scholarly journals Positive Signs on Physical Examination Are Not Always Indications for Endotracheal Tube Intubation in Patients with Facial Burn

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ruo-Yi Huang ◽  
Szu-Jen Chen ◽  
Yen-Chang Hsiao ◽  
Ling-Wei Kuo ◽  
Chien-Hung Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Endotracheal Tube ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Inhalation Injury ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Shortness Of Breath ◽  
Airway Protection ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Facial Burn

Abstract BackgroundAfter clinical evaluation in the emergency department (ED), facial burn patients are usually intubated to protect their airways. However, the possibility of unnecessary intubation or delayed intubation after admission exists. Objective criteria for the evaluation of inhalation injury and the need for airway protection in facial burn patients are needed.MethodsFacial burn patients between January 2013 and May 2016 were reviewed. Patients who were and were not intubated in the ED were compared. All intubated patients received routine bronchoscopy to evaluate whether they had inhalation injuries. Patients with and without confirmed inhalation injuries were compared. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to identify the independent risk factors for inhalation injuries in facial burn patients. The reasons for intubation in patients without inhalation injuries were also investigated.ResultsDuring the study period, 121 patients were intubated in the ED among a total of 335 facial burn patients. Only 73 (60.3%) patients were later confirmed to have inhalation injuries on bronchoscopy. The comparison between patients with and without inhalation injuries showed that shortness of breath (odds ratio=3.376, p=0.027) and high total body surface area (TBSA) (odds ratio=1.038, p=0.001) were independent risk factors for inhalation injury. Other physical signs (e.g., hoarseness, burned nostril hair, etc.), laboratory examinations and chest X-ray findings were not predictive of inhalation injury in facial burn patients. All patients with a TBSA over 60% were intubated in the ED even if they did not have inhalation injuries.ConclusionIn the management of facial burn patients, positive signs on conventional physical examinations may not always be predictive of inhalation injury and the need for endotracheal tube intubation in the ED. More attention should be paid to facial burn patients with shortness of breath and a high TBSA because they have an increased risk of inhalation injuries. Airway protection is needed in facial burn patients without inhalation injuries because of their associated injuries and treatment.

scholarly journals Retrospective analysis of risk factors of hypotensive bradycardic events during shoulder arthroscopic surgery under interscalene blockade in the sitting position

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (6) ◽  
pp. 542-549
Author(s):  
Taeha Ryu ◽  
Baek Jin Kim ◽  
Seong Jun Woo ◽  
So Young Lee ◽  
Jung A Lim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Arthroscopic Surgery ◽  
Sitting Position ◽  
Past Medical History ◽  
Frequent Adverse Event ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Potential Risk Factors ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Background: Hypotensive bradycardic events (HBEs) are a frequent adverse event in patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopic surgery under interscalene block (ISB) in the sitting position. This retrospective study was conducted to investigate the independent risk factors of HBEs in shoulder arthroscopic surgery under ISB in the sitting position. Methods: A total of 2549 patients who underwent shoulder arthroscopic surgery under ISB and had complete clinical data were included in the study. The 357 patients who developed HBEs were included in the HBEs group, and the remaining 2192 in the non-HBEs group. The potential risk factors for HBEs, such as age, sex, past medical history, anesthetic characteristics, and intraoperative medications were collected and compared between the groups. Statistically significant variables were included in a logistic regression model to further evaluate the independent risk factors for HBEs in shoulder arthroscopic surgery under ISB. Results: The incidence of HBEs was 14.0% (357/2549). Logistic regression analysis revealed that the intraoperative use of hydralazine (odds ratio [OR] 4.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.9–6.3), propofol (OR 2.1; 95% CI 1.3–3.6), and dexmedetomidine (OR 3.9; 95% CI 1.9–7.8) before HBEs were independent risk factors for HBEs in patients who received shoulder arthroscopic surgery under ISB. Conclusions: The intraoperative use of antihypertensives such as hydralazine and sedatives such as propofol or dexmedetomidine leads to increased risk of HBEs during shoulder arthroscopic surgery under ISB in the sitting position.

scholarly journals Early and Late Postoperative Seizures in Meningioma Patients and Prediction by a Recent Scoring System

Cancers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 450
Author(s):  
Peter Baumgarten ◽  
Mana Sarlak ◽  
Daniel Monden ◽  
Andrea Spyrantis ◽  
Simon Bernatz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Tumor Volume ◽  
Total Risk ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Temporal Location ◽  
Meningioma Surgery ◽  
Impaired Quality

Seizures are among the most common symptoms of meningioma. This retrospective study sought to identify risk factors for early and late seizures in meningioma patients and to evaluate a modified STAMPE2 score. In 556 patients who underwent meningioma surgery, we correlated different risk factors with the occurrence of postoperative seizures. A modified STAMPE2 score was applied. Risk factors for preoperative seizures were edema (p = 0.039) and temporal location (p = 0.038). For postoperative seizures preoperative tumor size (p < 0.001), sensomotory deficit (p = 0.004) and sphenoid wing location (p = 0.032) were independent risk factors. In terms of postoperative status epilepticus; sphenoid wing location (p = 0.022), tumor volume (p = 0.045) and preoperative seizures (p < 0.001) were independent risk factors. Postoperative seizures lead to a KPS deterioration and thus an impaired quality of life (p < 0.001). Late seizures occurred in 43% of patients with postoperative seizures. The small sub-cohort of patients (2.7%) with a STAMPE2 score of more than six points had a significantly increased risk for seizures (p < 0.001, total risk 70%). We concluded that besides distinct risk factors, high scores of the modified STAMPE2 score could estimate the risk of postoperative seizures. However, it seems not transferable to our cohort

scholarly journals Nasal symptoms increase the risk of snoring and snoring increases the risk of nasal symptoms. A longitudinal population study

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Värendh ◽  
Christer Janson ◽  
Caroline Bengtsson ◽  
Johan Hellgren ◽  
Mathias Holm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Respiratory Health ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Northern Europe ◽  
Nasal Breathing ◽  
Nasal Symptoms ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Study Population ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Abstract Purpose Humans have a preference for nasal breathing during sleep. This 10-year prospective study aimed to determine if nasal symptoms can predict snoring and also if snoring can predict development of nasal symptoms. The hypothesis proposed is that nasal symptoms affect the risk of snoring 10 years later, whereas snoring does not increase the risk of developing nasal symptoms. Methods In the cohort study, Respiratory Health in Northern Europe (RHINE), a random population from Denmark, Estonia, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden, born between 1945 and 1973, was investigated by postal questionnaires in 1999–2001 (RHINE II, baseline) and in 2010–2012 (RHINE III, follow-up). The study population consisted of the participants who had answered questions on nasal symptoms such as nasal obstruction, discharge, and sneezing, and also snoring both at baseline and at follow-up (n = 10,112). Results Nasal symptoms were frequent, reported by 48% of the entire population at baseline, with snoring reported by 24%. Nasal symptoms at baseline increased the risk of snoring at follow-up (adj. OR 1.38; 95% CI 1.22–1.58) after adjusting for age, sex, BMI change between baseline and follow-up, and smoking status. Snoring at baseline was associated with an increased risk of developing nasal symptoms at follow-up (adj. OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.02–1.47). Conclusion Nasal symptoms are independent risk factors for development of snoring 10 years later, and surprisingly, snoring is a risk factor for the development of nasal symptoms.

Abstract T P231: Does Intraventricular Hemorrhage Lead to a Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus-Like Syndrome?

Stroke ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 45 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J Kruger ◽  
Matthew Flaherty ◽  
Padmini Sekar ◽  
Mary Haverbusch ◽  
Charles J Moomaw ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus ◽  
Barthel Index ◽  
Intraventricular Hemorrhage ◽  
Normal Pressure ◽  
Stroke Study ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Background: Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) has the highest short and long-term morbidity and mortality rates of stroke subtypes. While increased intracranial pressure due to the presence of intraventricular hemorrhage (IVH) may relate to early poor outcomes, the mechanism of reduced 3-month outcome with IVH is unclear. We hypothesized that IVH may cause symptoms similar to normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), specifically urinary incontinence and gait disturbance. Methods: We used interviewed cases from the Genetic and Environmental Risk Factors for Hemorrhagic Stroke Study (7/1/08-12/31/12) that had 3-month follow-ups available. CT images were analyzed for ICH volume and location, and IVH presence and volume. Incontinence and dysmobility were defined by Barthel Index at 3 months. We chose a Barthel Index score of bladder less than 10 and mobility less than 15 to define incontinence and dysmobility, respectively. Multivariate analysis was used to assess independent risk factors for incontinence and dysmobility. ICH and IVH volumes were log transformed because of non-normal distributions. Results: Barthel Index was recorded for 308 ICH subjects, of whom 106 (34.4%) had IVH. Presence of IVH was independently associated with both incontinence (OR 2.7; 95% CI 1.4-5.2; p=.003) and dysmobility (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.4-4.8; p=.003). The Table shows that increasing IVH volume was also independently associated with both incontinence and dysmobility after controlling for ICH location, ICH volume, age, baseline mRS, and admission GCS. Conclusion: Our data show that patients with IVH after ICH are at an increased risk for developing the NPH-like symptoms of incontinence and dysmobility. This may explain the worse long-term outcomes of patients who survive ICH with IVH than those who had ICH alone. Future studies are needed to confirm this finding, and to determine the effect of IVH interventions such as shunt or intraventricular thrombolysis.

scholarly journals Risk for Cardiovascular Disease and One-Year Mortality in Patients With Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease and Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome Overlap Syndrome

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Manyun Tang ◽  
Yidan Wang ◽  
Mengjie Wang ◽  
Rui Tong ◽  
Tao Shi
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Heart Failure ◽  
Cardiovascular Diseases ◽  
Overlap Syndrome ◽  
Chronic Obstructive ◽  
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽  
Obstructive Sleep ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
All Cause Mortality ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Background: Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSAS) overlap syndrome (OS) are thought to be at increased risk for cardiovascular diseases.Objective: To evaluate the burden of cardiovascular diseases and long-term outcomes in patients with OS.Methods: This was a retrospective cohort study. The prevalence of cardiovascular diseases and 1-year mortality were compared among patients diagnosed with OS (OS group), COPD alone (COPD group) and OSAS alone (OSAS group), and Cox proportional hazards models were used to assess independent risk factors for all-cause mortality.Results: Overall, patients with OS were at higher risk for pulmonary hypertension (PH), heart failure and all-cause mortality than patients with COPD or OSAS (all p &lt; 0.05). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, the Charlson comorbidity index (CCI) score [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR): 1.273 (1.050–1.543); p = 0.014], hypertension [aHR: 2.006 (1.005–4.004); p = 0.048], pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) [aHR: 4.774 (1.335–17.079); p = 0.016] and heart failure [aHR: 3.067 (1.521–6.185); p = 0.002] were found to be independent risk factors for 1-year all-cause mortality.Conclusion: Patients with OS had an increased risk for cardiovascular diseases and 1-year mortality. More efforts are needed to identify the causal relationship between OS and cardiovascular diseases, promoting risk stratification and the management of these patients.

scholarly journals Bortezomib administration is a risk factor associated with the development of tumor lysis syndrome in male patients with multiple myeloma: A retrospective study

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Kondo ◽  
Yuji Hotta ◽  
Karen Yamauchi ◽  
Akimasa Sanagawa ◽  
Hirokazu Komatsu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Tumor Lysis Syndrome ◽  
Low Risk ◽  
Novel Therapies ◽  
Tumor Lysis ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Male Patients

Abstract Background: Novel agents such as proteasome inhibitors have been developed for several years to treat multiple myeloma. Although multiple myeloma is a low-risk disease for developing tumor lysis syndrome (TLS), treatment with these novel therapies might increase TLS risk. Previous studies, mostly case reports or case series, have reported bortezomib-induced TLS in patients with multiple myeloma. This study aimed to investigate risk factors associated with TLS development in multiple myeloma patients.Methods: We retrospectively investigated incidences of laboratory and clinical TLS (LTLS and CTLS, respectively) in patients who received primary therapy for treatment-naive, symptomatic multiple myeloma between May 2007 and January 2018. We used multivariate logistic regression analyses to evaluate the associations between TLS and several parameters previously reported to be associated with increased risk.Results: This study included 210 patients with multiple myeloma, of which ten (4.8%) had LTLS and seven (3.3%) had CTLS. The characteristics of the administered anticancer or prophylactic antihyperuricemic agents were similar between patients with and without TLS. Multivariate analyses revealed that TLS was most strongly associated with bortezomib-containing therapy (odds ratio = 3.40, P = 0.069), followed by male sex (odds ratio = 2.29, P = 0.153). In a subgroup analysis focused on men, treatment with bortezomib-containing therapy was significantly associated with increased risk of TLS (odds ratio = 8.51, P = 0.046).Conclusion: In the present study, we investigated the risk factors associated with TLS development in 210 multiple myeloma patients, which, to the best of our knowledge, is the largest number of patients reported to date. Furthermore, this study is the first to evaluate TLS risk factors in MM by adjusting for the effects of potential confounding factors in patients’ backgrounds. Consequently, we found that bortezomib-containing therapy increases the risk of TLS in male patients with multiple myeloma. TLS risk should be evaluated further in low-risk diseases such as multiple myeloma, since a significant number of novel therapies can achieve high antitumor responses.

Abstract WP164: Role of Risk Factors in the Paradoxical Effect of Smoking on Peri-procedural Stroke in SAMMPRIS

Stroke ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 44 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christine A Holmstedt ◽  
Tanya N Turan ◽  
Michael J Lynn ◽  
Bethany F Lane ◽  
Jean Montgomery ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Odds Ratio ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Smoking Status ◽  
Active Form ◽  
Intracranial Stenosis ◽  
Contributory Factor ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Never Smokers

Background: A previous SAMMPRIS analysis of patients randomized to stenting showed that peri-procedural ischemic infarcts were significantly associated with diabetes, basilar stenosis, age, and smoking status with never smokers having a higher risk (odds ratio = 8.8, p< 0.001). We sought to determine if this finding could be due to a higher burden of other risk factors in never smokers. Method: Baseline features in 213 patients undergoing stenting in SAMMPRIS were compared between never smokers vs. former and current smokers in univariate and multivariate analyses. Logistic regression was used to determine the effect of smoking on peri-procedural ischemic infarcts after adjusting for factors related to smoking. Data: Univariate results are shown in Table 1. Never smokers were significantly (P<0.05) more likely to be female, diabetic, hypertensive, and have another intracranial stenosis, but in multivariate analyses only hypertension and another intracranial stenosis remained significantly (P<0.05) associated with smoking status. In a multivariate model that incorporated hypertension and another intracranial stenosis along with smoking status, diabetes, basilar stenosis, and age, smoking status remained significant with an increased risk among patients who never smoked (odds ratio = 5.3, p = 0.005). Conclusion: While never smokers had significantly higher rates of some risk factors compared to active or previous smokers, these risk factors do not explain all the increased risk of early stroke in never smokers after stenting in SAMMPRIS. Another contributory factor may be that smoking accelerates the conversion of clopidogrel to its active form.

scholarly journals Epidemiology, risk factors and outcomes of Candida albicans vs. non-albicans candidaemia in adult patients in Northeast China

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Xingpeng Song ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Rui Zheng
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Antifungal Agents ◽  
Multivariate Analyses ◽  
Urinary Catheter ◽  
Bloodstream Infections ◽  
Tertiary Hospital ◽  
Adult Patients ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Independent Risk Factors ◽  
Isolated Species

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the clinical characteristics, risk factors and outcomes of adult patients with candidaemia caused by C. albicans vs. non-albicans Candida spp. (NAC). All adult hospitalised cases of candidaemia (2012–2017) at a tertiary hospital in Shenyang were included in the retrospective study, and a total of 180 episodes were analysed. C. parapsilosis was the most frequently isolated species (38.3%), followed by C. albicans (35.6%), C. glabrata (13.9%), C. tropicalis (10%) and others (2.2%). As initial antifungal therapy, 75.0%, 3.9%, 5.6% and 2.2% of patients received fluconazole, caspofungin, micafungin and voriconazole, respectively. Multivariate analyses revealed that total parenteral nutrition was associated with an increased risk of NAC bloodstream infections (BSI) (OR 2.535, 95% CI (1.066–6.026)) vs. C. albicans BSI. Additionally, the presence of a urinary catheter was associated with an increased risk of C. albicans BSI (OR 2.295 (1.129–4.666)) vs. NAC BSI. Moreover, ICU stay (OR 4.013 (1.476–10.906)), renal failure (OR 3.24 (1.084–9.683)), thrombocytopaenia (OR 7.171 (2.152–23.892)) and C. albicans (OR 3.629 (1.352–9.743)) were independent risk factors for candidaemia-related 30-day mortality, while recent cancer surgery was associated with reduced mortality risk (OR 26.479 (2.550–274.918)). All these factors may provide useful information to select initial empirical antifungal agents.

scholarly journals Periodontal disease and effects of antipsychotic medications in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia: a population-based retrospective cohort

2019 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kai-Fang Hu ◽  
Pei-Shan Ho ◽  
Yu-Hsiang Chou ◽  
Jui-Hsiu Tsai ◽  
Chung-Hung Richard Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Periodontal Disease ◽  
First Generation ◽  
Protective Factor ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
Sugary Drinks ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Independent Risk Factors

Abstract Aim Compared with the general population, individuals with schizophrenia have a higher risk of periodontal disease, which can potentially reduce their life expectancy. However, evidence for the early development of periodontal disease in schizophrenia is scant. The current study investigated risk factors for periodontal disease in patients newly diagnosed with schizophrenia. Methods We identified a population-based cohort of patients in Taiwan with newly diagnosed schizophrenia who developed periodontal disease within 1 year of their schizophrenia diagnosis. Treatment with antipsychotics and other medications was categorised according to medication type and duration, and the association between medication use and the treated periodontal disease was assessed through logistic regression. Results Among 3610 patients with newly diagnosed schizophrenia, 2373 (65.7%) had an incidence of treated periodontal disease during the 1-year follow-up. Female sex (adjusted odds ratios [OR] 1.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.20–1.63); young age (adjusted OR 0.99; 95% CI 0.98–0.99); a 2-year history of periodontal disease (adjusted OR 2.45; 95% CI 1.84–3.26); high income level (adjusted OR 2.24; 95% CI 1.64–3.06) and exposure to first-generation (adjusted OR 1.89; 95% CI 1.54–2.32) and secondary-generation (adjusted OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.11–1.58) antipsychotics, anticholinergics (adjusted OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.03–1.50) and antihypertensives (adjusted OR 1.91; 95% CI 1.64–2.23) were independent risk factors for periodontal disease. Hyposalivation – an adverse effect of first-generation antipsychotics (FGAs) (adjusted OR 2.00; 95% CI 1.63–2.45), anticholinergics (adjusted OR 1.27; 95% CI 1.05–1.53) and antihypertensives (adjusted OR 1.90; 95% CI 1.63–2.22) – was associated with increased risk of periodontal disease. Therefore, hypersalivation due to FGA use (adjusted OR 0.72; 95% CI 0.59–0.88) was considered a protective factor. Conclusions The current study highlights that early prevention of periodontal disease in individuals with schizophrenia is crucial. Along with paying more attention to the development of periodontal disease, assessing oral health regularly, helping with oral hygiene, and lowering consumption of sugary drinks and tobacco, emphasis should also be given by physicians to reduce the prescription of antipsychotics to the extent possible under efficacious pharmacotherapy for schizophrenia.

664 Risk Factors for the Development of Transaminitis in Pediatric Burn Patients Treated with Oxandrolone

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S177-S177
Author(s):  
Kate Pape ◽  
Sarah Zavala ◽  
Rita Gayed ◽  
Melissa Reger ◽  
Kendrea Jones ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Length Of Stay ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Burn Injury ◽  
Total Body Surface Area ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Burn Patients ◽  
Thermal Burn ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Significant Difference

Abstract Introduction Oxandrolone is an anabolic steroid that is the standard of care for burn patients experiencing hypermetabolism. Previous studies have demonstrated the benefits of oxandrolone, including increased body mass and improved wound healing. One of the common side effects of oxandrolone is transaminitis, occurring in 5–15% of patients, but little is known about associated risk factors with the development of transaminitis. A recent multicenter study in adults found that younger age and those receiving concurrent intravenous vasopressors or amiodarone were more likely to develop transaminitis while on oxandrolone. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and identify risk factors for the development of transaminitis in pediatric burn patients receiving oxandrolone therapy. Methods This was a multicenter, retrospective risk factor analysis that included pediatric patients with thermal burn injury (total body surface area [TBSA] &gt; 10%) who received oxandrolone over a 5-year time period. The primary outcome of the study was the development of transaminitis while on oxandrolone therapy, which was defined as aspartate aminotransferase (AST) or alanine aminotransferase (ALT) &gt;100 mg/dL. Secondary outcomes included mortality, length of stay, and change from baseline ALT/AST. Results A total of 55 pediatric patients from 5 burn centers met inclusion criteria. Of those, 13 (23.6%) developed transaminitis, and the mean time to development of transaminitis was 17 days. Patients who developed transaminitis were older (12 vs 6.4 years, p = 0.01) and had a larger mean %TBSA (45.9 vs 34.1, p = 0.03). The odds of developing transaminitis increased by 23% for each 1 year increase in age (OR 1.23, CI 1.06–1.44). The use of other concurrent medications was not associated with an increased risk of developing transaminitis. Renal function and hepatic function was not associated with the development of transaminitis. There was no significant difference in length of stay and mortality. Conclusions Transaminitis occurred in 23.6% of our study population and was associated with patients who were older and had a larger mean %TBSA burn. Older pediatric patients with larger burns who are receiving oxandrolone should be closely monitored for the development of transaminitis. Applicability of Research to Practice Future research is needed to identify appropriate monitoring and management of transaminitis in oxandrolone-treated pediatric burn patients.

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