Controlling Volatility of Wind-Solar Power In Germany

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hans Lustfeld
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Power Production ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Electric Energy Consumption ◽  
Process Heating ◽  
One Year

Abstract The main advantage of wind-solar power is the electric power production free of CO2. Its main disadvantage is the huge volatility of the system [national electric energy consumption powered by wind-solar power]. In fact, if this power production, averaged over one year, corresponds to the averaged electric consumption and is intended to replace all other electric power generating devices, then controlling the volatility of this system by using storage alone requires huge capacities of about 30TWh, capacities not available in Germany. However, based on German power data over the last six years (2015 till 2020) we show that the required storage capacity is decisively reduced, provided i) a surplus of wind-solar power is supplied, ii) smart meters are installed, iii) a different kind of wind turbines and solar panels is partially used, iv) a novel function describing this volatile system, is introduced. The new function, in turn, depends on three characteristic numbers, which means, that the volatility of this system is characterized by those numbers. When applying our schemes the results suggest that all the present electric energy in Germany can be obtained from controlled wind-solar power. And our results indicate that controlled wind-solar power can produce the energy for transportation, warm water, space heating and in part for process heating, requirering an increase of the electric energy production by a factor of 5. Then, however, a huge number of wind turbines and solar panels is required changing the appearance of German landscapes fundamentally.

Pengembangan Sistem Pengaturan Suplai Beban (Ats) Pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Hibrid Berbasiskan Mikrokontroler

Kilat ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-271
Author(s):  
Sugeng Purwanto
Keyword(s):  
Power Plant ◽  
Alternative Energy ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Solar Power Plant ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Hybrid Power ◽  
Solar Power Plants ◽  
One Year

ABSTRACT Renewable energy is potential alternative energy to replace the central role of fossil energy which has been going on since the early 20th century. The solar power plant is alternative energy, especially for households and industry, and can be designed as a hybrid power plant consisting of solar panels, batteries, an automatic transfer switch (ATS), and a grid. This research will focus on developing ATS based on a microcontroller. It functions to regulate the load supply automatically from the three sources of electrical energy, like solar panels, batteries, and grid while the microcontroller functions to monitor the transfer of power from the solar power plant to grid and voltage movements in the system so that current and voltage data can be recorded from time to time to improve system reliability, effectiveness, and efficiency of the tool. ATS components consist of MCB, magnetic contactor, timer H3CR, relay, 2000VA inverter, solar charge controller 100A, NodeMCU ESP8266 IoT, and battery 12V 100AH. This research is conducted in one year to produce ATS based on a microcontroller that can automatically regulate the supply of loads from the three sources of electrical energy with a good level of efficiency and stability.  Keywords: solar power plants, hybrid power plants, an automatic transfer switch.  ABSTRAK Energi baru terbarukan merupakan energi alternatif yang potensial untuk menggantikan peran sentral dari energi fosil yang telah berlangsung sejak awal abad ke 20. PLTS merupakan salah satu energi alternatif penyedia energi listrik untuk rumah tangga dan industri serta dapat dirancang sebagai sistem pembangkit listrik tenaga hibrid (PLTH) yang terdiri dari panel surya, baterai, sistem pengaturan beban atau ATS (automatic transfer switch) dan jaringan PLN. Peneltian difokuskan pada pengembangan sistem ATS berbasiskan mikrokontroler. ATS berfungsi untuk mengatur suplai beban secara otomatis dari ketiga sumber energi listrik yaitu panel surya, baterai dan PLN sedangkan mikrokontroler berfungsi memonitor perpindahan daya dari PLTS ke sumber PLN dan pergerakan tegangan pada sistem sehingga dapat dilakukan pencatatan data arus dan tegangan dari waktu ke waktu sehingga dapat meningkatkan keandalan sistem, efektifitas dan efisiensi alat. Komponen ATS terdiri dari MCB, magnetic contactor, timer H3CR, relay, inverter 2000VA, solar charge controller 100A, NodeMCU ESP8266 IoT, dan baterai 12V 100Ah. Penelitian ini akan dilakukan dalam periode satu tahun menghasilkan ATS berbasiskan mikrokontroler yang dapat mengatur suplai beban secara otomatis dari ketiga sumber energi listrik dengan tingkat efisiensi dan kestabilan yang baik. Tim penelitian ini tediri dari 3 orang dan berasal dari program studi teknik elektro, IT PLN.  Kata kunci: pembangkit listrik tenaga surya, pembangkit listrik tenaga hibrid, pengaturan suplai beban.

scholarly journals METHODS OF FIGHTING AGAINST NON-SANCTIONED INTERVENTION INTO POWER METERING SYSTEMS

2019 ◽  
pp. 14-22
Author(s):  
Sergey Vladimirovich Kononenko ◽  
Maxim Vladimirovich Savenkov ◽  
Dmitriy Aleksandrovich Ilyin ◽  
Guzel Raisovna Sanzhapova
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Heat Supply ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
State Standards ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Electric Energy Consumption ◽  
Resource Cost ◽  
Power Metering ◽  
Supply Systems

Electric energy consumption on the industrial scale, technological connection of new grids and providing them with required power supply considerably increase the resource cost and, as a consequence, the desire of the consumer to save. The timeliness of emergency recovery operations on the sections of electric grid and the successful startup of the power and heat supply systems in the autumn-winter period directly depend on the consumers’ good faith and paying capacity. Methods of electric power theft have been analyzed; methods of fighting the electric energy losses in a distribution network by main organizations have been considered. It has been suggested to make changes in the state standards and methods of verification of counters of electric energy in order to prevent the electric power plunder.

scholarly journals Partitional Clustering-Hybridized Neuro-Fuzzy Classification Evolved through Parallel Evolutionary Computing and Applied to Energy Decomposition for Demand-Side Management in a Smart Home

Processes ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1539
Author(s):  
Yu-Chen Hu ◽  
Yu-Hsiu Lin ◽  
Harinahalli Lokesh Gururaj
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Smart Meter ◽  
Energy Decomposition ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Electrical Grid ◽  
Electric Energy Consumption ◽  
Partitional Clustering ◽  
Neuro Fuzzy ◽  
Consumption Data

The key advantage of smart meters over rotating-disc meters is their ability to transmit electric energy consumption data to power utilities’ remote data centers. Besides enabling the automated collection of consumers’ electric energy consumption data for billing purposes, data gathered by smart meters and analyzed through Artificial Intelligence (AI) make the realization of consumer-centric use cases possible. A smart meter installed in a domestic sector of an electrical grid and used for the realization of consumer-centric use cases is located at the entry point of a household/building’s electrical grid connection and can gather composite/circuit-level electric energy consumption data. However, it is not able to decompose its measured circuit-level electric energy consumption into appliance-level electric energy consumption. In this research, we present an AI model, a neuro-fuzzy classifier integrated with partitional clustering and metaheuristically optimized through parallel-computing-accelerated evolutionary computing, that performs energy decomposition on smart meter data in residential demand-side management, where a publicly available UK-DALE (UK Domestic Appliance-Level Electricity) dataset is used to experimentally test the presented model to classify the On/Off status of monitored electrical appliances. As shown in this research, the presented AI model is effective at providing energy decomposition for domestic consumers. Further, energy decomposition can be provided for industrial as well as commercial consumers.

scholarly journals Exploring the effectiveness of using devices that follow the Sun

2019 ◽  
Vol 302 ◽  
pp. 01017
Author(s):  
Janusz Musiał ◽  
Joanna Wilczarska ◽  
Oleg Polishchuk ◽  
Andrii Ramskyi
Keyword(s):  
Solar Power ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
The Sun ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Power Station ◽  
Power Stations ◽  
Automatic Mode ◽  
Manual Adjustment ◽  
Cloudy Weather ◽  
Solar Power Station

The article is devoted to the study of the effectiveness of devices that follow the Sun. For this purpose, the construction of a two-axes tracker with an automatic system of steering the solar panels on azimuth during the light period of the day and with the possibility of manually adjusting the angle of rotation of the solar panels on the zenith, depending on the season is designed. For the proposed construction, the calculation of the angles of the zenith is made and the optimal angles are selected for manual adjustment of the seasonal positions of the system. The photo modules, which are installed stationary on the developed tracker system, are selected. Structural and electrical principle diagram of the stand was developed for determining the efficiency of solar power station, equipment was selected and its manufacture made. A solar power station monitoring system has been developed, which enables to automatically visualize parameters, perform data processing in real time, create databases and perform a comparative analysis of their operational efficiency in an automatic mode. Experimental researches have been carried out on determination of the generated electric energy by static and dynamic solar power stations, on the basis of which the efficiency of tracker systems of rotation of solar panels is confirmed. The use of dynamic systems compared to static allows to increase the production of electricity by 33% under the same conditions. But with poor illumination of the panels (rain, fog, cloudy weather), the tracker's effectiveness decreases and it does not exaggerate 5% when fully covered with the sky. Therefore, the use of tracking systems in the absence of direct sunlight on the surface of photo modules is not feasible.

scholarly journals Applicability of models based on deterministic chaos theory for forecasting of electricity sales in rural areas

2012 ◽  
Vol 52 (No. 1) ◽  
pp. 25-29
Author(s):  
M. Trojanowska
Keyword(s):  
Chaos Theory ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Deterministic Chaos ◽  
Logistic Models ◽  
Model Quality ◽  
Electric Energy Consumption ◽  
Ex Post ◽  
One Year ◽  
Errors Analysis

The applicability of models based on deterministic chaos theory, in particular the self-similar fractal models, logistic models according to Prigogine, logistic models according to Schuster, and heuristic crossing models for one-year-ahead forecasting of the sales of electric energy in the rural areas, is verified in the paper. The model quality assessment was carried out based on the errors analysis of the 10-year ex post forecasts of the electric energy sale to rural consumers by three selected distribution companies. As the electric energy consumption were disturbed by economic crises, the forecasts were developed using not only annual sales value but also using their 2-, 3-, 4- and 5-year totals. The best forecast were obtained when the electric energy sales were predicted using the Schuster and heuristic crossing models, made on the basis of four- and five-year totals of annual sales values.

scholarly journals Sizing, design, and installation of an isolated wind–photovoltaic hybrid power system with battery storage for laboratory general illumination in Afyonkarahisar, Turkey

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yüksel Oğuz ◽  
M. Feyzi Özsoy
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Solar Energy ◽  
Electric Power ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Generation System ◽  
Energy Potential ◽  
Power Requirement ◽  
Solar Power Generation ◽  
Power Generation System

power generation system of a size able to meet the electric power requirement for general illumination of the electric laboratory at Afyon Kocatepe University was dimensioned and installed. While determining the installation power of the hybrid wind–solar power generation system, the regional wind–solar energy potential and the magnitude of demanded power were the most important factors. It was decided to supply 400 W of the total 500 W of electric power required by the lamp group used for illumination of the electric laboratory from solar panels and 100 W from a wind turbine according to the wind–solar energy potential of the region and the cost analysis. For the hybrid energy-generation system that was designed and installed, by considering the data for the annual mean sunshine period and wind speed, the most suitable system components and thus the installation cost were determined. The electric power generated by the hybrid wind–solar power generation system and the electric power consumed by the laboratory illumination elements supplied with this system during one year were compared. According to the 12-month measurement results for power generation and consumption in the installed system, it was observed that the generated electric power was higher than the consumed electric power. Consequently, by not paying the total electric bill for electric power consumed by the general illumination elements, use of it for other education expenses was made possible. Besides, the installation costs in Turkey were compared with those in the countries of Denmark, Germany, Spain, and Portugal, where two important components of the dimensioned and installed hybrid wind–solar power generation system – wind and solar energy – are used effectively.

scholarly journals Statistical Approach in Analyzing of Advanced Metering Data in Power Distribution Grid

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ivan Ramljak ◽  
Drago Bago
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Power Distribution ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Statistical Approach ◽  
Electric Energy ◽  
Smart Metering ◽  
Distribution Grid ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Electric Energy Consumption ◽  
Advanced Metering

In last period many distribution system operators (DSO) invest significant amount of money in smart metering system. Those investments are in part due to regulatory obligations and in part due to needs of DSO (utilities) for knowledge about electric energy consumption. Term electric energy consumption refers not only on real consumption of electric energy but also on data about peak power, unbalance, voltage profiles, power losses etc. Data which DSO can have depends on type of smart metering system. Further, smart meters as source of data can be implemented in transformer stations (TS) MV/LV and in LV grid at consumer level. Generally, smart meters can be placed in any node of distribution grid. As amount of smart meters is greater, the possibility of data analysis is greater. In this paper a smart metering system of J.P Elektroprivreda HZ HB d.d, Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina will be presented. One statistical approach for analyzing of advanced metering data of TS MV/LV will be presented. Statistical approach presented here is powerful tool for analyzing great amount of data from distribution grid in simple way. Main contribution of this paper is in using results obtained from statistical analysis of smart meter data in distribution grid analyzing and in maintenance/investment planning.

The Implementation of ATS (Automatic Transfer Switch) System Between Solar Power Plants and Grid Systems for the Household Electric Power Service to Maintain Sustainability and Save Electricity Costs

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 3136-3140
Author(s):  
Suprianto
Keyword(s):  
Electric Power ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Solar Power ◽  
Electrical Power ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Measuring ◽  
Grid System ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Battery Charging ◽  
Electrical Loads

The continuity of electric power service is a major factor determining electrical customer satisfaction. Research on the implementation of the ATS system between solar cells and grid system as a supplier of electrical power to household electrical loads for continuity and savings in electricity consumption costs aims to design an ATS system for delivering electrical power to the load system that can maintain the continuity of the supply of electricity, reducing costs electricity consumption while reducing dependence on grid electricity supply. The specific target to be achieved in this research is to design an ATS system for the distribution of electric power between grid system and solar power system and find out the cost of savings while maintaining continuity of electricity services, so that electricity consumers can benefit from technical and economic aspects. The method used in this study is an experimental method that is designing an electrical power supply ATS system to get the results of a good design and as planned. The equipment used is solar panels, relays, timers, inverters, household electrical loads, contactors, electrical measuring devices, temperature gauges and light intensity, battery systems and control panels. The results showed that the automatic transfer switch must attention to the design of an accurate and meticulous to avoid damage to the inverter. So that continuity of service of electric power is maintained. Electric power service using a solar cell system with 2 units of 100 Ah batteries and 6 units of 100 Wp solar panels can serve household electrical loads for 1 day of battery charging and discharging, 1 day of battery charging and 1 day of battery discharging with average electric energy generated at 1485 W-hours. Costs can be saved in 1 month if the price of electricity is Rp. 1352/Kwh, is Rp. 20,104.-/month with an investment cost of Rp. 27,956,000.

scholarly journals Internet of Energy (IoE) and High-Renewables Electricity System Market Design

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wadim Strielkowski ◽  
Dalia Streimikiene ◽  
Alena Fomina ◽  
Elena Semenova
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Energy Exchange ◽  
Market Design ◽  
Effective Control ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Demand Side ◽  
Solar Panels ◽  
Smart Meters ◽  
Electricity System

The growing importance of the Internet of Energy (IoE) brands the high-renewables electricity system a realistic scenario for the future electricity system market design. In general, the whole gist behind the IoE is developed upon a somewhat broader idea encompassing the so-called “Internet of Things” (IoT), which envisioned a plethora of household appliances, utensils, clothing, smart trackers, smart meters, and vehicles furnished with tiny devices. These devices would record all possible data from all those objects in real time and allow for a two-way exchange of information that makes it possible to optimize their use. IoT employs the Internet Protocol (IP) and the worldwide web (WWW) network for transferring information and data through various types of networks and gateways as well as sensor technologies. This paper presents an outline stemming from the implications of the high-renewables electric system that would employ the Internet of Energy (IoE). In doing so, it focuses on the implications that IoE brings into the high-renewables electricity market inhabited by smart homes, smart meters, electric vehicles, solar panels, and wind turbines, such as the peer-to-peer (P2P) energy exchange between prosumers, optimization of location of charging stations for electric vehicles (EVs), or the information and energy exchange in the smart grids. We show that such issues as compatibility, connection speed, and most notoriously, trust in IoE applications among households and consumers would play a decisive role in the transition to the high-renewables electricity systems of the 21st century. Our findings demonstrate that the decentralized approach to energy system effective control and operation that is offered by IoE is highly likely to become ubiquitous as early as 2030. Since it may be optimal that large-scale rollouts start in the early 2020s, some form of government incentives and funding (e.g. subsidies for installing wind turbines or solar panels or special feed-in-tariffs for buying renewable energy) may be needed for the energy market to make early progress in embracing more renewables and in reducing the costs of later investments. In addition, there might be some other alternative approaches aimed at facilitating this development. We show that the objective is to minimize the overall system cost, which consists of the system investment cost and the system operating cost, subject to CO2 emissions constraints and the operating constraints of generation units, network assets, and novel carbon-free technologies, which is quite cumbersome given the trend in consumption and the planned obsolescence. This can be done through increasing energy efficiency, developing demand side management strategies, and improving matching between supply and demand side, just to name a few possibilities.

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