scholarly journals Treponema Endosymbionts are the Dominant Bacterial Members with Ureolytic Potential in the Gut of the Wood-Feeding Termite, Reticulitermes Hesperus

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan Y Lin ◽  
Laibin Huang ◽  
Sung J Won ◽  
Jorge L.M. Rodrigues
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Reticulitermes Hesperus ◽  
Laboratory Colony ◽  
Termite Gut ◽  
Swimming Bacteria ◽  
N Acquisition ◽  
Low Nitrogen

Abstract Termites are remarkable for their ability to digest cellulose from wood as their main energy source, but the extremely low nitrogen (N) content of their diet presents a major challenge for N acquisition. Besides the activity of N 2 -fixing bacteria in the gut, the recycling of N from waste products by symbiotic microbes as a complementary N-provisioning mechanism in termites remains poorly understood. In this study, we used a combination of high-throughput amplicon sequencing, quantitative PCR, and cultivation to characterize the microbial community capable of degrading urea, a common waste product, into ammonia in the guts of termites ( Reticulitermes hesperus ) from a wild and laboratory-reared colony. Taxonomic analysis indicated that a majority of the urease ( ureC ) genes in the termite gut (53.0%) matched with a Treponema endosymbiont of gut protists previously found in several other termites, suggesting an important contribution to the nutrition of essential cellulolytic protists. Furthermore, analysis of both the 16S rRNA and ureC amplicons revealed that the laboratory colony had decreased diversity and altered community composition for both prokaryotic and ureolytic microbial communities in the termite gut. Estimation by quantitative PCR showed that microbial ureC genes decreased in abundance in the laboratory-reared colony compared to the wild colony. In addition, most of our cultivated isolates appeared to originate from non-gut environments. Together, our results underscore a more important role for ureolysis by endosymbionts within protists than by free-swimming bacteria in the gut lumen of R. hesperus .

scholarly journals THE LEGAL PROTECTION OF MARINE ECOSYSTEM FROM CIGARETTE BUTTS POLLUTION IN INDONESIA

2021 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-152
Author(s):  
Nasrullah ◽  
Abdul Haseeb Ansari ◽  
Adis Putri Nelaniken
Keyword(s):  
Marine Pollution ◽  
Marine Ecosystem ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Cigarette Butts ◽  
Tobacco Waste

Indonesia is recognized as a country with high potential in maritime resources. However, Indonesia is also known as the second-largest contributor to plastic waste in the ocean. It is estimated that Indonesia contributes around 200,000 tonnes of plastic disposals. The highest pollutant of the plastic product was found to be cigarette butts. The trillions of cigarette butts generate chemical contamination the ocean waters. Chemicals that leach from the cigarette butts are extremely toxic to the aquatic life in the ocean. The marine pollution caused by this contamination was never seriously noticed, even though the huge number of cigarette butts were found in the sea. A grave concern should be shown on the impacts of the cigarette butts to the ocean. The objective of this article is to elaborate on Indonesian law dealing with the issue the cigarette butt pollution contaminating the oceans of Indonesia.This article is the result of normative research which analyzes exiting statutes and cases that aims at protecting the marine ecosystem from the cigarette filter disposal. This research attempts to analyze the existing laws and regulations in Indonesia on the protection of the marine ecosystem from toxic and hazardous wastes, especially from cigarette butts waste disposal. The results of this study show that to date there is no specific regulation dealing with tobacco waste product disposals. Accordingly, the government is suggested to enact a set of specific and effective regulations pertaining to tobacco waste products as done by some developed countries or states such as Singapore and Australia, so that marine pollution caused by cigarette butts could be prevented. 

scholarly journals Production of Light Weight Blocks Using Rice Husk

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-30
Author(s):  
C. U. Okpoechi ◽  
C. A. Emma-Ochu ◽  
L. C. Ibemere ◽  
P. Ibe ◽  
E. O. Onwuka ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Affordable Housing ◽  
Low Income ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Housing Construction ◽  
Management Problem ◽  
Solid Core ◽  
Structural Walls ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Wide Range

Affordable housing has remained a major challenge in Nigeria, as housing costs have continued to rise beyond the reach of the low income population. This paper explores the use of waste products like rice husk as alternative materials for housing construction. Rice husk is abundant as a waste product in areas where rice is processed commercially in Southeast Nigeria. The aim of the study is to create rice husk blocks that are cheap, lightweight, and appropriate for use in low income housing construction. The study was conducted through experimentation in the Building Technology workshop of Federal Polytechnic Nekede. A series of trial mixes were done involving a wide range of materials and mix proportions. Rice husk, Portland cement, and cassava starch, were found to be the most appropriate components for the blocks. The blocks produced were of good appearance, and lightweight. Five samples of solid core blocks measuring 150x150x150mm were tested in Strength of Materials laboratory of the Federal University of Technology Owerri. The average compressive strength of the blocks was 0.26N/mm2, which is below the Nigerian Industrial Standard NIS 87:2007. The blocks produced were considered appropriate for use as non-load bearing partitions and not structural walls. The result of the study is promising because the rice husk blocks help address the waste management problem in affected areas, and could also be an important component of a potentially useful material. This paper recommends further research in the area of improving the strength of the blocks, to make them usable as structural components in low rise buildings.

Development of Sustainable Alternative Building Materials from Quarry Dust

2018 ◽  
Vol 761 ◽  
pp. 181-188
Author(s):  
Ehud Cohen ◽  
Gabriela Bar Nes ◽  
Alva Peled
Keyword(s):  
Fly Ash ◽  
Building Material ◽  
Building Materials ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Mining Industry ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
High Volume ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Quarry Dust ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The main goal of our work is to develop an alternative building material based on “zero waste” objective, thus creating commercially valuable products from materials that are otherwise high-volume waste products. Fine dolomitic quarry dust is a waste product manufactured in several millions of cubic tons each year in the mining industry of Israel. Our study examines a sustainable and useful solution to use this quarry dust (QD) as a part of fly ash based geopolymeric systems. Mechanical, thermal and chemical properties were examined and analyzed.

scholarly journals Structural and Functional Changes in Prokaryotic Communities in Artificial Pit Mud during Chinese Baijiu Production

mSystems ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mao-Ke Liu ◽  
Yu-Ming Tang ◽  
Xiao-Jiao Guo ◽  
Ke Zhao ◽  
Petri Penttinen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Alcoholic Beverage ◽  
Amplicon Sequencing ◽  
Culture Technique ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Functional Variation ◽  
High Quality ◽  
Maturation Time ◽  
Functional Changes ◽  
Pit Mud

ABSTRACT The Chinese alcoholic beverage strong-flavor baijiu (SFB) gets its characteristic flavor during fermentation in cellars lined with pit mud. Microbes in the pit mud produce key precursors of flavor esters. The maturation time of natural pit mud of over 20 years has promoted attempts to produce artificial pit mud (APM) with a shorter maturation time. However, knowledge about the molecular basis of APM microbial dynamics and associated functional variation during SFB brewing is limited, and the role of this variability in high-quality SFB production remains poorly understood. We studied APM maturation in new cellars until the fourth brewing batch using 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, quantitative PCR, metaproteomics, and metabolomics techniques. A total of 36 prokaryotic classes and 195 genera were detected. Bacilli and Clostridia dominated consistently, and the relative abundance of Bacilli decreased along with the APM maturation. Even though both amplicon sequencing and quantitative PCR showed increased abundance of Clostridia, the levels of most of the Clostridium proteins were similar in both the first- and fourth-batch APM samples. Six genera correlated with eight or more major flavor compounds in SFB samples. Functional prediction suggested that the prokaryotic communities in the fourth-batch APM samples were actively engaged in organic acid metabolism, and the detected higher concentrations of proteins and metabolites in the corresponding metabolic pathways supported the prediction. This multi-omics approach captured changes in the abundances of specific microbial species, proteins, and metabolites during APM maturation, which are of great significance for the optimization of APM culture technique. IMPORTANCE Strong-flavor baijiu (SFB) accounts for more than 70% of all Chinese liquor production. In the Chinese baijiu brewing industry, artificial pit mud (APM) has been widely used since the 1960s to construct fermentation cellars for production of high-quality SFB. To gain insights at the systems level into the mechanisms driving APM prokaryotic taxonomic and functional dynamics and into how this variation is connected with high-quality SFB production, we performed the first combined metagenomic, metaproteomic, and metabolomic analyses of this brewing microecosystem. Together, the multi-omics approach enabled us to develop a more complete picture of the changing metabolic processes occurring in APM microbial communities during high-quality SFB production, which will be helpful for further optimization of APM culture technique and improvement of SFB quality.

scholarly journals Waste Management Status of Shrimp Processing Plants of South and South- West Region of Bangladesh

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 73-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
MI Hossain ◽  
FH Shikha ◽  
AD Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Present Status ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Shrimp Waste ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
West Region ◽  
South West ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Processing Plants ◽  
South West Region

The study was carried out on the present status of shrimp processing plant’s waste management in Bangladesh. A detailed survey was conducted during February to May, 2013 in order to collect some basic information on the present status of shrimp waste management at shrimp processing plants through questionnaire interview on the various parameters. Information was collected from 52 plants of Khulna, Chittagong and Cox`s bazaar region. All collected information were accumulated, analyzed and are presented in graphs, figures and tables. The study had revealed that about 671.84MT of shrimp was purchased in 52 plants in a day and from which 248.8 MT of waste product was produced during processing. The study results showed that about 80% of the plants sell their waste products and rest of the plants discharged their wastes into river (63.50%) and 91.42% of the plants treated the waste water before discharge. Based on the obtained results from this study, it could be suggested that shrimp waste can be used further in different ecofriendly ways. J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 11(1-2): 73-81 2018

scholarly journals EXPERIMENTAL STUDY ON BAGASSE ASH IN CONCRETE

2010 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
R SRINIVASAN ◽  
K Sathiya
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Cane ◽  
Agricultural Waste ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Ethanol Vapor ◽  
Sugar Cane Bagasse ◽  
Hardened Concrete ◽  
Split Tensile Strength ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Compaction Factor ◽  
Sugar Cane Bagasse Ash

Utilization of industrial and agricultural waste products in the industry has been the focus of research for economical, environmental, and technical reasons. Sugar-cane bagasse is a fibrous waste-product of the sugar refining industry, along with ethanol vapor. This waste-product (Sugar-cane Bagasse ash) is already causing serious environmental pollution which calls for urgent ways of handling the waste. Bagasse ash mainly contains aluminum ion and silica. In this paper, Bagasse ash has been chemically and physically characterized, and partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 15% and 25% by weight of cement in concrete. The Fresh concrete tests like compaction factor test, Slump cone test was obtained and hardened concrete tests like compressive strength, split tensile strength, flexural strength and Modulus of Elasticity at the age of 7 and 28 days was obtained. The result shows the increases in percentage of bagasse ash replacement, strength also increased.

The Effects of Carbon Black Loading on the Characteristics of Carbon Composite Bipolar Plate by Utilizing Graphite Waste Products

2012 ◽  
Vol 268-270 ◽  
pp. 104-110
Author(s):  
Yunita Sadeli ◽  
Johny W. Soedarsono ◽  
Bambang Prihandoko ◽  
Sri Harjanto
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Conductivity ◽  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Fuel Cell ◽  
Flexural Strength ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Bipolar Plate ◽  
Carbon Composite ◽  
Proton Exchange ◽  
Waste Products

Current energy resources derived from fossil fuels thinning, and the issue global warning make the relevant parties that concern about the environment has been trying to find alternative renewable energy. Among the renewable energy options, the fuel cell is one of the many alternatives studied by the researchers in the world. One type of fuel cell that is currently being investigated is the proton exchange membrane fuel cell cel. The utilization of graphite and carbon black waste product is expected to result in light-weight and cost-effective bipolar plates.by using recycle materials. In this paper, we used graphite EAF as reinforcement together with carbon black that comes from the coconut husk pyrolysis process and epoxy resin as a binder. We examined the effects of carbon black loading at 5 %wt and 10 %wt, which influenced by differential pressure applied on compression molding process on density, porosity, flexural strength and electrical conductivity of the resulting polymer carbon composite bipolar plate. Pressure was applied from 30 MPa - 60 MPa in increments of 5 MPa while maintaining constant temperature operation at 70oC for 4 hours. Maximum value of bipolar plate was achieved by 5 %wt CB at application 55 MPa, density of 1.69 g/cm3, the flexural strength was measured to be 48 MPa with the porosity of 0.7%, and electrical conductivity of 1.03 S/cm.We demonstrated that waste product such as graphite EAF and carbon black are a good candidate for manufacturing of polymer carbon composite bipolar plates.

scholarly journals From Maggots to Millions: Biomimicking the Fly to Feed Humanity from its Waste in the 21st Century

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-18
Author(s):  
Charlie Drew
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
Nutrient Recycling ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Important Food ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Violent Acts ◽  
Important Food Source ◽  
Ecologically Sustainable

‘QUIET PLEASE: Flies are breeding’… reads the sign displayed on the factory breeding room. A female black soldier fly (BSF) is laying around 1500 tiny white eggs onto an industrially designed grid. Over 21 days, one kilogram of her eggs will hatch into eight tonnes of larvae, which will initiate a natural process of waste nutrient recycling as they feed on containers of organic consumer waste that would otherwise go to landfill. In a factory in one of Cape Town’s rapidly developing post-apartheid townships, larvae are thus recycling some 250 tonnes of ‘pre’ and ‘post’ consumer waste every day, transforming negative value waste products into highly valuable insect protein, an alternative to fishmeal – an unsustainably ocean sourced protein. Ethnographic research in this factory explored this biomimically inspired innovation, which uses nature’s purification agents – fly larvae – to revalorise a potentially harmful waste product into a critically important food source for the 21st Century. This paper argues that these industrially designed insect farms produce specific technologies and violent acts of reproductive enclosure. By incorporating debates about the role of naturally inspired solutions that use biological labour to accumulate value, it makes plain the ethical implications that emerge from mimicking and enclosing nature in this way. It contends that the ambition of the discipline of biomimicry to reunite human economies with natural ecologies is overshadowed by the logics of capitalism. While the outcomes of biomimicry may indeed be ecologically sustainable, capitalism’s drive to privatise and profit from the knowledge and labour of nonhuman life means not only controlling animals and their products, but also controlling the processes of life through a constellation of scientific, bureaucratic and legal techniques.

scholarly journals Engineering Properties of Concrete by Partial Replacement of Cement with Aluminium Slag and Fine Aggregate with Foundary Sand

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (6) ◽  
pp. 3870-3874
Keyword(s):  
Waste Product ◽  
Engineering Properties ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Plastic State ◽  
Fine Aggregate ◽  
Structural Elements ◽  
Construction Time ◽  
Conventional Concrete ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
The Matrix

A self-compacting concrete (s.c.c) is a special concrete which settles itself without any vibration due to its own mass and self-weight. This will happen due to use of special admixtures which have tendency to increase the flow of concrete by reducing the viscosity nature. This particular type of concrete was developed by the japan researchers in 1988. Later it was modifies and developed in many parameter’s by UK and U.S.A researchers. This particular thesis is about the improvement of performance of the S.C.C by replacing the fines and cement of the aggregates by the waste products that obtained from the different industries. The fines are replaced partially by crushed sand obtained as quarry waste and the aluminium slag that obtained from many industries as a waste product is partially introduced as binding material By using this S.C.C the problems that are facing by the construction industries during the placement of the concrete will solve. Now days the structures are designed and made as heavy reinforced structures where the sizes of structural elements are restricted due to architectural and some structural considerations. So the concrete that poured in those elements shows the voids and honey combing it can be prevented by using this S.C.C. not only the improvement of the strength but also the construction time and cost also gets reduced by using this product, because with this material no need of vibration. It reduces the time of construction and cost regarding vibration equipment and labor. But the main problem while preparing s.c.c is to select the proper admixture to prevent the cracking and shrinkage issues. This type of concrete requires 20-25 percent higher matric paste when compared to conventional concrete. This thesis works on mainly preparing the most feasible mix for s.c.c with the partial replacement of fines and cement by above mentioned materials which makes the matrix still in plastic state without altering the original properties of the concrete. The second task is to prepare the specimens for different strength tests and like compression and tensile and bending parameters check along with the considering the shrinkage issues.

scholarly journals Pecan Shell Mulch Impact on ‘Loring’ Peach Tree Establishment and First Harvest

2009 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 775-780 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric T. Stafne ◽  
Charles T. Rohla ◽  
Becky L. Carroll
Keyword(s):  
Weed Control ◽  
Tree Mortality ◽  
Prunus Persica ◽  
Waste Product ◽  
Fruit Weight ◽  
Soluble Solids ◽  
Research Station ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Waste Products ◽  
Peach Trees

Pecan (Carya illinoinensis) shells are waste products that are occasionally used for mulch in ornamental landscape settings, yet most shell waste is left in piles near the shelling facility or discarded by other methods. If another use for this waste product could be developed, it may add income for pecan producers and provide peach (Prunus persica) growers with another option for weed control. A block of ‘Loring’ peach trees grafted onto ‘Halford’ rootstocks was planted at a spacing of 18 × 22 ft in Feb. 2005 at the Cimarron Valley Research Station near Perkins, OK, to determine the effect of pecan shell mulch on peach trees. Five treatments were imposed: no weed control except mowing (MOW), weed-free 6- × 6-ft area maintained with glyphosate herbicide (SPRAY), 6-ft × 6-ft × 2-inch deep mulch (TWO), 6-ft × 6-ft × 4-inch deep mulch (FOUR), and 6-ft × 6-ft × 6-inch deep mulch (SIX). Yields in 2008 were poorest in the MOW treatment (13.2 kg/tree and 93 fruit/tree). All other treatments did not differ. Soluble solids concentration as a measure of fruit quality and fruit weight was unaffected by treatment. Tree height, pruning weights, and trunk cross-sectional area were similar with the exception that MOW was lower for all three growth measurements beginning in 2007. Pecan mulch appears to have the potential to reduce soil pH. Foliar analysis for nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and zinc (Zn) showed treatment differences in 2006. No treatment differences were evident in 2007 and 2008 for K and Zn, but in 2008, FOUR had greater N than MOW. Tree mortality increased with pecan mulch depth. MOW, SPRAY, and TWO had little tree loss (0%–5%), whereas FOUR and SIX had 15% and 35% mortality, respectively. Tree mortality was attributed to record rains in 2007 coupled with longer soil moisture retention under the deeper mulch.

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