameter, along with the corresponding erosion assumptions, are combined with modeling to recreate the rate and pressure evolution along the fracture stage., In addition, one can infer the actual volume of sand placed in each cluster in order to provide a quantitative assessment for future performance evaluation.

Impact of the Cluster Spacing on Hydraulic Fracture Conductivity and Productivity of a Marcellus Shale Horizontal Well

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohamed El Sgher ◽  
Kashy Aminian ◽  
Ameri Samuel
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracture ◽  
Marcellus Shale ◽  
Technical Information ◽  
Gas Production ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Fracture Conductivity ◽  
Fracture Properties ◽  
Gas Recovery ◽  
The Impact

Abstract The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of the hydraulic fracturing treatment design, including cluster spacing and fracturing fluid volume on the hydraulic fracture properties and consequently, the productivity of a horizontal Marcellus Shale well with multi-stage fractures. The availability of a significant amount of advanced technical information from the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL) provided an opportunity to perform an integrated analysis to gain valuable insight into optimizing fracturing treatment and the gas recovery from Marcellus shale. The available technical information from a horizontal well at MSEEL includes well logs, image logs (both vertical and lateral), diagnostic fracture injection test (DFIT), fracturing treatment data, microseismic recording during the fracturing treatment, production logging data, and production data. The analysis of core data, image logs, and DFIT provided the necessary data for accurate prediction of the hydraulic fracture properties and confirmed the presence and distribution of natural fractures (fissures) in the formation. Furthermore, the results of the microseismic interpretation were utilized to adjust the stress conditions in the adjacent layers. The predicted hydraulic fracture properties were then imported into a reservoir simulation model, developed based on the Marcellus Shale properties, to predict the production performance of the well. Marcellus Shale properties, including porosity, permeability, adsorption characteristics, were obtained from the measurements on the core plugs and the well log data. The Quanta Geo borehole image log from the lateral section of the well was utilized to estimate the fissure distribution s in the shale. The measured and published data were utilized to develop the geomechnical factors to account for the hydraulic fracture conductivity and the formation (matrix and fissure) permeability impairments caused by the reservoir pressure depletion during the production. Stress shadowing and the geomechanical factors were found to play major roles in production performance. Their inclusion in the reservoir model provided a close agreement with the actual production performance of the well. The impact of stress shadowing is significant for Marcellus shale because of the low in-situ stress contrast between the pay zone and the adjacent zones. Stress shadowing appears to have a significant impact on hydraulic fracture properties and as result on the production during the early stages. The geomechanical factors, caused by the net stress changes have a more significant impact on the production during later stages. The cumulative gas production was found to increase as the cluster spacing was decreased (larger number of clusters). At the same time, the stress shadowing caused by the closer cluster spacing resulted in a lower fracture conductivity which in turn diminished the increase in gas production. However, the total fracture volume has more of an impact than the fracture conductivity on gas recovery. The analysis provided valuable insight for optimizing the cluster spacing and the gas recovery from Marcellus shale.

Quantitative Assessment of the Effects of Strain on Future III-V Digital Applications

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 37-42
Author(s):  
Umesh P. Gomes ◽  
Kumud Ranjan ◽  
Subhra Chowdhury ◽  
Palash Das ◽  
Servin Rathi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Band Structure ◽  
Leakage Current ◽  
Quantitative Assessment ◽  
Compressive Strain ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Subthreshold Slope ◽  
Gate Leakage Current ◽  
Active Device ◽  
Strain Effects ◽  
Induced Changes

In this paper the strain effects on the performance and reliability of future digital III-V device are discussed. Strain is incorporated in the device during fabrication, packaging, and operation. A high amount of strain can introduce defects and cracks in the epilayer. The band structure of the active device region is also altered due to strain. These strain induced changes determine performance, reliability, and lifetime of the device. Therefore, it is necessary to consider strain effects while designing a device for a particular application. Here, compressive-strain-induced changes are used as design parameters and their impact on the logic performance of the device is studied. It is interpreted that the design significantly decreases the gate leakage current and improves the subthreshold slope.

Risk and Reliability Analysis of Geometric Design Criteria: A Critical Synthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 2673 (3) ◽  
pp. 386-398 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anusha Musunuru ◽  
Richard J. Porter ◽  
Tarek Sayed ◽  
Martin Fyfe
Keyword(s):  
Current Method ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Geometric Design ◽  
Performance Based Design ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Criteria ◽  
Design Decisions ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Input Design ◽  
Conservative Values

Highway and street designers deal with the challenge of designing for a broad range of driver, vehicle, and roadway characteristics and conditions. There is significant variability in design inputs and design controls that influence design criteria and design decisions. This variability has traditionally been considered implicitly through selected values for geometric design parameters and criteria. Average values are used when the variability in the input design parameters is small. Conservative values are used if the variability is larger, often the case within the highway geometric design context. Previous research has demonstrated that addressing this variability and uncertainty more explicitly as part of design decisions can lead to better-informed and more cost-effective design decisions. Probabilistic design approaches that quantify both risk and reliability have been successfully incorporated into other design disciplines for those reasons. These approaches have also been explored in the highway geometric design literature and have shown promise. They are likely to be central to future performance-based design initiatives, as outlined in a recently published framework on conducting performance-based geometric design analysis. Given the emerging importance of performance-based design and the need to address challenges regarding the current method of handling variability and uncertainty in the input design parameters, this paper presents a collective review and assessment of methodological alternatives for quantifying risk and reliability associated with geometric design criteria and decisions.

An Expanded Study of Proppant Distribution Trends from a Database of Eroded Perforation Images

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Glyn Roberts ◽  
Souvick Saha ◽  
Johanna Waldheim
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Fracturing ◽  
Distribution Patterns ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Multiple Parameters ◽  
Reservoir Stimulation ◽  
Limited Entry ◽  
Cluster Efficiency ◽  
Individual Cluster

Abstract This paper further develops an analysis of proppant distribution patterns in hydraulically fractured wells initially presented in SPE-199693-MS. A significantly enlarged database of in-situ perforation erosion measurements provides a more rigorous statistical basis allowing some previously reported trends to be updated, but the main objective of the paper is to present additional insights identified since the original paper was published. Measurements of the eroded area of individual perforations derived from downhole camera images again provide the input for this study. Entry hole enlargement during limited entry hydraulic fracturing provides strong and direct evidence that proppant was successfully placed into individual perforations. This provides a straightforward evaluation of cluster efficiency. Perhaps more importantly the volume of proppant placed into a perforation can also be inferred from the degree of erosion. Summing individual perforation erosion at cluster level allows patterns and biases to be identified and an understanding of proppant distribution across stages has been developed. Outcomes from an analysis of a database that now exceeds 50,000 eroded perforations are presented. Uniform reservoir stimulation is a key objective of fracture treatments but remains challenging to measure and report. The study therefore focused on understanding how uniformly proppant is distributed across more than 1,800 measured stages. Results demonstrate how proppant distribution within stages is influenced when treatment parameters change. Our approach was to vary one parameter, for example the stage length, while all other parameters were maintained at a consistent value. We investigated multiple parameters that can be readily controlled during treatment design and show how these can be manipulated to improve proppant distribution. These included stage length, cluster spacing, perforation count per cluster and perforation phase. Hydraulic fracturing is a complex, high energy process with numerous input parameters. At individual cluster and stage level outcomes can be unpredictable and diagnostic results are often quite variable. The approach taken here was to complete a statistical analysis of a sufficiently large dataset of in-situ measurements. This allowed common trends and patterns to be confidently identified and conclusions reached on how proppant distribution is affected by varying specific design parameters. This should be of interest and value to those designing hydraulic fracture treatments.

Scalable Electrical Model and Performance Analysis of a Novel Bar TSV Structure

2015 ◽  
Vol 645-646 ◽  
pp. 1024-1031
Author(s):  
Zhen Song Li ◽  
Min Miao ◽  
Shao Chun Yang ◽  
Da Cheng Yang
Keyword(s):  
Minimum Distance ◽  
Performance Comparison ◽  
Electrical Performance ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Electrical Model ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Array Density ◽  
Configuration Simulation ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Solver Performance

A novel Bar TSV(B-TSV) structure, formed by two semi-cylinders combining with a quadrangular is studied in this paper. This B-TSV structure extends the TSV design options by introducing new design parameters. The scalable electrical model of B-TSV is proposed and the effects of design parameters, such as the side length of quadrangular and the minimum distance between TSVs are investigated and concluded by a 3D electromagnetic solver. Performance comparison between B-TSV and the traditional cylindrical one is also provided by simulation under the Ground-Signal-Ground configuration. Simulation results show that B-TSV has better performance than the traditional one, and can be used to increase the TSV array density without degrading the electrical performance of TSV system.

scholarly journals Development of Full-Scale Ultrathin Shell Reflector

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Durmuş Türkmen ◽  
Ömer Soykasap ◽  
Şükrü Karakaya
Keyword(s):  
Focal Length ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Mass Ratio ◽  
Finite Element Program ◽  
Parabolic Reflector ◽  
Reflective Surface ◽  
Element Program ◽  
Design Options ◽  
Shell Composite

It is aimed that a new ultrathin shell composite reflector is developed considering different design options to optimize the stiffness/mass ratio, cost, and manufacturing. The reflector is an offset parabolic reflector with a diameter of 6 m, a focal length of 4.8 m, and an offset of 0.3 m and has the ability of folding and self-deploying. For Ku-band missions a full-scale offset parabolic reflector antenna is designed by considering different concepts of stiffening: (i) reflective surface and skirt, (ii) reflective surface and radial ribs, and (iii) reflective surface, skirt, and radial ribs. In a preliminary study, the options are modeled using ABAQUS finite element program and compared with respect to their mass, fundamental frequency, and thermal surface errors. It is found that the option of reflective surface and skirt is more advantageous. The option is further analyzed to optimize the stiffness/mass ratio considering the design parameters of material thickness, width of the skirt, and ply angles. Using the TOPSIS method is determined the best reflector concept among thirty different designs. Accordingly, new design can be said to have some advantages in terms of mass, natural frequency, number of parts, production, and assembly than both SSBR and AstroMesh reflectors.

A Multi-Body Dynamic Model for Analysis of Localized Track Responses in Vicinity of Rail Discontinuities

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (09) ◽  
pp. 1550058 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Askarinejad ◽  
M. Dhanasekar
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Responses ◽  
Railway Track ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Modeling And Analysis ◽  
Impact Forces ◽  
Noise Vibration ◽  
Multi Body ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Body Dynamic

Rail discontinuities are one of the main sources of wheel impact causing high levels of noise, vibration and stresses in railway track. Even though various multi-body train–track interaction models have been developed in the past decade, accurate modeling and analysis of the track dynamic behavior in the vicinity of rail discontinuities is rare in the literature. In this paper, formulation of a new explicit multi-body dynamic (MBD) model incorporating detailed wagon, wheel–rail subsystems and track containing a rail discontinuity (rail joint) is reported. The predictions of the localized track responses are validated using the data from two gapped rail joints in the field test. The validated model accurately determines the impact forces and dynamic responses. The simulation results provide valuable insight on the behavior of track in vicinity of a rail discontinuity, the sensitivity of the design parameters to the impact forces and the track dynamic responses currently unavailable in the literature.

scholarly journals Predicting the Performance of Undeveloped Multi-Fractured Marcellus Gas Wells Using an Analytical Flow-Cell Model (FCM)

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (6) ◽  
pp. 1734
Author(s):  
David Waters ◽  
Ruud Weijermars
Keyword(s):  
Cell Model ◽  
Marcellus Shale ◽  
Flow Cell ◽  
Production Performance ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Fracture Treatment ◽  
Gas Wells ◽  
Future Production ◽  
Historic Data ◽  
Treatment Design

The objective of the present study is to predict how changes in the fracture treatment design parameters will affect the production performance of new gas wells in a target zone of the Marcellus shale. A recently developed analytical flow-cell model can estimate future production for new wells with different completion designs. The flow-cell model predictions were benchmarked using historic data of 11 wells and 6 different completion designs. First, a type well was generated and used with the flow-cell model to predict the performance of the later infill wells—with variable completion designs—based off the performance of earlier wells. The flow-cell model takes into account known hyperbolic forecast parameters (qi, Di, and b-factor) and fracture parameters (height, half-length, and spacing) of a type well. Next, the flow-cell model generates the hyperbolic decline parameters for an offset well based on the selected changes in the fracture treatment design parameters. Using a numerical simulator, the flow-cell model was verified as an accurate modeling technique for forecasting the production performance of horizontal, multi-fractured, gas wells.

scholarly journals Simulation-Based Comparative Study on Energy Efficiency Criteria for LEED and BREEAM Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 2070 (1) ◽  
pp. 012222
Author(s):  
R Harisankar ◽  
P Rakesh
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Performance Improvement ◽  
Natural Ventilation ◽  
Residential Building ◽  
Green Building ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
System A ◽  
Design Options

Abstract Energy efficiency is regarded as one of the important elements of green building. Every Green Building Rating (GBR) system puts forward a set of criteria for energy efficiency and it is different for each system. A comparative study is done to distinguish between two GBR systems practiced worldwide-LEED and BREEAM, first on the criteria for energy efficiency and secondly on how efficient and effective each system in energy performance improvement. Building energy simulation tool, eQuest is used to obtain annual energy consumption of a case study multi-family dwelling residential building for its various design options. Different design cases were formulated by changing design parameters and the simulation results thus obtained are used for evaluating the performance improvement for energy, calculated as per the criteria for each system. This study primarily looks for the combinations which grab total achievable credits in energy efficiency for a particular system. For LEED, it was found that renewable energy allocation alone has the greater influence in achieving higher credits. For BREEAM, there requires specifically a considerable decrease in HVAC load which can be brought by the means of more natural ventilation or by adopting passive cooling techniques. BREEAM was also found more effective in reflecting any kind of improvement made in terms of awarding credits.

An Examination of the Propulsion System for the Compound Helicopter

1967 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lester B. Veno
Keyword(s):  
Direct Effect ◽  
Weight Ratio ◽  
Hybrid Vehicle ◽  
Propulsion System ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Power Weight ◽  
Future Performance ◽  
Performance Analyses ◽  
Compound Helicopter ◽  
Engine Power

The various design parameters which affect the performance versus speed of the compound helicopter are studied, such as disk loading, solidity, and tip speed schedule. Additional variables which are part of the compound design, such as propeller diameter, wing lift, and equivalent drag, are similarly studied. The interrelationship of each parameter is shown in terms of the total lift/propulsive power required. The study further presumes a fixed mission requirement against which each parameter is evaluated and optimized based on proper sizing and fuel usage. The study includes the direct effect of engine power/weight ratio and SFC. The paper lays a foundation for future performance analyses of this hybrid vehicle.

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