Comparison of the Inhibitory Action of KCl and Guanidine Hydrochloride Solutions on Montmorillonite Swelling

1982 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 514-522 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Iltis ◽  
G. Didier ◽  
P. Lareal
Keyword(s):  
Potassium Chloride ◽  
Inhibitory Action ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Cylindrical Sample ◽  
Degree Of Saturation ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Swelling Clays ◽  
Before And After

Abstract This study compares the effectiveness of potassium chloride with guanidine chlorhydrate in the prevention of-clay swelling. The results given on various swelling tests on calcic montmorillonite led to the conclusions thatguanidine chlorhydrate is more effective than potassium chloride, especially in low concentrations, andwater immersion of samples treated by both solutions shows the permanent feature of the inhibitive action of guanidine chlorhydrate in swelling on one hand and the important increase in swelling of immersed samples treated by potassium chloride on the other. The viscosity measure of montmorillonite suspensions, before and after solution ion elimination by dialysis. confirms these observations. Introduction Among the grounds encountered in drilling, swelling clays are those that raise major problems for wall firmness. These clays, commonly called "gumbos," raise many problems related to swelling, dispersion, and a strong tendency of the cuttings to aggregation. These problems result from the interaction of the drilling mud with the terrain traversed. An analysis of the effectiveness of various materials used in drilling muds to stabilize clayed zones led us to focus on the action of two solutions capable of inhibiting swelling:potassium chloride. which is normally used in drilling wells, andguanidine hydrochloride, which displays a strong fixation tendency on montmorillonite. The purpose of this study is to compare the inhibitory action of these two salts and the influence of their concentration in the solutions by means of relatively simple tests. This research work is limited to treatment of a montmorillonite clay. The Material Investigated To examine the behavior of swelling clays in the presence of the two solutions selected, it would be ideal to carry out tests on samples representative of the horizons that raised problems during drilling operations. However, it is difficult to extract enough clay of stable composition from the cuttings; moreover, the clay is polluted by the drilling mud. Composition analyses of clays that are difficult to drill because of swelling showed that montmorillonite was present in all the samples investigated. Hence this study is limited to an examination of the action of KCl and guanidine hydrochloride on a previously investigated montmorillonite. The montmorillonite used was an Italian natural calcium montmorillonite, supplied untreated and finely ground. The composition analysis carried out in the Compagnie Francaise des Petroles (CFP) laboratory at Bordeaux yielded the results given in Table 1. Table 2 gives the geotechnical properties of the clay investigated. Swelling Tests of Compacted Samples Unidirectional Swelling This test was performed in the measurement cell shown in Fig. 1. The cylindrical sample was hooped laterally and its swelling measured in a single direction. The procedure was as follows.Five grams of clay dried in an oven at 100 deg. C were placed in a measurement cell.The clay was saturated by it KCl or guanidine hydrochloride solution for 24 hours (by filtration) (the degree of saturation measured on some samples after compacting was found to exceed 95%). SPEJ P. 514^

scholarly journals Evaluation of cerebrovascular hemodynamics in patients with idiopathic intracranial hypertension using transcranial Doppler

2020 ◽  
Vol 56 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahmoud M. Allam ◽  
Hatem A. Almasry ◽  
Sandra M. Ahmed ◽  
Youssuf G. Taha ◽  
Mohammed I. Oraby
Keyword(s):  
Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Lumbar Puncture ◽  
Transcranial Doppler ◽  
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension ◽  
Pulsatility Index ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Increased Intracranial Pressure ◽  
Significant Relation ◽  
Before And After

Abstract Background Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH) is a disorder of increased intracranial pressure without a clear cause and can have serious visual effects. Previous research work suggests that transcranial Doppler measurements of pulsatility index correlate accurately with elevated intracranial pressure. Objective To assess the cerebrovascular hemodynamic changes in patients with IIH using transcranial Doppler before and after lumbar puncture and CSF withdrawal. Methods An interventional study conducted on 40 patients (31 females and 9 males) fulfilling the modified Dandy criteria for diagnosis of idiopathic intracranial hypertension, MRI brain, and MRV was done to the patients. Lumbar puncture was done for all included patients to measure intracranial pressure and CSF withdrawal. Transcranial Doppler was performed for all included before and after lumbar puncture and CSF withdrawal and the following parameters were measured: peak systolic velocity (PSV), end diastolic velocity (EDV), resistivity index (RI), and pulsatility index (PI). Results Significant relation was found between grades of papilledema and PSV, RI, and PI (p value 0.012, 0.025, 0.016) but no significant relation was found between grades of papilledema and EDV (0.102). Significant changes occurred in parameters of TCD pre- and post-CSF withdrawal including PSV, EDV, and PI (p value 0.001, 0.015, 0.019) denoting a significant change in cerebral hemodynamics after CSF withdrawal which denotes a decrease in intracranial pressure. Conclusion Increased intracranial pressure significantly affects cerebral blood flow. A normalization of transcranial Doppler parameters occurs following lowering of intracranial pressure through lumbar puncture and CSF withdrawal.

MEASURES FOR IMPROVING THE MICROBIOLOGICAL SAFETY OF COW MILK

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-49
Author(s):  
G. A. Larionov ◽  
◽  
O. Yu. Checheneshkina ◽  
N. V. Mardaryeva ◽  
N. V. Sсhiptsova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Somatic Cells ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Dairy Farm ◽  
Cow Milk ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Anaerobic Microorganisms ◽  
Special Means ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Processing Enterprise

Safety of milk on microbiological indicators is an important condition for acceptance on the milk processing enterprise. High microbial contamination of milk and increased content of somatic cells in milk are often the cause of discrepancy to modern requirements of national and international regulatory documents. The development and implementation of measures aimed at improving the condition of the udder of cows, the use of modern means of processing is one of the most important tasks to improve the sanitary and hygienic conditions of milk production. Prevention of mastitis is one of the effective ways to improve the safety and quality of cows' milk. It is known that the most affordable way to prevent mastitis is strict hygiene during milking. In our article the results of research work received in the conditions of a dairy farm are presented. Researches on use of modern domestic means of processing of an udder before and after milking are carried out. For this, two experimental and one control groups were created. In summer and autumn, the udder of cows in the experimental groups were treated with special detergents and disinfectants. In the control group, the udders were not treated with special means. Udder hygiene was maintained by washing the nipples with warm water, as is customary in the household. It was established that the treatment of the udder of cows with disinfectants decreased the number of mesophilic aerobic and facultatively anaerobic microorganisms and somatic cells in the milk of cows.

Enhancement lubricity properties of water-based mud with nanoparticles

2020 ◽  
pp. 70-74
Author(s):  
V.V. Guliyev ◽  
◽  
◽  
Keyword(s):  
Yield Point ◽  
Coefficient Of Friction ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Shear Thinning ◽  
Rheological Parameters ◽  
Drilling Process ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Pseudoplastic Fluid ◽  
Water Based

Currently, a great number of drilling fluids with different additives are used all over the world. Such additives are applied to control the properties of the drilling mud. The main purpose for controlling is to achieve more effective and safe drilling process. This research work aims to develop Water-Based Mud (WBM) with a Coefficient of Friction (CoF) as low as Oil-Based Mud (OBM) and better rheological properties. As it is known, produced CoF by WBM is higher than OBM, which means high friction between wellbore or casing and drill string. It was the reason for studying the effect of nanosilica on drilling fluid properties such as lubricity, rheological parameters and filtrate loss volume of drilling mud. The procedures were carried out following API RP 13B and API 13I standards. Five concentrations of nanosilica were selected to be tested. According to the results obtained, it was defined that adding nanosilica into the mud decreases CoF of basic WBM by 26 % and justifies nanosilica as a good lubricating agent for drilling fluid. The decreasing trend in coefficient of friction and plastic viscosity for nanosilica was obtained until the concentration of 0.1 %. This reduction is due to the shear thinning or pseudoplastic fluid behavior. After 0.1 %, an increase at PV value trend indicates that it does not follow shear thinning behavior and after reaching a certain amount of dissolved solids in the mud, it acts like normal drilling fluid. The yield point of the mud containing nanoparticles was higher than the basic one. Moreover, a growth in the concentration leads to an increase in yield point value. The improvement of this fluid system cleaning capacity via hydraulics modification and wellhole stability by filter cake endurance increase by adding nanosilica is shown as well. The average well construction data of “Neft Dashlary” field was used for the simulation studies conducted for the investigation of hydraulics parameters of reviewed fluids for all series of experiments. The test results were accepted reliable in case of at least 3 times repeatability.

Comparative Analysis of the Rheological Behaviour of Irvingia Gabonensis Ogbono and Foreign Polymer for Bentonite Formulated Mud.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Ayodele ◽  
David Ekuma ◽  
Ikechukwu Okafor ◽  
Innocent Nweze
Keyword(s):  
Rheological Properties ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Drilling Fluid ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Rheological Behaviour ◽  
Oil And Gas Industry ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Gas Industry ◽  
Local Product ◽  
Irvingia Gabonensis

Abstract Drilling fluid are complex fluids consisting of several additives. These additives are added to enhance and control the rheological properties (such as viscosity, gel strength and yield point) of the mud. These properties are controlled for effective drilling of a well. This research work is focused on determining the rheological behavior of drilling mud using industry-based polymer and Irvingia Gabonensis (ogbono) as viscosifiers. Water based muds were formulated from the aforementioned locally sourced viscosifier and that of the conventional used viscosifier (Carboxylmetyl cellulose, CMC). Laboratory tests were carried out on the different muds formulated and their rheological properties (such as yield stress, shear stress, plastic viscosity and shear rate) are evaluated. The concentration of the viscosifiers were varied. The expected outcome of the research work aims at lowering the total drilling cost by reducing the importation of foreign polymer which promotes the development of local content in the oil and gas industry. The research compares the rheology of mud samples and the effect of varying the concentration (2g, 4g, 6g, 8g, and 10g) of both CMC and Ogbono and determining the changes in their rheological properties. The total volume of each mud sample is equivalent to 350ml which represent one barrel (42gal) in the lab. From the result, at concentration of 2g, the ogbono mud has a better rheology than the CMC mud, but at a concentration above 2g, CMC mud shows a better rheology than ogbono mud, that is, as the concentration of CMC is increased, the rheological properties of the mud increased while as the concentration of ogbono is increased the rheological properties decreased. The viscosity of the drilling fluid produced from the ogbono were lower than that of CMC, it could be used together with another local product such as cassava starch, offor or to further improve the rheology and then be a substitute to the conventional viscosifiers.

Aanalysis of springback phenomenon in pipe bending

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-232
Author(s):  
Rahul Hingole ◽  
Vilas Nandedkar
Keyword(s):  
Sheet Metal ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Deep Understanding ◽  
Beam Theory ◽  
New Approach ◽  
Metal Parts ◽  
Sheet Metal Parts ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Forming Tools ◽  
Pipe Bending

The term springback is defined as the change in geometry of a component after forming, when the forces are removed from forming tools. As springback affects the final shape of the part, it can lead to significant difficulties in the assembly of component when springback is not proper. This problem leads to fabrication of inconsistent sheet metal parts; the elastic strain recovery in the material after the tooling is removed. Bendingis the plastic deformation of metals about a linear axis called the bending axis with little or no change in the surface area. Bending types of forming operations have been used widely in sheet metal forming industries to produce structural stamping parts such as braces, brackets, supports, hinges, angles, frames, channel and other nonsymmetrical sheet metal parts. Among them, quite a few efforts have been made to obtain a deep understanding of the springback phenomenon. The beam theory has been applied to formulate the curvature before and after loading of pipe. This research work has focused on study effect of springback effect with a new approach. The ANSYS software is used to analyze spring back effect. The detail study of this springback effect is presented in this paper.

scholarly journals Adoption of IFRS in Ecuador and Colombia 2010-2016

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (1-1) ◽  
pp. 178-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Villanueva García ◽  
Carmen Cordova Román ◽  
Maria Teresa Cuenca Jiménez
Keyword(s):  
Financial Reporting ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Accounting Standards ◽  
Nonparametric Test ◽  
Financial Information ◽  
International Accounting Standards ◽  
Financial Reporting Standards ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Mandatory Adoption

The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS), issued by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB), have been adopted by a large number of countries, since they are considered an international benchmark for obtaining comparable quality financial information. The adoption by Ecuador and Colombia of IFRS as a transition from their previous local regulations based on provisions and decrees, justifies the present research work to provide knowledge of the regulatory reality of both countries. Behind this ambitious adoption of accounting standards, since they are costly processes both financially and in terms of training, there is a need to obtain consistent financial information that should attract investments and facilitate access to other less harmful financial markets. The purpose of this research is to perform an analysis of the effect on the accounting variables of the balance sheet and financial ratios, before and after the application of IFRS on large Ecuadorian and Colombian companies. To do this, Wilcoxon’s nonparametric test of related samples is used, on a total of 204 Ecuadorian companies and 60 Colombian companies. To compare the results of both countries, a non-parametric U Mann-Whitney test is carried out. The results show an impact in both countries on the variables studied after the mandatory adoption of IFRS, although the relative impact is greater in the Colombian case.

Research on the Relationship Between Crude Oil Composition and Asp Flooding Effect

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhe Sun ◽  
Xiaodong Kang ◽  
Shanshan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Interfacial Tension ◽  
Crude Oil ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Oil Composition ◽  
Displacement Effect ◽  
Asp Flooding ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In recent years, ASP flooding has been widely applied and obtained the remarkable effect. During the ASP flooding process, the oil composition has a great effect on the interfacial tension, which plays a vital role in the oil displacement effect. However, through literature research, few have made a profound study on the effect of oil composition on the recover rate. As a result, it is very important to carry out relevant research. For the oil sample (I) and sample (II) from two different regions in DQ, the crude oil composition analysis is first carried out. After the mixing of oil system and ASP system, the distribution ratio of agent is obtained. Furthermore, the oil composition does have an impact on the interfacial tension and recovery rate, and its influence law is explored. Finally, its application is introduced and analyzed. Research results show that, compare with sample (II), the sample (I) has more heavy components. After the mixing of oil samples and ASP, more surfactant and alkali enters into the oil phase of sample (I). Therefore, based on the similar miscibility principle, the surfactant is more likely to leave the oil water interface and enter into the oil phase of sample (I), which has a negative effect on reducing the interfacial tension. Furthermore, the phenomenon of chromatographic separation aggravates the adsorption of surfactant on rock surface. Therefore, combining the above factors, the oil increment effect of sample (I) becomes worse. In additional, the results of field test verify the laboratory experiments. From the above research, we canconclude that the relationship between crude oil composition and ASP flooding is of great significance. As a result, this paper has carried out a lot of related research work and revealed the internal relationship between the two, which has important practical significance to improve the effect of increasing oil and reducing water in ASP flooding technology.

scholarly journals Pneumoproteins in Offshore Drill Floor Workers

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niels E. Kirkhus ◽  
Bente Ulvestad ◽  
Lars Barregard ◽  
Øivind Skare ◽  
Raymond Olsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Strong Association ◽  
Surfactant Protein ◽  
Cell Protein ◽  
Surfactant Protein D ◽  
Drilling Mud ◽  
Air Concentration ◽  
Work Period ◽  
Club Cell ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Oil Mist

The aim was to assess pneumoproteins and a certain biomarker of systemic inflammation in drill floor workers exposed to airborne contaminants generated during drilling offshore, taking into consideration serum biomarkers of smoking, such as nicotine (S-Nico) and cotinine. Blood samples of club cell protein 16 (CC-16), surfactant protein D (SP-D) and C-reactive protein (CRP) were collected before and after a 14-day work period from 65 drill floor workers and 65 referents. Air samples of oil mist, drilling mud components and elemental carbon were collected in person. The drill floor workers were exposed to a median air concentration of 0.18 mg/m3 of oil mist and 0.14 mg/m3 of airborne mud particles. There were no differences in the concentrations of CC-16 and SP-D across the 14-day work period and no difference between drill floor workers and referents at baseline after adjusting for differences in sampling time and smoking. CRP decreased across the work period. There was a strong association between the CC-16 concentrations and the time of sampling. Current smokers with S-Nico > detection limit (DL) had a statistically significantly lower CC-16 concentration, while smokers with S-Nico <DL had CC-16 concentrations similar to that of the non-smokers. Fourteen days of work offshore had no effect on serum pneumoprotein and CRP concentrations. However, the time of blood sampling was observed to have a strong effect on the measured concentrations of CC-16. The effect of current smoking on the CC-16 concentrations appears to be dependent on the S-Nico concentrations.

Electrónico” Funcimat” Como Herramienta Didáctica Para El Estudio De Funciones Matemáticas Y Su Incidencia En El Rendimiento Académico Estudio De Caso: Escuela De Agronomía, Facultad De Recursos Naturales Espoch

2017 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 106
Author(s):  
Marco Hjalmar Velasco Arellano ◽  
Carla Sofía Arguello Guadalupe ◽  
Mayra Mayra Elizabeth Caceres Mena ◽  
José Franklin Arcos Torres ◽  
Patricia del Lourdes Gallegos Murillo
Keyword(s):  
Academic Performance ◽  
Mathematical Reasoning ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Mathematical Functions ◽  
Knowledge And Skills ◽  
First Semester ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Teaching Learning

This research work shows a comparative study between using and not using the electronic module called Funcimat and its incidence in the students’ academic performance. The students who were considered for this experiment belonged to the first semester of the Agronomy School. This group, which was divided in two, served as the experiment and the control samples. The experiment was based on the teaching – learning process of Mathematics. Funcimat was applied to one group, and the traditional methodology and techniques were applied to the other group. In order to demonstrate the hypothesis, the Chi squared test was applied to see the difference of proportions and correlation since the idea is to compare Funcimat incidence on the academic performance. The results obtained before and after the experiment determined that there are significant differences between the traditional methodology and the alternative guidelines. Funcimat allows the students to build their own reasoning scenario about mathematical reasoning. This way they develop knowledge and skills to solve each one of the proposed mathematical functions.

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