Technical Analysis and Identification of a Glass Inlaid Sui-Tang Dynasty Woman’s Crown

Abstract A woman’s crown made of fine gilt bronze with refined glass inlay work was excavated in 2007 from the Sui-Tang tomb called Kunlun M2 in Xi’an. Many questions surround this mysterious crown which was found buried without context. This study uses nondestructive analysis of the crown to determine its significance, when was it made, and the status of the woman for whom was it made. Optical microscopy (OM), optical coherence tomography (OCT), micro X-ray fluorescence imagery (XRF), and Raman spectroscopy were applied, and identified the crown’s inlays as potash-lime glass, composed mainly of the raw materials include vein quartz or quartzite with potassium nitrate as flux. The inlays were sintered before embedding into gilt copper wire filigree. Compared with existing research on other crowns and their inlays, it is speculated that the crown dates from the Sui dynasty (581-618) or early Tang dynasty (618-649), was made locally by Chinese craftsmen and belonged to the wife of an official.

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Size Effect of Expandable Graphite

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.499.72 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 499 ◽

pp. 72-75 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Yan Lu

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Structural Disorder ◽

Expandable Graphite ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Natural Graphite ◽

X Ray ◽

Intercalating Agents ◽

Scanning Electron

Using three natural graphites with different particle size, 35, 50 and 80 mesh, as raw materials, expandable graphites were prepared by intercalating, water-washing and drying the natural graphites. The products were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscope and Raman spectroscopy. Results show that the structure of expandable graphite is affected strongly by the particle size of natural graphite. With increasing the particle size of natural graphite, for expandable graphite, the expansion degree of graphite flakes along the c-axis and the relative ratio of intercalating agents increase, while the structural disorder increases.

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Metamorphic graphite from Szendrőlád (Szendrő Mts., NE-Hungary) detected by simultaneous DTA-TG

Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry ◽

10.1007/s10973-021-10713-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Lívia Majoros ◽

Krisztián Fintor ◽

Tamás Koós ◽

Sándor Szakáll ◽

Ferenc Kristály

Keyword(s):

Thermal Analysis ◽

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Powder Diffraction ◽

Automobile Industry ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Regional Metamorphism ◽

High Tech ◽

Raman Spectrometry ◽

X Ray ◽

Forms Of Carbon

AbstractGraphite, one of the polymorphic forms of carbon, has become a versatile industrial material of nowadays due to its particular attributes. It is used mainly in the automobile industry, metal extractive industry and in the high-tech industry. Moreover, it is also included in the list of critical raw materials for the EU. Our aim was to prove the presence of graphite by thermal analysis beyond X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and Raman spectroscopy. Thermogravimetry yields comparable results with quantitative XRD. The formation conditions are described by Raman spectrometry and microscopy examinations of drill core samples from Szendrőlád (Szendrő Mts, NE-Hungary; (Szendrőlád Limestone Formation, middle-late Devonian, shelf-basin facies). Polished rock slabs were made for optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectrometry (SEM–EDS) and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and thermal analysis (DTA-TG) measurements were made on powders. Based on our results, the graphite is epigenetic; its quantity varies between 1.5–3 mass% in the samples. It was developed in 20–50 μm sized flakes, which are often arranged in > 300 μm sized aggregates. Graphite was formed during regional metamorphism from the organic matter-rich shales. The average formation temperature, calculated from the results of Raman spectroscopy, is around 410 °C (± 30 °C). The Raman measurements also indicated the presence of a partially graphitized (disordered graphite) material beside graphite.

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MODERN ASPECTS OF HOMEOPATHIC MEDICINES STANDARDISATION

The Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products ◽

10.30895/1991-2919-2018-8-3-145-150 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 8 (3) ◽

pp. 145-150 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

E. I. Sakanyan ◽

N. S. Tereshina ◽

M. N. Lyakina

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Dosage Forms ◽

Eye Drops ◽

Distinctive Features ◽

Pharmaceutical Substances ◽

The Status ◽

High Dilutions ◽

The Russian Federation ◽

Materials Used

The article describes the status of homeopathic medicines standardisation in the leading world pharmacopoeias. It reviews main requirements for raw materials of plant, animal, and mineral origin, which are used in the production of homeopathic medicines. It also considers requirements for homeopathic pharmaceutical substances, including technologies of obtaining homeopathic mother tinctures, homeopathic dilutions, triturations, etc., mono- and multi-component homeopathic medicines, as well as quality control of homeopathic substances and homeopathic medicines. The article analyses the nomenclature of homeopathic raw materials and homeopathic substances used by the leading world pharmacopoeias. It dwells upon the results of work devoted to the development of requirements for the following homeopathic dosage forms: homeopathic granules, homeopathic eye drops, homeopathic ointments, homeopathic infusions and decoctions, homeopathic mother tinctures, homeopathic solutions for injection, homeopathic solutions and liquid dilutions, homeopathic syrups, homeopathic mixtures, homeopathic suppositories, homeopathic tablets, homeopathic triturations. The article illustrates significant potential of using vibrational spectroscopy and Raman spectroscopy for the detection of distinctive features of homeopathic medicines at ultra-high dilutions. The article presents methodology for structuring pharmacopoeial standards for raw materials used in the production of pharmaceutical substances, for pharmaceutical substances that are used in homeopathic medicines, and for dosage forms, including specific aspects of production and standardisation of homeopathic medicines, which was implemented during preparation of draft monographs for the State Pharmacopoeia of the Russian Federation.

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Sintering of anorthite based ceramics prepared from kaolin DD2 and calcite

Cerâmica ◽

10.1590/0366-69132016623642015 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 62 (364) ◽

pp. 317-322 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

S. Zaiou ◽

A. Harabi ◽

E. Harabi ◽

A. Guechi ◽

N. Karboua ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electron Microscopy ◽

Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Bimodal Distribution ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Fine Powders ◽

Different Temperatures ◽

Scanning Electron

Abstract In this work, the preparation of anorthite based ceramics using a modified milling system and 80 wt% kaolin (DD2 type) and 20 wt% calcium oxide extracted from CaCO3 is shown. The choice of these raw materials was dictated by their natural abundance. Previous studies have shown that a simple and vibratory multidirectional milling system using a bimodal distribution of highly resistant ceramics can be successfully used for obtaining fine powders. The prepared samples were sintered at different temperatures ranging between 800 and 1100 °C. It has been found that the relative density of samples sintered at 900 °C for 1 h with a heating rate of 5 °C/min was about 96% of the theoretical density of anorthite (2.75 g/cm3). Finally, the prepared samples were also characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy.

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Ancient Pigments in Afrasiab Murals: Characterization by XRD, SEM, and Raman Spectroscopy

Minerals ◽

10.3390/min11090939 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (9) ◽

pp. 939

Author(s):

Dong-Hyeok Moon ◽

Na-Ra Lee ◽

Eun-Woo Lee

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Raw Materials ◽

Silk Road ◽

Seventh Century ◽

Raw Material ◽

Accurate Information ◽

X Ray ◽

Ancient Silk Road ◽

First Time ◽

Primary Materials

The Afrasiab murals discovered in the northeast of Samarkand, Uzbekistan—the center of the ancient Silk Road—are presumed to date to the mid-seventh century during the Sogdian era. Although previous studies have examined the primary materials of the pigments used in these murals using chemical and microscopic analyses, in-depth investigations of the pigment raw material composition have not been conducted to verify the results of these studies. We applied X-ray diffractometry, Raman spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy in conjunction with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy for the first time to identify the raw materials of ancient pigments in fragments obtained from the Afrasiab murals. The results show that lazurite, cinnabar, and amorphous carbon were used as blue, red, and black pigments, respectively. Moreover, we identified that pigments were not directly painted on the wall surface; instead, they were painted on a white undercoat of gypsum plaster, similar to other ancient Silk Road wall paintings. The results of this study can benefit the provision of more accurate information with regard to the composition of raw materials and further support the selection of appropriate substances for the purposes of conservation and restoration of Afrasiab murals.

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Thermodynamic study of lithium-ion battery materials

MRS Proceedings ◽

10.1557/opl.2012.800 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 1388 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Denis Y.W. Yu ◽

Yvan Reynier ◽

Joanna Dodd Cardema ◽

Yasunori Ozawa ◽

Rachid Yazami

Keyword(s):

Raman Spectroscopy ◽

Phase Transitions ◽

Lithium Ion Battery ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

State Of Health ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Characterization Methods ◽

Battery Materials ◽

X Ray ◽

The Status

AbstractThe ability to monitor the status of a battery during charge and discharge is important for predicting its performance and life. This is typically done by measuring the voltage and resistance across the terminals, or by external characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy. Thermodynamics measurements based on entropy and enthalpy provide another mean to “look inside” a battery, giving us more information to determine the state of health of the battery. In particular, entropy undergoes drastic changes at boundaries of phase transitions taking place in each electrode material at defined states of charge (lithium stoichiometry). Recent work on thermodynamics study on lithium ion battery materials is summarized in this paper.

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