Efficient Water Softening for Avoidance of Scales in Heavy Oil Steam Floods

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prakhar Prakash ◽  
Reid Concienne ◽  
Trevor Demayo ◽  
Kirsten Towne
Keyword(s):  
System Reliability ◽  
Diffusion Control ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Steam Quality ◽  
Steam Generators ◽  
Fuel Savings ◽  
Salt Consumption ◽  
Inert Core ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion ◽  
Equipment Configuration

Abstract Pigging of Once Through Steam Generators (OTSGs) indicated various types of scales, the most predominant of these being silicates of hardness causing ions. It was noted that scaling propensity can potentially go up with higher Steam Quality (SQ) as the reject stream gets concentrated with ions. However, models suggested that there are benefits of higher SQ in enhancing fuel savings (8%) and electricity savings (2%) when SQ was increased by 20%. The challenges of higher SQ were noted in terms of increased scaling tendency and therefore the need for improved softening. In Field D, the service cycle, the backwash cycle, and the brining cycle were optimized leading to a gain in throughput and reduction in salt consumption. Service cycle improvement gained 30 % to 130 % in throughput between two regenerations, backwash cycle improvement by fluidizing the bed to nearly 35% helped gain 10% in throughput, and reduction of brining cycle from 75 minutes to 48 minutes helped reduce salt consumption by 56% without impacting the throughput. In Field B, a six month pilot revealed that shallow shell resins where ion-exchange is more efficient due to inert core (better intra particle diffusion control) can enhance the throughput by 30% - 80% and simultaneously reduce the number of regenerations by 15 – 30%. Resin fouling is still a major challenge to contend with as oil can foul the resin and throughput can decline by 0.5 – 3 folds. In a plant operation, where there are multiple softener and brine vessels, there is a need to optimize them as a system. Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability (RAM) Models are used in Field C to a) Address equipment configuration optimization with impact on capital capacity expansion project scope b) Understand how net softwater delivery capacity was affected by increases in inlet hardness and c) Assess through a comparison scenario, if the large cost of addressing the valve issue in an upstream nutshell filter was worth the lost production opportunity related to unplanned downtime.

scholarly journals Guidelines for general adsorption kinetics modeling

2020 ◽  
Vol 74 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-70
Author(s):  
Bojana Obradovic
Keyword(s):  
Adsorption Kinetics ◽  
Scale Up ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Analysis And Evaluation ◽  
Inappropriate Use ◽  
Adsorption Processes ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion ◽  
Elovich Equation ◽  
Pseudo Second Order

Adsorption processes are widely used in different technological areas and industry sectors, thus continuously attracting attention in the scientific research and publications. Design and scale-up of these processes are essentially based on the knowledge and understanding of the adsorption kinetics and mechanism. Adsorption kinetics is usually modeled by using several well-known models including the pseudo-first and pseudo-second order models, the Elovich equation, and the intra-particle diffusion based models. However, in the scientific literature there are a significant number of cases with the inappropriate use of these models, utilization of erroneous expressions, and incorrect interpretation of the obtained results. This paper is especially focused on applications of the pseudo-second order, intra-particle diffusion and the Weber-Morris models, which are illustrated with typical examples. Finally, general recommendations for selection of the appropriate kinetic model and model assumptions, data regression analysis, and evaluation and presentation of the obtained results are outlined.

From Wastes To Functions: Preparation of Layered Double Hydroxides From Industrial Waste And Its Removal Performance Towards Phosphates

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liping Xiao ◽  
Yan Li ◽  
Qiaoping Kong ◽  
Yunlong Lan
Keyword(s):  
Langmuir Isotherm ◽  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Isotherm Models ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Maximum Adsorption Capacity ◽  
Membrane Diffusion ◽  
Phosphorus Adsorption ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion

Abstract To control eutrophication and recover phosphate from wastewater, a calcium carbide slag and red mud composite material (CR-LDH) was prepared using industrial waste as raw material for phosphorus adsorption. The morphology and structure of synthesized CR-LDH was characterized by FT-IR, SEM, EDS and XRD measurements. The experimental data can be well described by pseudo-second-order kinetics and Langmuir isotherm models, suggesting that the adsorption process of CR-LDH with respect to phosphate is a chemical and monolayer process. The theoretical maximum adsorption capacity obtained by Langmuir isotherm model is 16.06 mg·g-1 at 25 oC. The intra-particle diffusion model fitting results indicated that the adsorption of phosphate by CR-LDH was controlled by both liquid membrane diffusion and intra-particle diffusion. Phosphate was bound to CR-LDH via synergistic effect of physical adsorption, ion exchange, anion intercalation and chemical precipitation as evidenced from a combination of microscopic analysis and adsorption mechanism study. The actual phosphate-containing wastewater investigation showed that CR-LDH not only exhibited good removal effect on phosphate, but also could greatly reduce turbidity, COD and ammonia nitrogen, which was suitable for disposal of practical wastewater. These results indicate that CR-LDH can be considered as potential adsorbent for the treatment of phosphate-containing wastewater, which will be helpful to achieve the goal of "treating waste with waste and turning waste into treasure".

COMPREHENSIVE UTILIZATION OF PHOSPHOGYPSUM: ADSORPTION OF METHYLENE BLUE AND ITS APPLICATION IN BRICKS

2021 ◽  
pp. 2150075
Author(s):  
YA GAO ◽  
DI SUN ◽  
CHENGLIANG HAN ◽  
JUNJUN HUANG
Keyword(s):  
Methylene Blue ◽  
Adsorption Mechanism ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Kinetic Behavior ◽  
Maximum Capacity ◽  
Comprehensive Utilization ◽  
Monolayer Adsorption ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion ◽  
The One

In this work, comprehensive utilization of phosphogypsum was developed. Methylene blue (MB) in aqueous solution was adsorbed by waste phosphogypsum (PG), and then the MB-adsorbed PG was used to the fabrication of PG bricks. The adsorption mechanism and the strength of PG bricks also have been studied. The dye maximum capacity of PG monolayer adsorption was found to be 0.2[Formula: see text]mg/g. The kinetic behavior is more accordant with the intra-particle diffusion equation. The MB-adsorbed PG could be effectively used as a raw material for building material. The mechanical properties of PG bricks were little different from the one of the water-washed PG bricks. The 2h-flexural and compressing strengths were about 2.8[Formula: see text]MPa and 6[Formula: see text]MPa, the dry-flexural and compressing strengths were about 5[Formula: see text]MPa and 20[Formula: see text]MPa.

Rapid defluoridation of drinking water by calcium carbonate nanoadsorbent: characterization, adsorption studies and application to real samples’ treatment

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 667-678
Author(s):  
Masooma Zawar ◽  
Rabia Nazir ◽  
Almas Hamid ◽  
Eder C. Lima ◽  
Muhammad Raza Shah
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Average Particle Size ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
Batch Mode ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Global Issue ◽  
Effective Removal ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion

Abstract Groundwater contamination of fluoride is a serious global issue leading to its excessive intake and subsequently numerous adverse health issues. This research was designed to assess the efficiency of nanoadsorbent for removal of fluoride levels from water. For this purpose, calcium carbonate nanoparticles (average particle size 14.6 nm) were prepared and later applied for effective removal of fluoride from simulated as well as real drinking water (DW) samples collected from different areas of Lahore, Pakistan. The particles were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. Physico-chemical parameters were studied in batch mode which revealed high adsorption capacity (i.e. 754.36 mg g−1) at room temperature and neutral pH within 10 min. The kinetic isotherms (general, pseudo-first, and pseudo-second order), diffusion studies (intra-particle diffusion and particle diffusion models), and adsorption models (Langmuir, Freundlich, Liu, and Redlich–Peterson) were also applied to evaluate the suitability of adsorption process. The applicability of nanoadsorbent to fluoride-contaminated real DW samples led to 98–100% efficacy of defluoridation.

scholarly journals Investigation on the adsorption of antibiotics from water by metal loaded sewage sludge biochar

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiulei Fan ◽  
Zheng Qian ◽  
Jiaqiang Liu ◽  
Nan Geng ◽  
Jun Hou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sewage Sludge ◽  
Specific Surface ◽  
Pore Structure ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Adsorption Process ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Surface Functionality ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion ◽  
Adsorption Amount

Abstract Application of sewage sludge biochar as an adsorbent for antibiotics treatment has obtained special attention owning to their low cost and surface functionality. Three metal ions were selected to modify sewage sludge biochar through the pyrolysis with the metal loaded method. Fe loaded sewage sludge biochar (BC-Fe), Al loaded sewage sludge biochar (BC-Al) and Mn loaded sewage sludge biochar (BC-Mn) were characterized and used to explore the performance of adsorbing tetracycline (TC), sulfamethoxazole (SMZ) and amoxicillin (AMC). BC-Fe, BC-Al and BC-Mn possessed rougher surfaces, larger specific surface area and better pore structure. Intra-particle diffusion and Langmuir models were more suitable to describe the adsorption process. The maximum adsorption amount of TC, SMZ and AMC could reach 123.35, 99.01 and 109.89 mg/g by BC-Fe. Furthermore, the main mechanism of antibiotics adsorption by metal loaded sewage sludge biochars might be pores filling, Van der Waals forces and H-bonding. The study can not only solve the problems associated with the pollution of antibiotics from wastewater, but also reduced the treatment press of sewage sludge effectively.

scholarly journals Detoxification of Wastewater by Paw–Paw (Carica papaya L.) Seeds Adsorbents

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (10) ◽  
pp. 2249-2256 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ntaote David Shooto ◽  
Eliazer Bobby Naidoo
Keyword(s):  
Metal Ions ◽  
Carica Papaya ◽  
Surface Adsorption ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Batch Method ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Significant Drop ◽  
System Parameters ◽  
First Order ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion

The present work reports the biosorption studies of metal ions viz., Pb(II) and Cu(II) from aqueous solution onto paw-paw seeds (PPS), acid treated paw-paw seeds (ATPPS) and base treated paw-paw seeds (BTPPS) adsorbents by batch method. A series of tests were carried to evaluate the effect of the system parameters, i.e. adsorbent dosage, initial concentration, temperature and contact time. The obtained kinetic data showed that the pseudo first order model best fitted the biosorption of both metal ions with (r2) values of 0.9918, 0.9674 and 0.9463 for Cu(II) onto PPS, ATPPS and BTPPS, respectively and for Pb(II) 0.8513, 0.8686 and 0.9434 onto PPS, ATPPS and BTPPS respectively. Estimated surface adsorption of intra-particle diffusion estimated that surface sorption dominated. Thermodynamic parameter (ΔGo) gave negative values indicating that the biosoption processes were spontaneous and feasible. ΔHo gave positive and negative values indicating that some biosorption processes were endothermic and some exothermic. Isotherm data indicated that Langmuir best described the biosorption. The reusability of PPS, ATPPS and BTPPS adsorbents was evaluated up to five cycles without showing significant drop in sorption efficiency.

Adsorption of Alizarin Red from Aqueous Solution Using Ultra-Fine Fly Ash

2012 ◽  
Vol 518-523 ◽  
pp. 2307-2314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bei Gang Li ◽  
Li Yuan Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Aqueous Solution ◽  
Fly Ash ◽  
Rate Equation ◽  
Removal Rate ◽  
Physical Adsorption ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Alizarin Red ◽  
Order Rate ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion ◽  
Order Rate Equation

Alizarin Red (AR) has been shown to be effectively removed from aqueous solution using the ultrafine fly ash (UFA) prepared by ball milling from raw fly ash (FA), a low-cost industrial solid waste. The maximum removal rate was 91.04% in a solution of initial AR concentration of 700 mg/L, adsorption time of 60 min at pH 5.0 and temperature of 25°C. Compared with FA, the adsorption capacity of UFA is higher for AR removal. Effects of important parameters, contact time, adsorbate concentration, pH and temperature, were investigated. The UFA and AR-loaded UFA were characterized by FT-IR. The equilibrium, kinetics and thermodynamics of AR adsorption onto UFA were evaluated. The AR uptake process followed the pseudo-second-order rate equation well, but the pseudo-first-order rate equation and intra-particle diffusion equation could only be applied to describe the initial stage of adsorption, furthermore, intra-particle diffusion might be the rate-controlling step of fast adsorption process. The sorption decreased with increasing temperature and the adsorption apparent activation energy was 8.28kJ/mol. Langmuir isotherm equation could better describe the adsorption equilibrium at different temperatures, compared with Freundlich model. Thermodynamic parameters, ΔG, ΔH and ΔS, were also calculated. The results inferred that the adsorption of AR/UFA system was feasible, spontaneous and exothermic nature of the process which was mainly controlled by physical adsorption.

A study on intra-particle diffusion effects in enzymatic reactions: glucose-fructose isomerization

2000 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 0159-0166 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. L. C. Giordano ◽  
R. C. Giordano ◽  
C. L. Cooney
Keyword(s):  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Enzymatic Reactions ◽  
Diffusion Effects ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion

Application of the intra-particle diffusion model for activated carbon fibers in an aqueous medium

2012 ◽  
Vol 1373 ◽  
Author(s):  
Teresa Ramírez-Rodríguez ◽  
Fray de Landa Castillo-Alvarado
Keyword(s):  
Activated Carbon ◽  
Diffusion Model ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Aqueous Media ◽  
Particle Diffusion ◽  
Activated Carbon Fibers ◽  
Kinetics Of Adsorption ◽  
Intra Particle Diffusion ◽  
Pseudo Second Order ◽  
Kinetics Of

ABSTRACTThe intra-particle diffusion model (IPD), proposed by Weber and Morris has been applied to the analysis of the kinetics of adsorption on activated carbon fibers with phosphate groups in the removal of cadmium ions in aqueous media. It is evident that the removal of cadmium ion kinetic model of pseudo-second order provides a better fit than the model of pseudo-first order and the intra-particle diffusion model provides the best to the sample compared activating solution: grams fibers of 1:3.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document