scholarly journals Field Investigation of Straw Length, Stubble Height and Rotary Speed Effect on the Dispersion and Burying of Residue

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gaoming Xu ◽  
Yixuan Xie ◽  
Ruiyin He ◽  
Qishuo Ding
Keyword(s):  
Field Testing ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Residue Incorporation ◽  
Rotary Speed ◽  
Testing Bench ◽  
Speed Effect ◽  
Tillage Operations

Abstract High-yielding agriculture leads to plenty of residues left in the field after harvest, which not only makes seeding operations difficult, but also decreases residue decomposition rate. Thus, it is necessary to incorporate some residue into the soil by tillage operations. Providing the relation between tillage operations and residue incorporation, and establishing a mathematical model plays an important role in residue management and the design of tillage machinery. In order to obtain detailed data on the interaction between crop residue and tillage operations, an electric and multi-functional field testing bench with precise parameter control was developed to perform residue incorporation characteristics of rotary tillage, and investigated straw length, rotary speed and stubble height effect on the dispersion and burying of residue. Three experimental factors affecting residue incorporation performance were studied, i.e. six lengths of straw (30-150 mm), four heights of stubble (50-200 mm), and three rotary speeds (240-320 rpm). Chopped straw and stubble with certain sizes were prepared for the test, and measure the dispersion uniformity and burying rate of residue after rotary tillage. The results indicated that straw length, stubble height, and rotary speed all impact residue incorporation quality. The dispersion uniformity and burying rate of residue decreased with the increase of straw length and stubble height; Lower rotary speed parameter buried lesser residue and dispersed worse uniformity than higher one; It is suggested that farmers determine the straw length and stubble height at the stage of harvest according to the burying rate and dispersion uniformity of residue.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Undrained Shear Strength of Miocene Clay from the Weight Sounding Test (WST)

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (2) ◽  
pp. 367-384
Author(s):  
Sebastian Olesiak
Keyword(s):  
Shear Strength ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Field Investigation ◽  
Undrained Shear Strength ◽  
Cohesive Soils ◽  
Strength Parameters ◽  
Additional Measurement ◽  
Carpathian Foredeep ◽  
Innovative Solution ◽  
Undrained Shear

Abstract Soil strength parameters needed for the calculation of bearing capacity and stability are increasingly determined from field testing. This paper presents a method to determine the undrained shear strength cuWST of the soil, based on the Weight Sounding Test (WST). The innovative solution which allows for a significant reduction of equipment needed for geotechnical field investigation is presented. The proposed method is based on an additional measurement of the torque during testing. It then becomes possible to estimate the undrained shear strength, cuWST of the soil, using the correlation given in this paper. The research results presented in this paper were carried out on selected cohesive soils, Miocene clays from the Carpathian Foredeep.

scholarly journals Evaluation of residue management practices on barley residue decomposition

PLoS ONE ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (5) ◽  
pp. e0232896
Author(s):  
Grant Loomis ◽  
Biswanath Dari ◽  
Christopher W. Rogers ◽  
Debjani Sihi
Keyword(s):  
Management Practices ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Residue Decomposition

scholarly journals Vertisols and Cambisols had contrasting short term greenhouse gas responses to crop residue management

2020 ◽  
Vol 66 (No. 5) ◽  
pp. 222-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Giuseppe Badagliacca ◽  
Robert Martin Rees ◽  
Dario Giambalvo ◽  
Sergio Saia
Keyword(s):  
Faba Bean ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Short Term ◽  
N Dynamics ◽  
Total N ◽  
Soil C ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Soil C And N ◽  
C And N

In sustainable agriculture crop residues management should consider the interactions between soil and residue properties, which can affect the decomposition and global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission. Through a laboratory experiment, we investigated the effect of the management (incorporation and surface placement) of wheat and faba bean residues on their decomposition and CO<sub>2</sub>, CH<sub>4</sub> and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions from two soils, a Chromic Vertisol and an Eutric Cambisol. In the Vertisol, wheat residues increased the CO<sub>2</sub> emission more than faba bean when left on the surface whereas no differences among residues were observed when incorporated. In the Cambisol, faba bean emitted more than wheat when left in the surface and less when incorporated. Total CH<sub>4</sub> emissions were higher in faba bean in Cambisol for both management and only when applied in the surface in Vertisol. Total N<sub>2</sub>O emission in the Vertisol was higher when faba bean was incorporated, and wheat was left on the surface. In the Cambisol, wheat addition increased total N<sub>2</sub>O emissions by 20% compared to faba bean, with no differences between managements. Our study confirmed that contrasting properties among tested soils resulted in significant interactions with residues own degradability and their placement affecting residue decomposition, soil C and N dynamics, and GHGs emission.

scholarly journals Improvement of Soil Health and System Productivity through Crop Diversification and Residue Incorporation under Jute-Based Different Cropping Systems

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1622
Author(s):  
Mukesh Kumar ◽  
Sabyasachi Mitra ◽  
Sonali Paul Mazumdar ◽  
Bijan Majumdar ◽  
Amit Ranjan Saha ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Soil Health ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Soil Parameters ◽  
Data Set ◽  
System Productivity ◽  
Sustainability Index ◽  
Residue Incorporation ◽  
The Impact

Crop diversity through residue incorporation is the most important method for sustaining soil health. A field study was conducted over five consecutive years (2012–2017) to see the impact of residue incorporartions in Inceptisol of eastern India. The main plot treatments had five cropping systems (CS), namely, fallow−rice−rice (FRR), jute−rice−wheat (JRW), jute−rice−baby corn (JRBc), jute−rice−vegetable pea (JRGp), jute−rice−mustard−mungbean/green gram (JRMMu), which cinsisted of four sub-plots with varied nutrient and crop residue management (NCRM) levels, namely crops with no residue +75% of the recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) (F1R0), crops with the residue of the previous crops +75% RDF (F1R1), crops with no resiude +100% RDF (F2R0), and crops with residue +100% RDF (F2R1). The highest system productivity was obtained for JRBc (15.3 Mg·ha−1), followed by JRGp (8.81 Mg·ha−1) and JRMMu (7.61 Mg·ha−1); however, the highest sustainability index was found with the JRGp cropping system (0.88), followed by JRMMu (0.82). Among the NCRMs, the highest productivity (8.78 Mg·ha−1) and sustainability index (0.83) were recorded in F2R1. Five soil parameters, namely, bulk density, available K, urease activity, dehydrogenase activity, and soil microbial biomass carbon (SMBC), were used in the minimum data-set (MDS) for the calculation of the soil quality index (SQI). The best attainment of SQI was found in the JRGp system (0.63), closely followed by the JRMMu (0.61) cropping system.

scholarly journals Physical Investigation of Deformation Behaviour of Single and Twin Tunnel under Static Loading Condition

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (23) ◽  
pp. 11506
Author(s):  
Parvesh Kumar ◽  
Amit Kumar Shrivastava
Keyword(s):  
Deformation Behaviour ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Underground Structures ◽  
Overburden Pressure ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Twin Tunnel ◽  
The Stability

This paper presents a new testing method for the problems encountered in field testing. To this end, single-tunnel and twin-tunnel small-scale rock models are prepared in the laboratory. A new methodology is proposed to encounter problems that are faced during field testing. The test results show that rock strength characteristics, overburden pressure, and tunnel spacing have important effects on the stability of underground structures. For rocks with poor strength properties, the damage degree is greater. When the strength property of rock changes, the deformation value of unlined tunnels changes from 21.05% to 27.58%, while that of lined tunnels changes from 11% to 21.42%. Also, in the twin tunnel, the deformation value reduces from 20% to 15.78% when the spacing between the tunnels is increased. For the measurement of stress and deformation in tunnels, the results obtained from experiments are analyzed. The method adopted in this study helps determine the tunnel’s design parameters to make it safe under overlying static loads. Finally, the key factors affecting the stability of underground structures are determined by simulating the field conditions through experimental research.

Effect of crop residue incorporation and crop residue quality on soil N2O emissions and respiration - A laboratory measurement approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Havermann ◽  
Klaus Butterbach-Bahl ◽  
Baldur Janz ◽  
Florian Engelsberger ◽  
Maria Ernfors ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Emission Factors ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Residue Quality ◽  
Soil Columns ◽  
Residue Incorporation ◽  
The Impact

&lt;p&gt;Crop residues are a significant source for soil N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions and major component affecting the C storage in arable soils. The balance between C sequestration and N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions is delicate and depends on the type of residues and its management. Thus, residue management might be a feasible option to reduce the GHG footprint of crop production. However, the mitigation potential of residue management is highly variable and strongly affected by the crop residue quality (C and N content, C:N ratio, concentrations of lignin, cellulose and solutes), field management (incorporation depth, amount applied) as well as soil physical and soil biogeochemical properties. In the frame of the EU-ERAGAS project RESIDUEGAS, we investigated the impact of different crop residue qualities on soil respiration and reactive N fluxes as well as soil ammonium (NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt;) and nitrate (NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt;) concentrations in order to test and possibly improve existing IPCC emission factors for GHG emissions from crop residue management.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In this study, we used sieved and homogenized soil columns of 8 cm height and 12 cm diameter filled with arable soil taken from a site near Gie&amp;#223;en, Germany. Soil columns were incubated in the laboratory for 60 days at constant soil temperature (15&amp;#176;C) and water-filled pore space (60 %). Residues from nine different crops (oilseed rape, winter wheat, field pea, maize, potato, mustard, red clover, sugar beet, ryegrass) were re-wetted according to field moisture level and incorporated over approx. 0-4 cm topsoil layer one week after soil re-wetting and start of the measurements. The CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;, N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O (as well as NO and NH&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;) fluxes were measured automatically using a dynamic chamber approach. Soil samples were additionally analyzed for soil NH&lt;sub&gt;4&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;+&lt;/sup&gt; and NO&lt;sub&gt;3&lt;/sub&gt;&lt;sup&gt;-&lt;/sup&gt; concentrations at specific time steps during the experiment.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Re-wetting of the dry soil immediately resulted in a sharp increase of soil N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions, which, however, was less pronounced than peak emissions following residue incorporation. Those were 4-5 times higher as compared to soil cores without residue amendment. Elevated emissions were short-lived and declined to background levels within 10 days for N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O and within 30 days for CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;. However, a small but significant period of higher than background N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O emissions was observed in the second half of the incubation period, which might be directly related to the decomposition of slower decomposable organic matter such as lignin and cellulose from crop residues. Generally, the emission magnitude was strongly affected by the crop residue quality, with highest N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O as well as CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt; emissions being calculated for residues with a narrow C:N ratio. However, C:N ratio was not the single explaining factor. The range of calculated emission factors (fraction of cumulatively emitted N&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;O-N to crop residue N input) over a 60 day period was larger than the range given by IPCC in 2006.&lt;/p&gt;

DEVELOPMENT OF TANK VESSEL OVERFILL ALARM INSTRUMENTS

1971 ◽  
Vol 1971 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-108
Author(s):  
Donald J. Leonard
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Oil Spills ◽  
Field Testing ◽  
Concept Development ◽  
Coast Guard ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Device Development ◽  
Port And Harbor ◽  
And Control

ABSTRACT At the API-FWPCA joint conference on prevention and control of oil spills held in New York in 1969, it was reported that two-thirds of the oil spill incidents each year occurred in port and harbor areas and were generated during routine petroleum transfer operations. Based on our investigations, the spills are generally the result of personnel errors and only rarely due to equipment failure. This paper describes the concept, development and initial trials of a number of devices made for Shell and used to prevent spills due to tank overfilling during tank vessel loading. The instruments are inserted into the tanks through tank-top ullage holes. They sound an alarm when product reaches a level where a spill is imminent, alerting crewmen and allowing them to take corrective action. Complete instrument specifications are given as they were presented to companies working with Shell on the device development. The evaluation, shipping company and U.S. Coast Guard involvement and support, field testing of prototypes and factors affecting Shell's device choice are described. Apparent favorable initial device reception by the users, ship crewmen and dock personnel (bearing largely on instrument effectiveness) is described. A second phase effort is described which will accumulate these alarms and provide an automatic link to shore facilities to shut down pumps or close valves upon receipt of an overfill alarm.

scholarly journals Retention of eucalyptus harvest residues reduces soil compaction caused by deep subsoiling

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Oliveira de Melo ◽  
Aymbiré Angeletti da Fonseca ◽  
Nairam Félix de Barros ◽  
Raphael Bragança Alves Fernandes ◽  
Rafael da Silva Teixeira ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Soils ◽  
Soil Compaction ◽  
Total Porosity ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Soil Tillage ◽  
Mechanical Resistance ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Undisturbed Soil ◽  
Harvest Residues ◽  
Tillage Operations

AbstractEucalyptus harvesting, forwarding and soil tillage operations are among the main causes for compaction of forest soils, with potential impacts on productivity. This concern is especially important in areas with soils that are naturally compacted (fragipans and duripans). In these soils, tillage operations include the use of subsoilers that can reach depths of more than one meter and require heavy tractors that exert high pressure on the soil. One of the ways to try to minimize the effect of this compaction is by retaining harvest residues. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impacts of eucalyptus harvesting on soil physical attributes, as well as to determine the potential of different types of residue management to reduce compaction from the soil tillage operation. Two experiments were conducted in the same area with a Yellow Argisol. In the first experiment, compaction caused by mechanized harvesting with harvester + forwarder was evaluated. In the second experiment, different managements of harvest residues were examined as potential modifiers of soil compaction during tillage for new plantings. For this, three managements systems were tested: (1) retention of all harvest residues and litter from the previous rotation (HR + L), (2) retention of litter from the previous rotation (L), and (3) removal of harvest residues and litter from the previous rotation (WR). Before and after harvest, sampling was carried out in the planting rows and inter-rows, and after tillage, samples were collected in the traffic line of the subsoiler-tractor set. In both experiments, undisturbed soil samples were collected from the center of the 0–10, 10–20, 20–40, 40–60, and 60–100 cm layers to determine soil density and total porosity. In each period and site of evaluation, mechanical resistance to penetration up to the 60-cm depth was also determined. The harvesting operation increased soil density at 0–10 and 60–100 cm depths only in the inter-rows. Retention of harvest residues and litter (HR + L) after harvesting avoided increases in soil density and penetration resistance caused by machine traffic during tillage. The results indicate the importance of retaining harvest residues on forest soils for achieving sustainable utilization and for conserving soil quality.

scholarly journals Trichoderma: A part of possible answer towards crop residue disposal

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 516-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siva Devika O. ◽  
Subhadip Paul ◽  
Deepranjan Sarkar ◽  
Rahul Singh Rajput ◽  
Sonam Singh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Organic Substrates ◽  
Soil Biodiversity ◽  
Soil System ◽  
Residue Decomposition ◽  
Food Grains ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Micro Organisms

India is one of the leading countries in agricultural production and generate large volume of crop residue. Increasing demand for food grains due to growing population leads to generation of crop residues. Due to lack of proper disposal mechanism of crop residue, farmers burn the residue which release greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere, and poses great threat to environment as well as human health. The residue burning causes greater carbon emission and nutrient losses which otherwise incorporated into the soil system may substantially improve the soil biodiversity. Besides several practices of crop residue management, the most feasible method for farmers is incorporation of residue into the soil with the inoculation of microbes. In soil system the ability of microbial community in degrading organic substances is well known. In the early stages of residue decomposition simple substrates like carbohydrates are degraded by bacteria, but in later stages degradation of complex constituents viz., cellulose, lignin needs microbes which are capable of secreting enzymes like cellulase, acting on complex organic substrates. In this context, cellulolytic micro organisms like Trichoderma have the potential and emerging as an important microbial inoculants to enhance the rate of decomposition as well as alleviate the effect of residue burning.

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